Handbook of Technology Application in Tourism in Asia

Description

It is an undisputed reality that the tourism industry in Asia is getting exposed to more innovative technologies than ever before. This proposed book provides the latest research in the application of innovative technology to the tourism industry, covering the perspectives, innovativeness, theories, issues, complexities, opportunities and challenges. This book, a blend of comprehensive and extensive effort by the contributors and editors, is designed to cover the application and practice of technology in tourism, including the relevant niches. This book focuses on the importance of technology in tourism. This also highlights, in a comprehensive manner, specific technologies that are impacting the tourism industry in Asia, as well as the constraints the industry is facing. The contents of this book deal with distinct topics, such as mobile computing, new product designs, innovative technology usages in tourism promotion, technology-driven sustainable tourism development, location-based apps, mobility, accessibility and so on. A good number of research studies have conducted outlining the contributions and importance of technologies in tourism, in general. However, the tourism industry of Asia so far has attracted very few researchers. Some contributions have been made but not sufficient. Considering the ongoing trend of technology application in the tourism industry in Asia, very few research attempts have been made aiming to explore diverse aspects. Tourism is expanding enormously across the world. which actually creates more demands for effective technologies. This book will be a reading companion, especially for tourism students in higher academic institutions. This book will also be read by the relevant policy planners and industry professionals. Apart from them, this book will be appreciated by expatriate researchers and researchers having keen interest in the Asian tourism industry. Contents About the Editor About the Authors Contributors Introduction Part I: Technology Application in the Asian Tourism Industry: Concepts and Applications 1 Technology Application in the Tourism Industry in Asia: Theories and Practices Introduction Theoretical Background Why Apply Technologies? Advertising and Promotion Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Procedure Competitive Benefits Change in the Tourism Industry with Technology Applications Major Examples in Asia Applying Technologies in the Tourism Industry India China Sri Lanka Japan Hong Kong Maldives Indonesia United Arab Emirates (UAE) Vietnam Thailand Information Technology in Tourism Education Conclusion References 2 Information and Communication Technology Application in the Asian Tourism Industry Introduction Computer Reservation Systems and Global Distribution Systems ICT and Travel Intermediaries ICT and Airlines ICT and Surface Transport ICT and Hospitality ICT and Tourist Experience ICT and Destination Management ICT and Sustainable Tourism New Trends in ICT and Tourism Augmented and Virtual Reality (AR and VR) Artificial Intelligence Machine Language Chatbot Facial Recognition Robot Social Media Listening Tools Internet of Things Personalization Real-Time Information In-Flight Experience Streamlined Operations Safety and Security Tourist Experience Maintenance Voice Technology Wi-Fi Connectivity Wearable Technology Mobile Apps Redefining Travel with Big Data Analytics Personalization Competitive Differentiation Improving Pricing Strategy Improving Marketing Strategy Real-Time Assistance Ability to Meet Future Needs Blockchain Technology 5G Technology Digital Divide in Tourism Conclusion References 3 The Internet Influences Asian Tourism Introduction Management of Innovative Culture Research Analysis on the Asian Market Malaysia Indonesia South Korea Philippines Conclusion References Part II: Technology Application in the Asian Tourism Industry: Marketing Contexts 4 Technology in Tourism Marketing Introduction Industrial Revolutions and Tourism Digital Transformation and the Impact of Internet in Tourism Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in Tourism Social Networks in Tourism Smart Tourism and Tourism 4.0 New Technological Trends in Tourism Internet of Things (IoT) Big Data Cloud Computing Near-Field Communication (NFC) Augmented Reality (AR), Virtual Reality (VR), and Mix Reality (MR) Cryptocurrencies, Blockchain, and Creative Business Models Artificial Intelligence and Robot Technologies Examples of Smart Tourism Technologies Smart Restaurants Smart Guest Rooms Smart Conference Rooms Smart Tours Drones Chatbot (Chat Box) iBeacons Kiosks Websites Mobile Application Mobile Payment Smart Environment Innovation in Tourism Marketing Digital Marketing and Digital Marketing Tools in Tourism Social Network Marketing Social Media Marketing Buzz Marketing Viral Marketing e-WOM Marketing Influencer Marketing Mobile Marketing E-mail Marketing Affiliate Marketing Search Engine Marketing (SEM-SEA-SEO) Digital Content Marketing Pay per Click Advertising (PPC) Online Advertising Online Display Advertising (ODA) Game Advertising (In-Game Advertising) Omni-channel Digital Marketing Online Marketing and Virtual Support Assistants Future Trends in Tourism Marketing Conclusion References 5 Digital Marketing and Digital Marketing Applications in the Asian Tourism Industry Introduction The Journey of Marketing to Digital and 4Ps Digital Marketing Applications Search Engine Marketing Content Marketing Influencer Marketing Omni-Channel Marketing Digital Marketing