Bioprocess engineering : kinetics, biosystems, sustainability, and reactor design

Description

Bioprocess Engineering......Page 1 Copyright......Page 2 Preface......Page 3 Nomenclature......Page 6 Subscript......Page 8 Superscript......Page 9 1.1. Biological Cycle......Page 10 9. Chemical Reactions on Solid Surfaces......Page 400 1.2. Green Chemistry......Page 12 1.3. Sustainability......Page 14 1.4. Biorefinery......Page 15 1.5. Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering......Page 18 1.6. Mathematics, Biology, and Engineering......Page 20 1.7. The Story of Penicillin: the Dawn of Bioprocess Engineering......Page 21 1.8. Bioprocesses: Regulatory Constraints......Page 24 1.9. The Pillars of Bioprocess Kinetics and Systems Engineering......Page 26 1.10. Summary......Page 27 D. History of Penicillin......Page 28 Problems......Page 29 15.1. What is Sustainability?......Page 30 2.1.1. Microbial Diversity......Page 31 2.1.2. How Cells are Named......Page 32 2.1.3. Viruses......Page 34 2.1.4. Prions......Page 37 2.1.5.1. Eubacteria......Page 38 2.1.6. Eukaryotes......Page 40 14.2.1. Natural Selection......Page 711 2.3.1. Amino Acids and Proteins......Page 50 2.3.2. Carbohydrates......Page 57 2.3.2.1. Monosaccharides......Page 58 2.3.2.1.1. Aldoses......Page 59 2.3.2.1.2. Ketoses......Page 63 2.3.2.1.3. Deoxysugars......Page 64 2.3.2.3. Polysaccharides......Page 65 2.3.2.3.2. Glycogen......Page 66 2.3.2.3.3. Fructan......Page 67 2.3.2.4. Phytic Acid and Inositol......Page 69 2.3.3. Chitin and Chitosan......Page 72 2.3.4. Lignin......Page 73 2.3.5. Lipids, Fats, and Steroids......Page 74 2.3.6. Nucleic Acids, RNA, and DNA......Page 78 2.4. Cell Feed......Page 85 2.4.1. Macronutrients......Page 86 2.4.2. Micronutrients......Page 87 2.4.3. Growth Media......Page 89 16.5. Genetic Instability......Page 106 Problems......Page 967 11.6. Cell Maintenance and Endogenous Metabolism......Page 577 085_Chapter-3-An-Overview-of-Chemical-Reaction-Analysis......Page 94 3.2. Chemical Reactions......Page 95 3.3. Reaction Rates......Page 99 3.3.1. Definition of the Rate of Reaction, rA......Page 100 3.3.2. Rate of a Single Irreversible Reaction......Page 102 3.3.3. Rate of an Elementary Reaction......Page 103 3.4. Approximate Reactions......Page 104 3.6. Stoichiometry......Page 108 5.7. Distributed Feed and Withdraw......Page 111 3.8. Reaction Rates Near Equilibrium......Page 113 3.9. Energy Regularity......Page 119 3.10. Classification of Multiple Reactions and Selectivity......Page 120 3.11. Coupled Reactions......Page 122 3.12. Reactor Mass Balances......Page 125 3.13. Reaction Energy Balances......Page 128 3.14. Reactor Momentum Balance......Page 135 3.15. Ideal Reactors......Page 136 3.16. Bioprocess Systems Optimization......Page 138 3.17. Summary......Page 141 Further Reading......Page 145 Problems......Page 146 4. Batch Reactor......Page 150 4.1. Isothermal Batch Reactors......Page 151 4.2. Batch Reactor Sizing......Page 164 18.3. Aeration, Agitation, and Heat Transfer......Page 168 12.4. Immobilized Cell Systems......Page 174 4.5. Summary......Page 181 Problems......Page 182 5. Ideal Flow Reactors......Page 186 5.1. Flow Rate, Residence Time, Space Time, Space Velocity, Dilution Rate......Page 187 5.2. Plug Flow Reactor......Page 189 5.3. Gasification and Fischer–Tropsch Technology......Page 198 5.4. Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) and Chemostat......Page 203 5.5. Multiple Reactors......Page 215 5.6. Recycle Reactors......Page 220 5.7.1. Distributed Feed......Page 224 5.7.2. Reactive Distillation......Page 231 5.7.3. Membrane Reactor......Page 233 15.8. Summary......Page 785 5.9. Steady Nonisothermal Flow Reactors......Page 239 11.10. Effect of pH......Page 246 5.11.1. Solution of a PFR using Batch Concentration Data......Page 248 5.11.2. Solution of a CSTR using Batch Concentration Data......Page 250 5.12. Summary......Page 251 Further Reading......Page 253 Problems......Page 254 6. Kinetic Theory and Reaction Kinetics......Page 266 6.1.1. Distribution Laws......Page 267 6.1.2. Collision Rate......Page 272 6.2. Collision