Textbook Of Immunology

Description

Primarily intended as a textbook for the undergraduate and postgraduate students of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biochemistry, this compact and well-organized text now in its Second Edition introduces a chapter on Immunity to Infectious Agents. The book gives complete coverage of all the key topics in modern immunology without excessive detail or theoretical discussion. Each chapter is enriched with numerous well-labelled illustrations. Beginning with an introduction to the immune system including different types of immunity, immunogens and immunoglobulins, this text covers the basic concepts of antigen–antibody interaction and various methods of deter-mining them. It also includes topics on lymphocytes, Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) and its classes, graft rejection, and complement pathways. The book concludes with a description on different types of vaccines, and cytokines which are a group of regulatory proteins. This textbook will also be useful to the students of B.Tech. (Biotechnology). KEY FEATURES : Encompasses the most important topics on HIV and AIDS. Emphasizes the concept of tumour immunology and the therapeutic strategies used against tumours. Discusses autoimmunity, its causes and current therapies. Includes multiple-choice questions at the end of each chapter. ABOUT THE AUTHOR : SEEMI FARHAT BASIR, Ph.D., is Professor, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi. Also, she has been Head of the Department at the same institution. A member of Indian Society of Life Sciences, Indian Science Congress, Society of Biological Chemists, and Association of Physiologists and Pharmacologists of India, Dr. Basir has more than two decades of teaching experience. She has published a number of research articles in refereed national and international journals. Title Textbook of Immunology, Second Edition Copyright CONTENTS Preface 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 1.1 Immune System: An Overview 1.2 History 1.3 Innate Immunity 1.3.1 Cell Types of Innate System 1.4 Adaptive Immunity 1.5 Cooperation between Lymphocytes and Antigen-presenting Cells 1.6 Humoral Immune Response and Cell-mediated Immune Response 1.7 Conferring Specific Immunity: Connections between Innate and Adaptive Immunity 1.8 Clonal Selection and Expansion 1.9 Functions of Immune System 1.10 Organs of the Immune System 1.10.1 Sources of Lymphoid Cells 1.10.2 Categorization of Lymphoid Tissue 1.10.3 Cells of the Immune System Multiple-Choice Questions Review Questions 2 ANTIGENS 2.1 Antigens: An Overview 2.2 Requirements for Immunogenicity 2.3 Contribution of Biological System to Immunogenicity 2.4 Adjuvants 2.5 Epitopes 2.6 Haptens 2.7 Superantigens Multiple-Choice Questions Review Questions 3 IMMUNOGLOBULINS: STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL BASIS OF ANTIBODY DIVERSITY 3.1 Immunoglobulins 3.2 History 3.3 Structure of Immunoglobulin Molecules 3.4 Functions of Antibodies 3.5 Functional Regions of Antibody Molecules 3.6 Classes of Immunoglobulins 3.6.1 Immunoglobulin G 3.6.2 Immunoglobulin M 3.6.3 Immunoglobulin A 3.6.4 Immunoglobulin D 3.6.5 Immunoglobulin E 3.7 Antigenic Determinants on Immunoglobulins 3.7.1 Isotypic Determinants 3.7.2 Allotypic Determinants 3.7.3 Idiotypic Determinants 3.8 Production of Immunoglobulins 3.8.1 Factors Affecting Antibody Production 3.9 Antibody Diversity 3.10 Immunoglobulin Gene Structure 3.10.1 Immunoglobulin Gene Recombination 3.10.2 Generation of V Region Diversity 3.10.3 Constant