Applications in the Asian Tourism Industry Conclusion References 6 Travel Agency Tourist Tracking System Introduction Background Findings and Discussions Conclusion References Part III: Technology Application in the Asian Tourism Industry: Customer Perceptions 7 Generation Y´s Perception of Travel Mobile Applications Introduction Travel Mobil Applications Background Performance Expectancy Social Influence Facilitating Conditions Mobile Application Respondent Demographic Profile (Table 7.2) Perception of Travel Mobile Application Performance Expectancy Effort Expectancy Social Influence Facilitating Condition Conclusion References 8 Factors Influencing Tourist Perception on GrabCar Ride-Sharing Application Services Introduction Background Measurement Profile of Respondents Profile of Respondents Perceived Reliability on Application Convenient Booking Cheaper Fare on Application Quality Intention to Ride Descriptive Statistic (Perceived Reliability on Cheaper Fare on Application, Application, Quality, Convenient Booking, and Int... Conclusion References Part IV: Technology Application in the Asian Tourism Industry: Decision-Making 9 Semantic-Based Technology in Shaping the Strategy of Tourism in Malaysia Introduction Tourism Industry in Malaysia Tourist Source of Information Tourists Spending Pattern Tourist and Tourism Industry The Landscape of Internet Use and Its Trends in Malaysia Internet Users in Malaysia Devices, Sites, and Applications Accessed by Internet Users in Malaysia Types of Online Activities Accessed by Internet Users in Malaysia Semantic-Based Technology Application of Semantic Web Semantic Web Components Technology and Tourism Industry in Malaysia Semantic Web as Recommender Tools in the Tourism Industry Identification of Approach (Classical Approach and Non-classical Approach) Establishment of the Data Model The Need for Semantic Technology for the Tourism Industry in Malaysia Conclusion References Part V: Technology Application in the Asian Tourism Industry: Tourist Experience 10 The Impact of Technology Applications in Tourists´ Experiences Introduction The Concept of Experience The Elements of Psychological, Economic, and Sociological Experience Psychological Basis of Experience Economic Basis of Experience Sociological Basis of Experience Experiential Value Experiential Value Models Pine and Gilmore´s Experiential Value Model Schmitt´s Experiential Value Model Aho´s Experiential Value Model Emotional Impact Information Developing Talents Realization of Change The Stages of Customer Experience Consumption Experience Product Experience Service Experience Tourism/Tourist Experiences The Impact of Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism Social Media Mobile Applications Virtual Reality (VR) Augmented Reality (AR) Gamification Recommender Systems Conclusion References Part VI: Technology Application in the Asian Tourism Industry: Customer Relations 11 Technology Application in the Asian Tourism Industry: Customer Relations Introduction Concept of Customer Relations Components of Customer Relationship Human Process Technology CRM and Types of Customer Relationship Management Analytical CRM Operational CRM Strategic CRM Collaborative CRM The Importance of Customer Relations in the Tourism Industry Factors That Ensure Customer Relatons Applications to Be Successful in Tourism Business Literature of Writing for Customer Relations in Tourism Business The Importance of Technology in Customer Relations Technology Applications in Customer Relations in Tourism Examples of Technology Applications in Customer Relations in the Asian Tourism Industry Using Artificial Intelligence and Robots in Customer Relations in Hospitality Enterprises, Singapore The Internet of Things in Customer Relations in Hospitality Enterprises in Japan The Internet of Things in Customer Relations in Airlines, Malaysia and the United Arab Emirates Big Data Analysis in Customer Relations in North Korea Blockchain-Based Loyalty Programs in Customer Relations in Dubai Conclusion References Part VII: Technology Application in the Asian Tourism Industry: Tourist Loyalty 12 Creating Loyal Customers with Digital Marketing Applications: The 5A Model Introduction Customer Loyalty The New Customer Path: From AIDA to 5A Digital Subcultures Four Basic Skills in Building Loyalty in the Digital Age Automation Proactive Personalization Contextual Interaction Journey Innovation Digital Marketing Applications in the Asian Tourism Industry Conclusion References 13 Technology Application in the Asian Tourism Industry: Tourist Loyalty Introduction Tourist Loyalty Importance of Tourist Loyalty Key Factors Effective in Providing Tourist Loyalty Loyalty Types Cognitive Loyalty Emotional Loyalty Behaviorally Progressive Loyalty Operational Loyalty Approaches in Loyalty Behavioral Approach Attitude Approach Unified (Mixed) Loyalty Approach Loyalty Levels No Loyalty Spurious Loyalty Latent Loyalty Absolute (Strong) Loyalty Tools That Can Be Used in Creating Tourist Loyalty Relational Marketing Information Technologies and Data-Based Marketing Loyalty Programs Loyalty Cards Customer Clubs Frequency Programs Technology Practices Providing Tourist Loyalty in and Around the Asian Tourism Industry Application 1: The Reztoran, Turkey Reservation in Reztoran Reztoran Loyalty Program Application 2: Miles & Smiles, Turkey Earning Miles with Miles & Smiles Miles & Smiles Loyalty Program Application 3: Yatra.com, India Yatra eCash Loyalty Program Application 4: Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation (IRCTC), India