Immunology for Medical Students

Description

Comprehensive yet concise and easy to read, this updated edition of Immunology for Medical Students effectively explains complex immunology topics and their relevance in clinical practice. Boasting just the right amount of detail for today's busy medical student, it delivers state-of-the-art coverage of the latest scientific and clinical knowledge in the field. Detailed and explanatory illustrations, combined with clinically relevant examples and cases, offer a unique understanding of the human immune system and its role in protecting us from disease. Key Features Designed with a clear focus on the needs of medical students. Includes overview illustrations at the beginning of each chapter, as well as illustrations with dialogue boxes. Immunology icons are repeated throughout the text, accompanied by a helpful Icon Key. Detailed clinical cases demonstrate real-world applications. Technical boxes point out important scientific advances. End-of-chapter checklists of learning points facilitate review. Blank Page......Page 0 Copyright Page......Page 3 ■ Preface to the First Edition......Page 4 Acknowledgments......Page 6 How to Use This Book......Page 7 Microorganisms Mentioned in This Book......Page 8 Icons......Page 9 1 Introduction to the Immune System......Page 10 1 Introduction to the Immune System......Page 11 Can You Now …......Page 15 ■ Innate Immunity......Page 16 ■ Adaptive Immunity......Page 17 ■ Types of Immune Response......Page 18 Can You Now…......Page 22 3 Introduction to Antigen Recognition......Page 23 ■ Antigen Recognition Molecules......Page 24 ■ Major Histocompatibility Complex Molecules......Page 25 Can You Now …......Page 26 Types of Antigens......Page 27 Antibody Isolation and Characterization......Page 28 Antibody Structure......Page 29 Selected Features and Biologic Properties of the Immunoglobulin Classes......Page 31 Can You Now…......Page 33 ■ Antigen-Binding Sites of Antibodies......Page 34 Lateral Flow Test......Page 35 Flow Cytometry......Page 36 Can You Now….......Page 43 Assembly of Variable Regions by Somatic Recombination......Page 44 Human Heavy Chain......Page 47 Generation of Antibody Diversity......Page 48 Membrane-Bound and Secreted Immunoglobulin......Page 50 Can You Now…......Page 52 The γδ T-Cell Receptor......Page 53 ■ Generation of Diversity of the T-Cell Receptor Genes......Page 54 ■ Other Accessory Molecules Involved in T-Cell Function......Page 56 Can You Now…......Page 59 ■ Regulation of Gene Expression......Page 60 Class I......Page 61 ■ Restriction of Antigen Recognition......Page 63 Models of the Major Histocompatibility Complex–Antigen–T-Cell Receptor Complex......Page 64 ■ Disease Correlations......Page 65 Can You Now …......Page 67 Antigen Recognition Sites......Page 68 ■ Generation of Diversity......Page 69 10 Antigen Processing and Presentation......Page 71 10 Antigen Processing and Presentation......Page 72 Intracellular (Endogenous) Antigens......Page 73 Class I or II Association......Page 74 ■ Evasion of Processing Pathways by Pathogens......Page 76 Can You Now …......Page 77 B-Cell Receptor......Page 78 Initiation of B-Cell and T-Cell Activation......Page 79 ■ Signaling Events......Page 80 ■ Amplification Through Signaling Pathways......Page 81 ■ Response......Page 83 Can You Now …......Page 85 ■ Three Major Stages of Hematopoiesis......Page 86 T Cells......Page 87 Development......Page 88 Monocytes and Macrophages......Page 89 Dendritic Cells......Page 90 Can You Now …......Page 91 Bone Marrow......Page 92 Thymus......Page 93 Lymph Nodes......Page 94 Skin: The Cutaneous Immune System......Page 95 Lymphocyte Extravasation......Page 97 Synapse Formation......Page 98 Can You Now…......Page 102 Stem Cell to Immature B Cell......Page 103 Additional Tolerance Induction......Page 105 ■ Somatic Mutation and Class Switching in Germinal Centers......Page 106 ■ Thymus-Independent Antigens......Page 107 ■ B1 B Cells and Natural Antibodies......Page 108 Can You Now…......Page 109 ■ The Thymus......Page 110 Order of T-Cell Receptor Gene Rearrangements......Page 111 Negative Selection: Establishment of Central Self-Tolerance......Page 112 Peripheral T-Cell Tolerance......Page 114 The γδ T-Cell Subset......Page 115 Can You Now …......Page 119 ■ Generation of Stimulated, or Primed, B and T Cells......Page 120 ■ Providing the Most Appropriate Immune Response for a Given Pathogen......Page 122 Can You Now…......Page 131 B-Cell Memory......Page 132 T-Cell Memory......Page 133 ■ Apoptosis......Page 135 Can You Now …......Page 136 ■ Tolerance......Page 137 Activation-Induced Cell Death......Page 138 Regulatory T Cells......Page 139 Can You Now…......Page 142 