Theory of Reaction Rates......Page 273 6.3. Reaction Rate Analysis/Approximation......Page 276 6.3.1. Fast-Equilibrium Step Approximation......Page 277 6.3.2. Pseudosteady-State Hypothesis......Page 278 6.4. Unimolecular Reactions......Page 279 6.5. Free Radicals......Page 281 6.6. Kinetics of Acid Hydrolysis......Page 283 Reading Materials......Page 286 0281_Chapter-7-Parametric-Estimation......Page 290 13. Fed-Batch Cultivation......Page 671 7.1. Regression Models......Page 291 7.2. Classification of Regression Models......Page 295 10.3. Transcription: Sending the Message......Page 296 7.4. Correlation Coefficient......Page 300 7.5. Common Abuses of Regression......Page 302 7.6. General Regression Analysis......Page 303 7.7. Quality of Fit and Accuracy of Data......Page 304 7.8. Batch Kinetic Data Interpretation: Differential Regression Model......Page 306 7.8.1. Integral Methods......Page 309 7.8.2. Differential Methods......Page 311 7.8.3. Which Methods to Use: Differential or Integral?......Page 313 7.8.4. A General Approach of Parametric Estimation for Differential Models......Page 315 Further Reading......Page 326 Problems......Page 327 0323_Chapter-8-Enzymes......Page 332 B......Page 971 8.1. How Enzymes Work......Page 336 8.2.1. Introduction......Page 343 8.2.2. Mechanistic Models for Simple Enzyme Kinetics......Page 344 16.1.3. Effect of Feed Parameters on MSS......Page 345 8.2.2.2. The Pseudosteady-State Hypothesis......Page 346 8.2.3. Specific Activity......Page 347 18.7.3. Sterilization of Liquids......Page 348 8.2.4.3. Inhibited Enzyme kinetics......Page 353 8.2.5. Effects of pH and Temperature......Page 359 10.7.4. Fermentative Pathways......Page 537 8.2.5.2. Temperature Effects......Page 361 8.2.6. Insoluble Substrates......Page 362 8.3. Immobilized Enzyme Systems......Page 363 8.3.1.1. Entrapment......Page 364 8.3.1.2. Surface Immobilization......Page 365 8.3.2. Electrostatic and Steric Effects in Immobilized Enzyme Systems......Page 367 17.4. Mass Transfer Effects in Nonisothermal Porous Particles......Page 890 8.5. Large-Scale Production of Enzymes......Page 375 8.6. Medical and Industrial Utilization of Enzymes......Page 377 9.7. Summary......Page 380 8.7.1. Pseudosteady-State Hypothesis......Page 385 8.7.2. Fast Equilibrium Step Approximation......Page 388 8.7.3. Modified Fast Equilibrium Approximation......Page 390 18.8. Aseptic Operations and Practical Considerations for Bioreactor System Construction......Page 392 Problems......Page 393 9.1. Adsorption and Desorption......Page 403 9.1.1. Ideal Surfaces......Page 404 9.1.2. Idealization of Nonideal Surfaces......Page 409 9.1.2.1. ExLan Isotherm......Page 410 10.5.1. Genetic-Level Control: Which Proteins are Synthesized?......Page 415 9.1.3. Common Empirical Isotherms......Page 417 9.1.4. Adsorption at High Surface Coverage......Page 421 9.1.4.1. Chemisorption, Physisorption and the BET Theory......Page 424 9.1.4.2. Multilayer Adsorption of Single Species......Page 426 9.1.4.3. BET Isotherm and Physisorption......Page 429 9.1.4.4. Multispecies Multilayer Adsorption Isotherms......Page 436 17.8.1. Time Required to Completely Dissolve a Porous Slab Full of Fast-Reactive Materials......Page 908 9.2. LHHW: Surface Reactions with Rate-Controlling Steps......Page 440 9.3. Chemical Reactions on Nonideal Surfaces based on Distribution of Interaction Energy......Page 457 9.4. Chemical Reactions on Nonideal Surfaces with Multilayer Approximation......Page 462 9.5. Kinetics of Reactions on Surfaces Where the Solid Is Either a Product or Reactant......Page 463 18.6. Bioinstrumentation and Controls......Page 469 Problems......Page 476 10. Cell Metabolism......Page 482 10.1. The Central Dogma......Page 483 10.2. DNA Replication: Preserving and Propagating the Cellular Message......Page 486 10.4.1. Genetic Code: Universal Message......Page 494 10.4.2. Translation: How the Machinery Works......Page 496 10.4.3. Posttranslational Processing: Making the Product Useful......Page 498 10.5. Metabolic Regulation......Page 501 10.5.2. Metabolic Pathway Control......Page 508 10.6.1. Mechanisms