IRCTC Package Tours Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation (IRCTC), Shubh Yatra Loyalty Program Application 5: ONYX Hospitality Group, Thailand ONYX Rewards Loyalty Program Application 6: Vega Izmailovo Hotel and Convention Center, Moscow, Russia Conclusion References Part VIII: Technology Application in the Asian Tourism Industry: Tourist Behavior 14 Paper to Paperless: Adoption of Digital Examination and Behavioral Intention Among Tourism Students Introduction Conventional Versus Innovative Practice in Student Evaluation Digital Innovation for Sustainable Higher Education Technology Adoption Demographic Profile of the Respondents Testing of Hypotheses Discussion and Implications References Part IX: Technology Application in the Asian Tourism Industry: The Aviation Industry 15 Technology Application Usage in Aviation Industry in Asia Introduction Innovation and Innovative Technology Technological Innovations in Aviation Industry Types of Technology Used in Aviation Industry Use of Technology in Aviation Industry in Asia Technology Used in Aircraft Flight Management System Fuel-Efficient Technologies: Flexible Navigation System, Winglets, COO, and CDO Biometric Virtual Reality Cloud Solutions BAGTAG Device Onboard Translation Technology Augmented Reality Internet of Things Unassisted Baggage Drop BlipTrack B4 you Board and FlySmart Mobile Passport Control for Declaration of Customs Indoors Driverless Airport Shuttle Brake to Vacate Technology (BTV) Hybrid Electric Propulsion Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) Transponder SSR Mode C and Mode S Transponder Electronic Flight Instrument System Inertial Reference System Flight Director Beacon Technology in Airport: Location-Based Information Passenger Processing Solutions Passport Kiosks Three-Dimensional Screener for Bag Check: 3D CT Technology Facial Recognition Technology Backscatter X-Ray Scanner or Millimeter Wave Scanner Explosives Trace Detection Machine/ETD CLEAR´s Eye Scanner and Fingerprints for Speedy Check-Ins Integrated Airport Command and Control Centers Advanced Checkpoint Screening Technology Robotics Trax Watch Common Use Gate System Self-Cleaning Seats Smart Gate System QSuite Tom Smart Faucets Bunk Beds (Sleeping Berths in-Flight) Advanced Aircraft Interior Technology Full Fly by Wire Emission Control Visibility Measuring System (RVR) Voice Check-in Anti-Theft Baggage Technology Deloitte and McLaren Digital Technology Enhanced Video Analytics for Airport Operators One Pilot Operation Remote ATC: Budapest Airport Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast or Contract (ADS-B and ADS-C) Dassault Falcon 8X FaclonEye Combined Vision System Cabin Systems X-Tend Seats Green Cabin Family Seats Advanced Noise Control Technology One for all Concept Digital Twin System Self-Driving Wheelchairs Drones as Maintenance Tools Solar-Powered Airports Solar-/Electric-Powered Aircrafts Curvaceous Aircraft Design Prescriptive Maintenance Looms Detachable Cabins: Airbus Other Technologies Technology Usage in Aviation Industry in Asia Conclusion References 16 Tourism Policies and Technological Strategies Adopted by Airlines in Malaysia Introduction Background Conclusion References 17 Technological Development of Methods for Organisation of Airborne Meals in Airlines Introduction Concept of In-Flight Catering History of Catering In-Flight Catering Requirements Characteristics of Activities of LLP ``Almaty Catering Services´´ Concept of Automation and Integrated Systems Analysis Participants Interview Participants Observation Observation Participants Comparison Comparison Participants Findings Analysis Interview Observation Comparison (Table 17.6) Theme 1. Old Building and Equipment Themes 2 and 3. Unnecessary Use of Manual Labor and Manual Order Delivery to Departments Theme 4. Computerization and Integrated Systems Conclusion References Part X: Technology Application in the Asian Tourism Industry: Destination Promotion 18 Technology and Destination Promotion in Asian Tourism: Challenges, Changes, and Bearing Introduction Place - Location - Destination Concept What Does Tourism Destination Imply? Destination Promotion Backdrop Approaches Perception Tourism Destination Promotion in Asia: Agents and Their Roles, Tools, and Stages Technology Innovations´ Bearings Over Changes in Tourism Destinations´ Promotion General Perspective Early Perspective Modern Perspective The Twenty-First-Century Perspective Challenges Conclusion References 19 Promotion of Tourism Using Digital Technology: An Analysis of Kerala Tourism Introduction Smart Promotion of Destinations Role of Social Media in COVID-19 Crisis Management Smart Promotion of Tourism by Kerala Tourism Official Website and Mobile App Promotion on Social Media Influencer Marketing: The Kerala Blog Express Smart Crisis Management Digital Destination Promotion by Private Tourism Operators Conclusion References 20 Technology Application in the Asian Tourism Industry: Destination Promotion Introduction The Concept of Destination Promotion The Importance of Technology in Destination Promotion The Impact of Technology Usage in Destination Promotion Digital Promoters of Destinations The Earlier-Core Promoter: Destination Website (Web 1.0) The New Trend Promoters: Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality The Near Future Promoters: Artificial Intelligence and Internet of Things Conclusion References Part XI: Technology Application in the Asian Tourism Industry: Smart Tourism 21 Technology in Smart Tourism: Concepts and Applications Introduction