Region Diversity Multiple-Choice Questions Review Questions 4 ANTIGEN–ANTIBODY INTERACTION 4.1 Antigen–Antibody Interaction: An Overview 4.2 Antigen–Antibody Complex 4.2.1 Primary Antigen–Antibody Interaction 4.2.2 Secondary Antigen–Antibody Interaction 4.2.3 Affinity and Avidity 4.2.4 Cross-reactions 4.3 Biological Consequences of Antigen–Antibody Interaction 4.4 Precipitin Reactions 4.4.1 Precipitation Reactions in Fluids 4.4.2 Precipitation Reactions in Gels 4.5 Immunoelectrophoresis 4.6 Agglutination Reactions 4.6.1 Agglutination Inhibition Reaction 4.7 Isolation of Pure Antibodies 4.8 Radioimmunoassay 4.9 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA 4.10 Immunofluorescence Multiple-Choice Questions Review Questions 5 GENERATION, ACTIVATION AND DIFFERENTIATION OF LYMPHOCYTES 5.1 T-cell Maturation, Activation and Differentiation 5.1.1 Positive Selection 5.1.2 Negative Selection 5.2 Th-cell Activation 5.3 T-cell Differentiation 5.4 Memory T-cells 5.5 B-cell Generation, Activation and Differentiation 5.5.1 Affinity Maturation 5.5.2 B-cell Maturation 5.5.3 B-cell Activation and Proliferation 5.6 The Humoral Response 5.6.1 Generation of Plasma Cells and Memory B-cells Multiple-Choice Questions Review Questions 6 MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX 6.1 Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC 6.1.1 Genomic Organization of the MHC 6.1.2 Class I MHC Genes 6.1.3 Class II MHC Genes 6.1.4 Class III MHC Genes 6.1.5 Murine Class I Loci 6.2 The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Antigens 6.2.1 The Structure of MHC Class I Molecules 6.2.2 The Structure of MHC Class II Molecules 6.2.3 MHC Class III Molecules 6.3 MHC Polymorphism 6.4 Recognition of Alloantigens 6.4.1 The Peptides Bound to Class I MHC Molecules 6.4.2 The Peptides Bound to Class II MHC Molecules 6.4.3 In Vitro Recognition and Response to Alloantigens (Mixed Leukocyte Reaction Multiple-Choice Questions Review Questions 7 COMPLEMENT 7.1 The Complement System 7.2 Activation 7.2.1 Activation of Complement by the Classical Pathway 7.2.2 The Alternative Pathway of Complement Activates Spontaneously 7.2.3 The Lectin Pathway 7.3 Terminal Complement Pathway 7.4 Effects 7.4.1 Biological Effects of Complement 7.4.2 Cell Lysis 7.5 Consequences of Complement Activation 7.6 Complement Fixation Test 7.7 Regulation Multiple-Choice Questions Review Questions 8 TOLERANCE AND IMMUNOSUPPRESSION 8.1 Tolerance 8.1.1 T-cell Tolerance 8.1.2 B-cell Tolerance 8.2 Immunosuppression 8.2.1 Specific Immunosuppression 8.2.2 Non-specific Immunosuppression 8.3 Applications of Tolerance Multiple-Choice Questions Review Questions 9 HYPERSENSITIVITY 9.1 Hypersensitivity 9.1.1 Type I Hypersensitivity 9.1.2 Type II Hypersensitivity 9.1.3 Type III Hypersensitivity 9.1.4 Type IV Hypersensitivity Multiple-Choice Questions Review Questions 10 TRANSPLANTATION AND IMMUNOSUPPRESSION 10.1 Transplantation 10.1.1 Transplantation Antigens 10.1.2 Rejection of Transplanted Tissue 10.1.3 Mechanism of Graft Rejection 10.1.4 Graft Versus Host Disease 10.1.5 Rate of Rejection 10.1.6 Grafts that are Not Rejected 10.1.7 Immunologically Favoured Organs 10.1.8 Prevention of Rejection 10.2 Immunosuppression 10.2.1 Non-specific Immunosuppression 10.2.2 Specific Immunosuppression 10.2.3 Antibodies as Immunosuppressive Agents Multiple-Choice Questions Review Questions 11 TUMOUR IMMUNOLOGY 11.1 Tumour 11.1.1 Causes of Tumours 11.2 Tumour Antigens 11.2.1 Tumour-Specific Transplantation Antigens (TSTAs 11.2.2 Tumour Associated Transplantation Antigens (TATAs 11.3 Tumour