to Transport Small Molecules across Cellular Membranes......Page 518 14.1.2.3. Point Mutations......Page 522 10.7.1. Bioenergetics......Page 524 10.7.2. Glucose Metabolism: Glycolysis and the TCA Cycle......Page 527 10.7.3. Metabolism of Common Plant Biomass Derived Monosaccharides......Page 536 10.7.5. Respiration......Page 539 10.7.6. Control Sites in Aerobic Glucose Metabolism......Page 541 10.7.7. Metabolism of Nitrogenous Compounds......Page 542 13.8. Parameters to Start and Finish the Feed and Stop the Fed-Batch Fermentation......Page 543 10.9. Overview of Anaerobic Metabolism......Page 545 10.10. Interrelationships of Metabolic Pathways......Page 547 10.11. Overview of Autotrophic Metabolism......Page 550 10.12. Summary......Page 552 Further Reading......Page 554 Problems......Page 555 11. How Cells Grow......Page 558 11.1.1. Cell Number Density......Page 559 11.1.2.1. Direct Methods......Page 560 13.1.4. Mass Balance on Extracellular Products......Page 561 11.2. Batch Growth Patterns......Page 562 11.3. Biomass Yield......Page 567 11.4. Approximate Growth Kinetics and Monod Equation......Page 571 11.5. Cell Death Rate......Page 575 11.7. Product Yield......Page 585 11.8. Oxygen Demand for Aerobic Microorganisms......Page 586 11.9. Effect of Temperature......Page 589 11.12. Effect of Electrolytes and Substrate Concentration......Page 592 11.13. Heat Generation by Microbial Growth......Page 593 11.14. Overview of Microbial Growth Kinetic Models......Page 594 13.1.5. Energy Balance in the Reactor......Page 596 11.14.2.1.2. Product Inhibition......Page 599 11.14.2.1.3. Cell Inhibition......Page 600 16.5.4. Growth-Rate-Dominated Instability......Page 601 11.14.3. Simplest Reaction Network (or Simplest Metabolic) Model......Page 602 11.14.4. Simplest Metabolic Pathway......Page 603 11.14.5. Cybernetic Models......Page 604 16.6.5. Lokka–Volterra Model—A Simplified Predator–Prey Interaction Model......Page 852 11.15. Performance Analysis of Batch Culture......Page 605 11.16. Summary......Page 608 Problems......Page 700 Problems ......Page 610 12. Continuous Cultivation......Page 616 12.1.1. Chemostat Devices for Continuous Culture......Page 617 12.1.2. The Ideal Chemostat......Page 619 12.1.3. The Chemostat as a Tool......Page 628 12.2. Choosing the Cultivation Method......Page 629 12.2.1. Chemostat with Recycle......Page 632 17.3.3. Isothermal Effectiveness Factor for KA → ∞......Page 635 12.3. Wastewater Treatment Process......Page 643 12.4.1. Active Immobilization of Cells......Page 651 12.4.2. Passive Immobilization: Biological Films......Page 654 12.5. Solid Substrate Fermentations......Page 657 12.6. Summary......Page 659 Further Reading......Page 660 Problems......Page 661 13.1.1. Overall Mass Balance in the Reactor......Page 675 13.1.2. Mass Balance of the Substrate in the Reactor......Page 676 13.1.3. Mass Balance on the Cell Biomass......Page 677 13.2. Ideal Isothermal Fed-Batch Reactors......Page 679 13.3. Isothermal Pseudo-Steady State Fed-Batch Growth......Page 684 13.4. Advantages and Disadvantages of Fed-Batch Operations......Page 692 13.6. Examples of Fed-Batch Use in Industry......Page 694 13.7.1. Calorimetry......Page 695 13.7.4. By-product concentration......Page 696 13.7.6. Respiratory Quotient......Page 697 13.7.8. Proton Production......Page 698 13.9. Summary......Page 699 16. Sustainability and Stability......Page 703 14.1. Mutations......Page 704 14.1.1. What Causes Genetic Mutations?......Page 705 18.7.2.1. Thermal Sterilization in a CSTR......Page 943 17.3.2.2. Effectiveness Factor for a Zeroth-Order Reaction in an Isothermal Porous Sphere......Page 706 18.7.2.3. Thermal Sterilization in a Laminar Flow Tubular Reactor......Page 707 14.1.2.3.2. Insertions......Page 708 14.1.3.1. Chromosomal Structural Mutations......Page 709 14.1.3.2. Changes in Chromosome Number......Page 710 16.6.1. Major Classes of Interactions in Mixed Cultures......Page 712 14.3. Natural Mechanisms for Gene Transfer and Rearrangement......Page 714 14.3.1. Genetic Recombination......Page 715 14.3.3. Transduction......Page 716 14.3.5. Transposons: Internal Gene Transfer......Page 718 14.4.2. Complimentary DNA......Page 719 14.4.5. Vectors and Plasmids......Page 720 14.4.5.2. DNA Ligase......Page 722 14.4.5.3. Plasmids......Page 724 14.4.5.4. Gene Transfer......Page 725 14.5. Applications of Genetic Engineering......Page 727 14.7. Host–Vector System Selection......Page 731 14.7.1. Escherichia coli......Page 732 14.7.3. Lower Eukaryotic Cells......Page 734 14.7.4. Mammalian Cells......Page 735 14.7.5. Insect Cell-Baculovirus System......Page 737 14.7.7. Transgenic Plants and Plant Cell Culture......Page 739 14.7.8. Comparison of Strategies......Page 740 14.8. Regulatory Constraints on Genetic Processes......Page 741 14.9. Metabolic Engineering......Page 744 14.10. Protein Engineering......Page 746 14.11. Summary......Page 747 PROBLEMS ......Page 748 15. Sustainability: Humanity Perspective......Page 750 15.2. Sustainability of Humanity......Page 752 16.3. Approaching Steady State......Page 817 15.3.1. Water Cycle......Page 759 15.3.2. Utilization of Hydro Energy......Page 761 15.4. CO2 and Biomass......Page 767 15.5. Woody Biomass Use and Desired Sustainable State......Page 773 15.6. Solar Energy......Page 781 15.7. Geothermal Energy......Page 784 Problems......Page 788 0785_Chapter-16-Sustainability-and-Stability......Page 792 16.1. Feed Stability of a CSTR......Page 794 16.1.1. Multiple Steady States......Page 795 16.1.2. Stability of Steady State......Page 798 18.2. Reactor Operational Mode Selection......Page 927 16.4. Catalyst Instability......Page 822 16.4.1. Fouling......Page 823 16.4.3. Sintering......Page 824 16.4.5. Spent Catalyst Regeneration......Page 825 16.5.1. Segregational Instability......Page 827 16.5.3. Host Cell Mutations......Page 829 16.5.5. Considerations in Plasmid Design to Avoid Process Problems......Page 831 16.5.6. Host–Vector Interactions and Genetic Instability......Page 834 16.6.2. Interactions of Two Species Fed on the Same Limiting Substrate......Page 844 16.6.3. Interactions of Two Mutualistic Species......Page 848 16.6.4. Predator and Prey Interactions......Page 849 16.6.6. Industrial Applications of Mixed Cultures......Page 854 16.6.7. Mixed Culture in Nature......Page 856 18.7. Sterilization of Process Fluids......Page 938 PROBLEMS ......Page 859 17. Mass Transfer Effects: Immobilized and Heterogeneous Reaction Systems......Page 867 17.1. Molecular Diffusion and Mass Transfer Rate......Page 868 17.2. External Mass Transfer......Page 870 17.3. Reactions in Isothermal Porous Catalysts......Page 878 17.3.1. Asymptote of Effectiveness Factor and Generalized Thiele Modulus......Page 880 17.3.2.1. Effectiveness Factor for a Zeroth-Order Reaction in an Isothermal Porous Slab......Page 882 17.3.3.1. Effectiveness Factor for a First-Order Reaction in an Isothermal Porous Slab......Page 884 17.3.4.1. Isothermal Effectiveness Factor in a Porous Slab......Page 885 17.3.4.2. Isothermal Effectiveness Factor in a Porous Sphere......Page 886 17.5. External and Internal Mass Transfer Effects......Page 900 17.6. Encapsulation Immobilization......Page 903 17.7. External and Internal Surface Effects......Page 905 17.8. The Shrinking Core Model......Page 906 18.8.3. Fermentor Inoculation and Sampling......Page 954 17.9. Summary......Page 910 Problems......Page 914 18. Bioreactor Design and Operation......Page 921 18.1. Bioreactor Selection......Page 922 18.4. Scale-up......Page 933 18.5. Scale-down......Page 936 18.7.1. Batch Thermal Sterilization......Page 939 18.7.2.2. Thermal Sterilization in a PFR......Page 944 18.7.2.4. Thermal Sterilization in a Turbulent Flow Tubular Reactor......Page 947 18.7.5. Ensuring Sterility......Page 951 18.8.1. Equipment, Medium Transfer, and Flow Control......Page 952 18.8.6. Evaporation Control......Page 955 18.9.1. Compartment Model......Page 956 18.9.2. Surface Adhesion Model......Page 958 18.10. Summary......Page 963 C......Page 973 D......Page 976 E......Page 977 G......Page 979 I......Page 980 K......Page 982 M......Page 983 O......Page 984 P......Page 985 R......Page 986 S......Page 988 T......Page 989 Z......Page 990