Media in Information Technology LTE and Wi-Fi Near-Field Communication (NFC) Protocol TCP/IP Information Technology Infrastructure (ITI) Artificial Intelligence Augmented Reality Marketing (ARM) Big Data Blockchain Cloud Computing Chatbot Emerging Technology High-Performance Computing System Internet of Things Payment Gateway Benefits of a Business Entity Using a Payment Gateway Automatic Payments Many Ways to Pay Improve Brand Recognition Technology Wireless Connectivity Information Technology (IT) in Tourism and Hospitality Conclusion and Implications References 22 Exploring Information Technology in Smart Tourism in Indonesia Introduction Discussions Conclusion References Part XII: Technology Application in the Asian Tourism Industry: Smart City Involvement 23 Technology Application in the Asian Tourism Industry: Artificial Intelligence and Blockchain in Smart City Involvement Introduction The Asian Tourism Industry Technology Application and Tourism Industry Benefits of Smart City Involvement in Tourism Industry Cases Case of Malaysia Sunway City Kuala Lumpur as an Example of Smart Sustainable City Challenges of Smart City Involvement in Tourism Industry Future Technologies and Tourism Industry Conclusion References 24 Smart City Applications in Asian Capital Cities Introduction Concept of the Smart City Elements of the Smart City Smart Economy Smart Citizen Smart Governance Smart Mobility Smart Environment Smart Living The Smart City Technologies Smart Transportation Smart Security Smart Energy Smart Water Smart Waste Management Smart Buildings Smart Health Smart Education Smart Economy Smart Tourism The Smart City Applications in the World Evaluation of Asian Capitals Conclusion References 25 Technology Application in the Asian Tourism Industry: Smart City Involvement Introduction Concept of Smart City ICT Infrastructure Integrated City Management Framework Smart Users Dimensions of Smart City Smart Infrastructure Smart Transportation Smart Environment Smart Services Smart Governance Smart People Smart Life Smart Economy Use of Technology in Tourism Within Smart Cities WSNs The Internet of Things Cloud Computing SIS Computing Big Data Tourism in Asia Smart Cities in Asia Bangalore Chongqing Seoul Singapore Hong Kong Conclusion and Some Suggestions References Part XIII: Technology Application in the Asian Tourism Industry: Cross Country Cases 26 Use of Innovative Technologies in the Promotion and Marketing of Asian Tourism Destinations: Sample of Turkey Destination Introduction Innovative Technologies Employed in Marketing and Branding of Turkey Destination Use of Websites Among Innovative Technologies Used for Promotion and Marketing of Turkey Destination Use of Social Media Tools in the Promotion and Marketing of Turkey Destination Use of Websites in Promotion and Marketing Activities of Hospitality Businesses in Turkey Use of Social Media Tools in Promotion and Marketing Activities of Hospitality Businesses in Turkey Competitiveness of Using Innovative Technologies in Marketing of Turkey Destination Conclusion References 27 Technology Application in Turkey´s Tourism Industry Introduction Technology Application´s Examples Mobile Devices (Smart Phone, Tablet, Computer, etc.) and Mobile Applications Websites Social Networks (Social Media: Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, YouTube, and Pinterest) Location-Based Services NFC (Near Field Communication) Virtual Reality Augmented Reality (AR) Use of Technology in the Tourism Sector in Turkey Historical and Natural Areas Museums Smart Destinations and Businesses Hotel Examples Website Examples Airports Conclusion References 28 Medical Tourism and the Application of Technology Introduction Medical Tourism Versus Health Tourism Medical Tourism and Destination Image Medical Tourism and Mobility Across International Borders Short Temporary Visits Abroad Long-Term Residents Common Borders Outsourced Patients Medical Tourism and Cross-Border Medical Tourism and the Globalization Effects Technology Application in Medical Tourism in Turkey The Turkish Medical Tourism Experience for Asia Overview (Fig. 28.1) Conclusion References 29 A Conceptual Framework for the Factors Affecting the Innovation Orientation of Syrian Construction Firms and the Indirect E... Introduction Syria Background Information Syrian Arab Republic´s Construction Industry Syrian Arab Republic´s Tourism Industry Innovation Orientation ``Creation vs Adoption´´ Justification for New Ideas Innovation Function Activities, Tools, and Approaches That Are Involved Nature of Innovation Digital Innovation´s Barriers Technological Barriers Financial Barriers Management Barriers Process Barriers Psychological Barriers Cultural Barriers Environmental Barriers Governmental Barriers Firm Size as Moderator Models of Research That Are Most Similar The Primary Relationship´s Theoretical Rationale Proposed Framework and Hypotheses Summary and Conclusion References 30 A Pilot Study on the Indirect Effect of Syrian Construction Firms´ Innovation Orientation on the Tourism Industry Introduction Syrian Arab Republic´s Construction Industry Syrian Arab Republic´s Tourism Industry Digital Innovation Barriers Innovation Orientation ``Creation vs Adoption´´ Design of Research Methodology Study Population Sample Size Survey´s Distribution Media Survey´s Instrument Measuring General Information The Innovation Barrier Measurements Innovation Orientation Measurements Pilot Study Summary and Conclusion References 31 Technology Application in Medical Tourism in Malaysia Introduction