Antigens Recognized by T-lymphocytes 11.3.1 Tumour Antigens Encoded by Normally Silent Cellular Genes in Spontaneous Tumours (Tumour Specific Shared Antigens (TSSAs 11.3.2 Tumour Antigens Coded by Oncogenes or Tumour Suppressor Genes 11.3.3 Tumour Antigens Encoded by Genomes of Oncogenic Viruses 11.3.4 Virally Induced Tumours 11.3.5 Tumour Antigens Resulting from Mutations 11.3.6 Antigens of Tumours Induced by Chemical Carcinogens 11.3.7 Tumour Antigens Defined by Xenogenic Antibodies 11.3.8 Monoclonal Antibodies to TAAs 11.4 Host Immune Responses to Tumours 11.4.1 Immune Response to Tumour Antigens 11.5 Immune Surveillance 11.6 Escape from Surveillance 11.7 Therapeutic Strategies Multiple-Choice Questions Review Questions 12 AUTOIMMUNITY 12.1 Autoimmunity 12.1.1 Self-reactive B- and T-cells Persist Even in Normal Subjects 12.1.2 Chemokines in Autoimmune Diseases 12.1.3 Autoimmunity is Antigen Driven 12.1.4 Physiological Autoimmunity 12.2 Induction of Autoimmunity 12.2.1 Exposure of Hidden Antigens or Release of Sequestered Antigens 12.2.2 Formation of New Epitopes 12.2.3 Cross-reactivity with Microorganisms 12.2.4 Mimicry between MBP and Viral Peptides 12.2.5 Loss of Control of Lymphocyte Responses 12.3 The Factors Affecting Development of Autoimmunity 12.3.1 Viruses as Inducers of Autoimmunity 12.3.2 Polyclonal B-cell Activation 12.3.3 Genetic Factors and Autoimmune Disease 12.3.4 Age and Sex 12.4 Clinical Associations between Autoimmune Diseases 12.5 Pathogenesis 12.6 Some Selected Autoimmune Diseases 12.7 Therapies 12.8 Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases Multiple-Choice Questions Review Questions 13 IMMUNODEFICIENCY 13.1 Immunodeficiency 13.1.1 Primary Immunodeficiencies 13.1.2 Secondary Immunodeficiencies 13.2 Defects in the Lymphoid Lineage 13.2.1 B-cell Immunodeficiency Disorders 13.2.2 T-cell Immunodeficiency Disorders 13.2.3 Combined B-cell and T-cell Immunodeficiency Disorders 13.3 Other Immunodeficiency Disorders 13.3.1 Phagocytes Deficiencies 13.4 AIDS and Other Acquired or Secondary Immunodeficiencies 13.4.1 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV 13.5 AIDS—The Disease Multiple-Choice Questions Review Questions 14 VACCINES 14.1 Immunization 14.1.1 Passive Immunization 14.1.2 Active Immunization 14.2 Vaccines 14.3 Designing Vaccines 14.4 Route of Administration 14.5 Types of Vaccines 14.5.1 Anti-idiotype Vaccines 14.5.2 Whole Organism Vaccines 14.5.3 Recombinant Vaccine 14.5.4 Synthetic Peptide Vaccines 14.5.5 Multivalent Subunit Vaccines 14.5.6 Purified Macromolecules as Vaccines 14.5.7 Toxoid Vaccines 14.6 Vaccination Schedule 14.7 Failures in Vaccination Multiple-Choice Questions Review Questions 15 CYTOKINES 15.1 Cytokines 15.2 Cytokine Receptors 15.2.1 Families of Cytokine Receptors 15.2.2 Cytokine Secretions of Th-cell Subsets 15.3 Properties of Cytokines 15.4 Functions of Cytokines 15.4.1 Cytokines that Stimulate Haematopoiesis 15.4.2 Cytokines that Mediate Innate Immunity 15.4.3 Cytokines that Regulate Lymphocyte Activation, Growth and Differentiation 15.4.4 Cytokines that Regulate Immune Mediated Inflammation 15.4.5 Signal Pathway Activated by Cytokine Receptors 15.5 Cytokine Antagonists Multiple-Choice Questions Review Questions 16 IMMUNITY TO INFECTIOUS AGENTS 16.1 Immunity to Bacteria 16.1.1 Non-specific Immunity 16.1.2 Specific Immunity 16.2 Immunity to Fungi 16.3 Immunity to Viruses 16.4 Immunity to Protozoa 16.5 Immunity to Helminthes Multiple-Choice Questions Review Questions Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions Index Back cover