19 Brief Review of Immune Physiology......Page 143 ■ Integrated Immune System: Connections Between Adaptive and Innate Responses......Page 144 20 Constitutive Defenses Including Complement......Page 147 Respiratory Tract......Page 148 ■ Extracellular Molecules of the Innate Immune System......Page 149 Interferon......Page 150 Lectin Pathway......Page 151 Amplification Steps......Page 152 Complement Receptors......Page 153 Complement Inhibitors......Page 154 Can You Now …......Page 158 Tissue Macrophages......Page 159 Osteoclasts......Page 160 ■ Phagocyte Recruitment......Page 161 Toll-Like Receptors......Page 162 Phagocytosis......Page 163 Proteolytic Enzymes......Page 164 ■ Phagocyte Defects......Page 165 ■ Molecular Recognition by the Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems......Page 166 Can You Now…......Page 170 ■ Mast Cells......Page 171 Histamine......Page 172 Arachidonic Acid Metabolites......Page 173 Immediate (Type I) Hypersensitivity......Page 174 Natural Killer Inhibitor Receptors......Page 175 Natural Killer Activating Receptors......Page 176 ■ Intracellular Mechanisms of Apoptosis......Page 177 Apoptosis in the Immune System......Page 178 Can You Now…......Page 180 ■ Types of Inflammation......Page 181 ■ Cytokine Network in Inflammation......Page 182 ■ Tuberculosis......Page 183 ■ Hepatitis B Infection......Page 185 ■ “Overzealous” Inflammation......Page 186 Can You Now…......Page 190 ■ Overview......Page 191 ■ Cytokine Receptors and Signaling Molecules......Page 192 ■ Review of Some of the Roles of Cytokines in Immune Responses......Page 193 Acute Inflammation: Initial Response to Infection......Page 194 End of the Immune Response......Page 195 ■ Clinical Uses for Cytokines and Cytokine Blockade......Page 196 Can You Now…......Page 198 25 Infections and Vaccines......Page 199 ■ Mechanisms of Immunity......Page 200 Live Vaccines......Page 201 Adjuvants......Page 202 ■ Vaccine Schedules......Page 203 Can You Now…......Page 208 Hypersensitivity to Infectious Agents......Page 209 Type I......Page 210 ■ Diagnosis and Treatment of Hypersensitivity......Page 211 Can You Now…......Page 214 ■ Allergen......Page 215 ■ Degranulating Cells......Page 216 ■ T-Helper 2 Cells......Page 217 Genetics of Allergy......Page 218 ■ Mediators of Early Phase of Allergy......Page 219 Drug Treatments......Page 220 Allergen Immunotherapy......Page 221 Can You Now…......Page 225 ■ Some Autoimmunity is Normal......Page 226 ■ T-Cell Tolerance......Page 227 ■ Breakdown of T-Cell Tolerance......Page 228 Environmental Factors and Loss of Tolerance......Page 229 ■ Tests for Autoimmune Disease......Page 230 Can You Now…......Page 239 Red Blood Cell Antigens......Page 240 Autoimmune Hemolysis......Page 242 Graves Disease......Page 243 Can You Now…......Page 246 Innocuous Environmental Antigens......Page 247 ■ Clearance of Immune Complexes......Page 248 ■ Immune Complex Disease in the Kidney......Page 249 ■ Treatment of Immune Complex Disease......Page 250 Can You Now …......Page 253 ■ Type IV Hypersensitivity Disease......Page 254 Multiple Sclerosis......Page 255 Treatment of Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions......Page 256 Immunologically Mediated Drug Reactions......Page 257 Review of Hypersensitivity Reactions......Page 258 Can You Now …......Page 260 ■ Infections Provide Clues to the Type of Immunodeficiency......Page 261 Polymorphisms and Immunodeficiency......Page 262 Polygenic Disorders......Page 263 ■ Screening for Severe Combined Immune Deficiency......Page 264 ■ Diagnosis of Primary Immunodeficiency......Page 265 Gene Therapy......Page 266 Can You Now…......Page 270 Entry of HIV Into Host Cells......Page 271 Antibody Response......Page 272 Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Response......Page 273 Factors That Affect Outcome......Page 274 ■ Other Secondary Immunodeficiencies......Page 275 Drugs......Page 276 Infections......Page 277 Can You Now…......Page 278 When Transplantation Is Indicated......Page 279 Acute Rejection......Page 280 ■ Stem Cell Transplantation......Page 281 Human Leukocyte Antigen Typing......Page 282 ■ Immunosuppressive Drugs......Page 284 ■ Xenotransplantation......Page 285 Can You Now …......Page 288 Pathogens......Page 289 Diagnosing Lymphoid Malignancy......Page 290 Tumor Antigens......Page 291 Evasion of the Immune Response by Tumors......Page 292 Passive Cancer Immunotherapy......Page 293 Active Cancer Immunotherapy......Page 294 Can You Now…......Page 298 36 Biopharmaceuticals......Page 299 Monoclonal Antibody Technologies......Page 300 Some Successes and Failures in Monoclonal Antibody Therapy......Page 302 ■ Recombinant Cytokines......Page 303 Can You Now…......Page 305