Trends of the Global Medical Tourism Developments Medical Tourism in Malaysia Technology Applications in Medical Tourism Sector in Malaysia The Hospital Information System (HIS) The Websites Electronic Medical Record (EMR) Telehealth Conclusion References 32 The Rhapsody of Mobile Applications: A Case Study of Malaysian Travellers Introduction Technology Adoption in Tourism Industry Mobile Applications in Tourism E-Hailing Klook E-Wallet Online Food Apps Conclusion References 33 Promoting Cultural Events in Indonesia Through Millennials: Lesson Learnt from Yogyakarta Introduction Who Is Generation Y? Keraton of Yogyakarta (Royal Palace of Yogyakarta) Cooperating with the Millennials Confine Intertwine Concept of Yogyakarta Lessons Learnt Conclusion References 34 Technology Application in the Hong Kong Tourism and Hospitality Industry Introduction Information Technology (IT) Applications Online Marketing in Tourism Industry Tourism in Hong Kong Smart Tourism Concept The Internet and Websites Mobile Technology Technology Adopted by the Hong Kong Tourism Board Recent Activities in Some Hotels in Hong Kong Use of Big Data in Hong Kong Tourism Virtual Reality Smart Rooms Conclusion References 35 Costs and Benefits of Adopting ICTs in Tourism Enterprises: Case study in Travel Agents and Tour Operators in Phnom Penh Introduction ICTs in Travel Agents and Tour Operators Roles of ICTs in Tourism Enterprise Cost Advantage Product Leadership Customer Focus Business Process Adopting ICTs in Tourism Enterprises Factors Affecting ICT Adoption Research Findings and Discussions ICT Infrastructures and Their Functions SWOT Analysis of ICT Adoption Factors Affecting ICT Adoption Conclusion and Implications Implications Adopt More ICTs into Organization and Operation Reinvent Structure into EC-able Intermediary Utilize More Digital Marketing Stay Alert to Alternative and New Modern Technology Adopt Customers Focused Strategies Create Market Niche Corporate or Join Venture with IT Company Wholesale Products and Services References 36 Technology Application in the Tourism and Hospitality Industry: The Contexts of India and Bangladesh Introduction Technological Expansion through the Ages: A Historical Development Technological Application in Tourism and Hospitality Sector in India: Recent Trends and Challenges Websites and Apps Social Media and Internet Marketing Mobile Technology Augmented Reality Blockchain Technology Artificial Intelligence The Application of Information and Communication Technology in Tourism and Hospitality Sector in India: Present Scenario in In... Changes and Future Predictions of Hospitality Industry with the Application of Innovative Technologies in India Recommendations for India to Overcome Technological Challenges Technology Application in the Tourism and Hospitality Industry in Bangladesh: Recent Trends Websites and Apps Social Media and Internet Banking Mobile Technology Augmented Reality Blockchain Technology Artificial Intelligence Machine Learning The Application of ICT in Tourism and Hospitality Industry in Bangladesh: Present Scenario in Bangladesh Changes and Future Predictions of the Tourism and Hospitality Industry with the Application of Innovative Technologies in Bang... Recommendations for Bangladesh to Overcome Technological Challenges Conclusion References 37 Indigenous Tourism: A Shift Toward Innovative Technology Application Introduction The ``Indigenousness´´ The ``Indigenousness´´ and Tourism Indigenous Tourism Drawbacks in Indigenous Tourism Technology-Supported Indigenous Tourism Technology Supported Indigenous Tourism and Poverty Alleviation Indigenous People in Bangladesh Features and State of the Indigenous Peoples in Bangladesh Chakma Marma Tripura Tanchangya Mro Bawm Kheyang Khumi Chak Lushai Pangkhua Santals Khasi The Jaintia Garo Manipuri Keot (Kaibarta) The Muslim Tribes ``Pangal´´ or ``Pangan´´ National and International Organization for Indigenous People Current Scenario of Indigenous Tourism Capitals in Bangladesh Technology-Supported Indigenous Tourism, Poverty Alleviation: What Happens in Bangladesh? Conclusion References 38 Technological Mediation in Tourism: A New Era Begins in Pakistan Introduction Pakistan and Mobile Tourism Shopping Theoretical Background Mobile Tourism Shopping and Innovation Diffusion Theory Mobile Tourism Shopping and Technology Acceptance Development of Hypotheses Perceived Relative Strengths Compatibility Social Presence (SP) Perceived Enjoyment (PEJ) Perceived Ease of Use (E) Perceived Usefulness (U) Mediating Role of E, U, and PEJ Methodology and the Measurement Development Data Collection and the Method of Sampling Sample´s Demographic Characteristics Survey Instrument Common Method Bias (CMB) Results and Discussion Measurement Model Structural Model Results Mediation Analysis Discussion Implications and Conclusion Theoretical Implications of Mobile Tourism Shopping Managerial Implications of Mobile Tourism Shopping Social Implications of Mobile Tourism Shopping Conclusion, Limitations, and Future Research Directions References 39 Technology in Tourism and Hospitality in Pakistan: The Tourist Experience Perspective Introduction Spiritual Tourism Archaeological and Ancient Tourism Ecotourism Adventure Tourism Pakistan´s Ranking in World Tourism Role of Tourism in Employment Generation and Gross Domestic Production (GDP) of Pakistan Worldwide Tourists in Pakistan Theoretical Background Constructive Factors Tradition Tourism Religious/Spiritual/Pilgrimage Tourism Social Tourism Wildlife Tourism Athletic Tourism Negative Factors Complications in Tourism Industry Nonavailability of Tourism Body Low Priority of Tourism Sector Protection of Tourists Complications in Getting Visas Deprived Coordination Among Departments Private Sector Contributions Ineffectiveness of Tourism Institutions Nonavailability of Criteria and Certifications Lack of Proper Marketing and Promotion Adverse Image Nonexistence of e-Tourism Online Site Cell Phone Application Extranet Application Insufficient Usage of Information Technology Ineffective Participation in Global Tourism Decrepit Tourism Structure Deficiency of Human Resource Development Proposals for Tourism Development Enforcement of Law and Order Health Services Capacity Building for Tourism-Associated Employees Formation of Code of Conduct Elevation from Media Specialized Education and Skills Development Tourism Infrastructure Development Strategy Preparation and Implementation Upgradation of Standards Protection of Beaches Public and Private Sector Collaboration Technology Revolutionizing Hospitality and Tourism in Pakistan Conclusion References 40 Use of Technology in Tourism: Challenges in Pakistan Introduction Challenges of Using Technology in Tourism Biometric Tourist Facilities 5G Internet Facilities Digital Divide Technology Enterprises Instrument Development Relevancy of the Participants Data Collection and Sample Analysis of Data Conclusion, Limitations, and Future Research Directions References 41 Technology Influenced Tourism and Hospitality Services in Bangladesh Introduction Central Research Argument and Findings Nature of Domestic and Foreign Tourists in the Concerned Areas Mostly Visited Places of Chattogram and Cox´s Bazar Available Technological Aids in the Concerned Areas Accommodation as a Service Restaurants as a Service Health Service Security Threat Law Enforcement Efficiency Beauty Parlor and Shopping Complexes Lack of Sustainable Tourism Planning Flexible Immigration and Transportation Lack of Law Enforcement and Banking Facilities Lack of International Standard Recreational Facilities Comfortable Tourism Lack of Proper Government Policies Recommendations/Policy Prescriptions Technological Aid Promotional e-Branding Rational Accommodation Service Diverse Cuisine Restroom Facilities and Safe Sanitation Security Service within off-Peak Hours and Areas Preparedness Regarding Fluctuations Complain Box and Tourist Aid Booths Availability of Tourist Police Services Better Recreational Facilities Cultural Acceptance Sustainable Tourism Planning Professional Tourist Guide Application-Based Transportation System Conclusion References 42 Mobile Applications and Tourism Experiences: Some Netnographic Explanations from Bangladesh Introduction Mobile Applications (Apps) and their Uses in the Tourism Industry of Bangladesh Online Travel Assistant Apps for Tourists Ghurbo ShareTrip Amy Transport Assistant and Ticketing Apps for Tourists Pathao.com Uber Shohoz OBHAI BDTICKETS Biman Bangladesh Airlines Rail Sheba Accommodation Assistant Apps for Tourists Jovago Airbnb Booking.com Restaurant and Food Delivery Apps for Tourists Hungrynaki.com Uber Eats Foodpanda Financial Assistant Apps for Tourists bKash Nagad Rocket Safety and Security Assistant Apps for Tourists BD Police Helpline BD 999 Shopping Assistant Apps for Tourists Chaldal.com Sheba.xyz Bikroy.com Rokomary.com Aarong AjkerDeal Evaly Pickaboo Shajgoj Daraz Media and Entertainment Assistant App Bioscope Bongo Toffee Bangla Newspapers The Daily Star Bangladesh as the Promising Field of Mobile Applications Review Comments on Mobile Applications in Bangladesh Mobile Applications and its Contribution for Tourism Development and Promotion Conclusion References 43 Medical Tourism in Bangladesh and Innovative Technology Application Introduction Health Tourism vs. Medical Tourism What Is Medical in Tourism? Medical Tourism from the Asian Perspective What Are the Negativities That Medical Tourists Need to Be Aware of? What Is Innovative Technology Application in Medical Tourism? Medical Tourism in India Medical Tourism in India and Technology Diffusion in the Indian Medical Tourism Business Use of Information Technology in Medical Care and Health Sector in India Datamate Mediware Total Clinic Automation System (TCAS) Administrator Plus Prospects of Medical Tourism in Bangladesh Bangladesh´s Advancement in Medical and Healthcare Sector Barriers of Medical Tourism Business in Bangladesh Medical Tourism in Bangladesh and Technology Diffusion in the Bangladeshi Medical Tourism Business Use of Information Technology in Medical Care and Health Sector in Bangladesh Medical Helpline Bangladesh Electronic Medical Record Meditor Health Application Doctor Bhai (Doctor Brother) Application Augmedix Medicare Conclusion References 44 Legislations and Technology Applications for Passport, Visa, and Immigration for Tourists in Bangladesh Introduction The Necessity of Knowing About Visa Process The Necessity of Knowing About Immigration Process Visa Application Process of Bangladesh Passports and Visas Technology and Passport-Visa-Immigration Biometric Passport or e-Passport Online Visa General Requirement of Visa Requirements According to Type of Visa Some Visa and Passport System Issues Positive Sides of Visa Process and Passport Problems of Visa and Passport Immigration Process of Bangladesh Immigration Requirements Immigration Area at the Airport and Required Steps Problems Regarding Immigration Process Other Legislations Customs Requirements Requirements of Public Health Data Source Sample Size Questionnaire Used Method of Data Collection Mode of Data Analysis Qualitative Analysis Reliability of the Scale Regression Analysis Residual Plot Results and Analysis Cronbach´s Alpha Regression Analysis Residual Plot Conclusion References 45 Big Data in the Hospitality Industry: Context, Opportunities, and Challenges in Sri Lanka Introduction Big Data: The Definition Big Data: Key Features Big Data: Impact and Opportunities Big Data: Challenges Human Resource Challenges Technological Challenges Organizational Challenges Process Challenges Information Management Challenges Big Data in the Hospitality Industry Big Data Analytics: The Context, Opportunities, and Challenges in Sri Lanka Lessons from Other Industries Conclusion and Implications References Part XIV: Technology Application in the Asian Tourism Industry: The Purposes of Social Media 46 Use of Social Media for Employment Opportunities in Kazakhstan: Case Study of a Czech Restaurant in Almaty, Kazakhstan Introduction Understanding of the Importance of Using Social Media as a Recruitment Tool Analysis of Foreign Survey Advantages of Using Social Media Definition of Recruitment The ``Kolkovna´´ Restaurant Theoretical Framework Findings Creating Guidelines of Using Social Media as a New Recruitment Tool Write a Marketed Job Advertisement Write a Portrait of an Ideal Candidate Publish an Advert Promote It Find a Way to Filter Candidates Screening Social Media Profile and Collecting Data Interview Conclusion References 47 Social Media and Small and Medium Enterprises in the Malaysian Tourism Industry Introduction Background of the Study Social Media Social Media Marketing Tourism Industry in Malaysia Budget Accommodation Services The Use of Social Media in Tourism Marketing SMEs´ Tourism Marketing Strategies via Social Media Start with Plan Identify Audience Have Basic Knowledge to Employ Social Media Decide the Right Platforms for Business Use the Right Tools Build Relationship Update Social Site Regularly Share Visual Component Quality Versus Quantity Building Online Community Through Social Media Diversifying Marketing Medium Increasing Communication Skills Monitor and Respond to All Conversation Accepting Customer´s Thanks Thanking Customers Who Share Your Content Showing Gratitude for a Purchase Handling Angry Customer Graciously Receiving Feedback Social Media Marketing During COVID-19 Up-to-Date Information Share Benefit Content Related to Health Using Organic Channels to Keep the Brand ``Lights on´´ Keep Customers Informed Conclusion Future Studies References 48 The Influence of Social Media in Youth Destination Selection for Visiting Pulau Langkawi, Kedah, in Malaysia Introduction Background Findings Reliability Analysis Respondents´ Background Common Information of Respondents Usefulness of Social Media Usage Habits of Social Media Types of Social Media Youth Destination Selections Descriptive Statistic Conclusion and Recommendation References 49 Evaluation of Social Media Related to the Promotion and Marketing of Public Recreation Areas Introduction Relationship Between Recreation and Tourism in Public Areas Classification of Leisure and Recreational Activities in Public Areas Resource-Centered Leisure and Recreation Activity Area National Parks Protected Areas Forests User-Centered Leisure and Recreation Activity Areas Archaeology and Historical Areas Parks Squares Trip and Promenade Areas Museums Promoting and Marketing of Public Leisure and Recreation Activity Areas Evaluation of the Role of Social Media in the Promotion and Marketing of Public Recreation Areas Conclusion and Recommendations References 50 Generation Y´s Intention for Sharing Travel Interactive Media and Instagram Communication Attributes Introduction Travel Media Sharing Background Frequency Analysis (Table 50.1) Descriptive Analysis Reliability Analysis Correlation Analysis (Table 50.4) Conclusion References Part XV: Technology Application in the Asian Tourism Industry: Issues and Challenges 51 Issues and Challenges in Technology Application in the Asian Tourism Industry Introduction Innovation Adoption Theories and Asian Tourism Nature of Innovation Innovation Acceptance Theories Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) Perceived Usefulness (PU) and Perceived Ease of Use (PEOU) Behavioral Intention (BI) and Behavior TAM and the Tourism Industry The Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) UTAUT and the Tourism Industry Conclusion References 52 The Evolution of Technology Application Intervention and Future Development in the Asian Tourism Industry Introduction Innovation, Evolution, and Trends of Technology in Asian Tourism Industry Technology Application in Asian Tourism Industry Travellers´ Behaviour Locals´ Perception toward Technology Innovation Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) Consumer Acceptance of Technology in Tourism Industry Issues and Challenges in Technology Application in Tourism Industry Conclusion References 53 Tourism, Health Promoting Food Domain and Technology Applications: Individual´s Genes Reservoir, Environmental Change and F... Introduction Traveling and Its Impact Culinary Tourism Culinary Tourism in Asia Individual´s Health Profile and Tourism Human Body as a Living Entity Immune Response and Health Concerns Type of Illnesses Travelling Food Advice Factors Determining Tourist Destinations Newly Evolving Scientific Understanding in Context of Natural Health and Individual´s Safety Environment, Food, and Cultural Practices: Key Modulators Driving the Health Profile Desi Food Types with Cooking Scheme Preserving Their Novel Nutritional, Therapeutic and Prophylactic Potentials Main Components of Desi Cuisine Tea (Chai) Snacks Main Dish General Desi Cooking Scheme ``Daal´´ (Pulses) ``Saabzi´´ (Vegetables); ``Salaan´´ (Desi Curry) with Meat and Vegetable or Without Vegetables, Rice with Pulses, Vegetable, o... ``Qeema,´´ ``Koftey,´´ ``Kebab,´´ and Other Minced Meat Dishes Prolonged Cooking Food Items (e.g. ``Nihari,´´ ``Paye,´´ ``Shabdeeq´´ ``Shooley,´´ ``Hareesa,´´ ``Haleem,´´ etc.) ``Saag´´ (Fried Cooked Green Leafy Vegetables) Poor Person´s Meal Sauces and Yogurt Mix Pickles and Their Types Pickles in Oil Pickles in Lemon Juice Pickles in Vinegar with Vegetables Pickles in Water with Vegetables ``Roti´´ (Bread) Dried Food Commodities Mouth Fresheners Sweets and Desserts Novelty Associated with Desi Food Items prepared by Indigenously Evolved Cooking Recipes Historical Places: Cultural Traits (e.g., Costumes and Handicrafts) COVID-19 Pandemic and Safety Concerns: A Long-Standing Challenge for the Tourism Industry Proposal for Technological Modulation Driving Tourists´ Safety Effective Against COVID-19 Illness Conclusion Merits and Limitations References Part XVI: Technology Application in the Asian Tourism Industry: Sustainability Concerns 54 Innovative Technology Uses in Sustainable Destination Management in Asia Introduction Sustainability Sustainable Tourism Sustainable Tourism Management Sustainable Destination Management Innovative Technology Technology Innovation in the Tourism Industry Innovative Technology in Sustainable Destination Management Innovative Technology Uses in Sustainable Destination Management in Asia Innovative Technologies for Sustainable Aviation E-Fan X Demonstrator Layer Ingesting Propulsor Trent XWB Engine - Rolls-Royce Flexible Navigation System, Winglets, CCO, and CDO Optimized Runway Delivery Tool (ORD) CFM International LEAP-1B Engine Innovative Technology in Sustainable Travel Management Traffic Management System Personal Intelligent Travel Assistant Geo-localization Internet of Things (IoT) City Guide Technology Google Trekker/Street Walk and City Connect Global Pocket Wi-Fi Near Field Communication Technology Globetouch Innovative Technology in Sustainable Hospitality Management (Hotels and Restaurants) Cloud/SaaS (Software as a Service) Be Your Own Concierge Smart Rooms Predictive Maintenance Social Listening The Sharing Economy Chatbots and Artificial Intelligence Menu Order Application Wastage and Footprint Tracking Eco-friendly Technologies Innovative Technology in Sustainable MICE Tourism Hotel Footprinting Tool EventCheck Recycling Technologies Facial Recognition Augmented Reality (AR) Zero Waste Technology Innovative Technology in Sustainable Promotion of Destination Artificial Intelligence Google Maps and Real-Time Tracking Mixed Reality Technology Blockchain Ease of Planning Applications Social Media Marketing Hybrid Electric Vehicles Blogs and Vlogs Sustainable Destination Management in Asia Conclusion References 55 Technology Application in the Asian Tourism Industry: Sustainability Concern Introduction Sustainable Tourism: Concepts and Features Technology and Tourism Digitalization and Tourism Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality Smart Technology and Tourism Asia and Tourism Discussion and Conclusion References Part XVII: Technology Application in the Asian Tourism Industry: Economic Development 56 Socio-economic Benefits from Applying Innovative Technologies in the Tourism and Hospitality Industry in Asia Introduction Tourism in South Asia Benefits of Tourism Social Benefits Economic Benefits Health Outcomes Technological Advancements in the Tourism Industry and Its Roles Technological Innovations for the Tourism Industry Role of Virtual Communities in Tourism Challenges to the Industry Conclusion References Part XVIII: Technology Application in the Asian Tourism Industry: The Future 57 Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Driving Tourism 4.0: An Exploration Introduction Information and Communications Technology, Smart Tourism, and the Emerging Role of Social Media Artificial Intelligence Artificial Intelligence for Destination Sustainability Artificial Intelligence for Business Sustainability Artificial Intelligence for Tourism Experience Management Artificial Intelligence for Forecasting Robotics and Service Robots Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Changing the Asian Tourism Industry Challenges Ahead Recent Developments Conclusion References 58 The Future and Challenges of Applying Innovative Technologies in the Tourism and Hospitality Industry in Asia Introduction Technology and Current Challenges for Tourism The Benefits of Technology in the Tourism Industry The Role of Technology in Safety and Security for Tourist Challenges of Tourism in the South Asian Region after the Application of Innovative Technology Impact of Innovative Technology on the Tourism Industry Impact of One-Touch Digital Innovation on the Asian Tourism Markets Vitality, Reality, and Tourism Mobile Technology and Tourism Conclusion References 59 Technology Application in the Asian Tourism Industry: The Future Introduction Characteristics of 5G and Changes in Society Ultrahigh Speed: Maximum Transmission Speed Is 10 Gbps Ultralow Delay: Delay of about 1 Millisecond Multiple Simultaneous Connections: One Million Units/km2 Number of Connected Devices Emergency Medical Care Agriculture Construction Industry Natural Disaster Countermeasures Living in Rural Areas Everyday Shopping Sports Changes in Tourism by 5G Conclusion References Index