Going Digital: Shaping Policies, Improving Lives

Description

This report identifies seven policy dimensions that allow governments – together with citizens, firms and stakeholders – to shape digital transformation to improve lives. It also highlights key opportunities, challenges and policies related to each dimension, offers new insights, evidence and analysis, and provides recommendations for better policies in the digital age. Foreword Visualisation of 33 key indicators in the Going Digital Toolkit Acknowledgements Table of Contents Reader’s Guide Executive Summary A Measurement Roadmap for the Future References Chapter 1 Trends in the Digital Era 1.1 Technology trends 1. Top players in emerging digital technologies, 2013-16 2. Intensity and development speed in ICT-related technologies, 2005-15 3. Technology developments in artificial intelligence, 1990-2016 4. Top fields of application of AI-related technologies, 2012-16 5. Top technologies combined with artificial intelligence, by field of application, 2012-16 6. AI-related companies in the United Kingdom, by focus of activity, 2018 7. AI-related technologies developed by UK companies, by sector, 2018 8. The science behind AI, 1996-2016 9. Trends in scientific publishing related to artificial intelligence, 2006-16 10. Top-cited scientific publications related to AI, 2006 and 2016 11. Consumer price indices, all products and ICT goods and services, OECD, Euro area and United States, 2000-18 12. Computing power and cost of storage, 1970-2018 and 1982-2018 13. The increasing capacity of Internet infrastructure, 2005-18 14. The increasing content hosted on the Internet, 2018 15. Global Internet Map, 2018 16. Global data centre traffic, by type and Consumer Internet Protocol (IP) traffic, by sub-segment, 2015-22 17. ICT investment and expenditure in ICT intermediate services, 2005-15 1.2 Digital transformations 18. Diffusion of selected ICT tools and activities in enterprises, OECD, 2010 and 2018 19. Diffusion of selected ICT tools and activities in large and small businesses, OECD, 2010 and 2018 20. ICT uptake by industry, EU28, 2018 21. Enterprises with internal ICT capabilities, by industry, EU countries, 2018 22. Web maturity and advanced ICT functions, by industry, EU countries, 2018 23. Changes in business dynamism, entry and exit rates, 1998-2015 24. The increasing wedge in mark-ups between firms in digital-intensive and less digital-intensive industries, 2001-03 and 2013-14 25. Top robot-intensive economies and BRIICS, 2016 26. Diffusion of robots and 3D printing in enterprises, by sector and firm size, EU28, 2018 27. Impacts of new software or computerised equipment at work, by industry, EU countries, 2018 28. Perceived impacts of digital technologies on specific aspects of work, EU countries, 2018 29. Top-demanded skills in computer-related jobs, United States, 2018 30. Top 10 skills in high demand for computer-related jobs, United States, 2012-18 31. Sophistication of Internet use by individuals, 2018 32. Diffusion of Internet banking and online purchasing, OECD, 2010-17 33. Internet users, G20 countries, 2018 34. Generational gap in Internet diffusion, OECD, 2008-18 35. Wireless broadband in OECD countries, 2009-17 36. Average time spent on the Internet daily, all individuals and 14-24 year-olds, 2016 37. Patterns of digitalisation in science across fields, 2018 38. Scientific authors’ views on the digitalisation of science and its potential impacts, 2018 39. Scientific authors’ views on the digitalisation of science, by country of residence, 2018 Notes References Chapter 2 Growth and Well-being 2.1 Information industries Value added by information industries, 2016 Change in the share of information industries in total value added, 2006-16 Employment in information industries, 2016 2.2 Productivity Labour productivity in the information industries, 2016 Labour productivity in information industries, manufacturing and service activities, 2016 Contribution of information industries and of other sectors to non-agriculture business sector labour productivity growth, 2006-16 2.3 The demand for information industries’ products Investment in ICT equipment, software and databases, total economy and information industries, 2016 Intermediate consumption of information industries’ products, 2015 Final demand for information industries’ products, 2015 2.4 Value added and jobs Information industries’ extended domestic value added footprint, 2015 Information industry-related domestic value added, 2015 Jobs in information industries sustained by foreign final demand, 2015 2.5 Trade in digital products Top 15 exporters of computer, electronic and optical products, in gross and value added terms, 2015 Top exporters of information and communication services, 2008 and 2017 Global demand for computer, electronic and optical products, 2005 and 2015 2.6 Well-being and the digital transformation Individuals teleworking from home in the last 12 months, 2018 Internet users looking for a job or sending a job application online, by age, 2017 Individuals who used the Internet for posting opinions on civic or political issues via websites, by age, 2017 2.7 Digital natives Students who first accessed the Internet at age 6 or under, 2015 Time spent on the Internet by students outside school, 2015 Students who feel bad if no Internet connection is available, 2015 2.8 Digital transformation and health Individuals who booked doctors’ appointments online, 2018 Individuals who have used the Internet to access health information, by gender, 2018 Workers who experienced job stress associated with frequent computer use at work, 2015 2.9 Roadmap: Digital intensity, a taxonomy of sectors Taxonomy of sectors by digital-intensity, overall ranking, 2013-15 2.10 Roadmap: Well-being in the digital age Extreme Internet use and positive and negative affect, 2016 2.11 Roadmap: The digital transformation and economic statistics Conceptual framework Notes References Chapter 3 Enhancing Access 3.1 Connectivity Fixed broadband subscriptions, by technology, December 2017 Trends in fixed broadband monthly subscription prices, OECD, 2013-18 Telecommunication Services Trade Restrictiveness Index (STRI), 2017 3.2 Mobile connectivity Mobile broadband subscriptions, by package type, December 2017 Average monthly mobile data usage per mobile broadband subscription, GB, 2017 Mobile broadband monthly subscription pricing trends, OECD, 2013-18 3.3 Speed Fixed broadband subscriptions, by contracted speed tiers, December 2017 Fixed broadband subscriptions with contracted speed faster than 100 Mbps, December 2017 Average experienced download speed of fixed broadband connections, 2018 3.4 Internet infrastructure IPv6 adoption by country, 2017 M2M SIM card penetration, 2017 Web servers using digital certificates, by host country, June 2018 3.5 Universal access Households in areas where fixed broadband with a contracted speed of 30 Mbps or more is available, total and rural, 2017 Households with broadband connections, 256 Kbps or greater, urban and rural, 2018 Enterprises with broadband connections, by speed, 2018 3.6 Roadmap: Measuring the Internet of Things OECD taxonomy of the IoT for measurement purposes 3.7 Roadmap: Measuring broadband quality Summary of Korea Quality of Communication services evaluation framework and select results, 2017 Notes References Chapter 4 Increasing Effective Use 4.1 User sophistication Total, daily and mobile Internet users, 2018 Diffusion of selected online activities among Internet users, 2018 Individuals with diversified and complex use of the Internet, 2016 4.2 E-business Diffusion of selected ICT tools and activities in enterprises, by technology, 2018 Enterprises engaged in sales via e-commerce, by firm size, 2017 Enterprises’ advanced web sales functionalities and online advertising, by size, 2018 4.3 Business capabilities Workers in ICT task-intensive occupations, 2017 Enterprises purchasing cloud computing services, by size, 2018 Enterprises performing Big data analysis, by size, 2018 4.4 E-consumers Individuals who purchased online in the last 12 months, by age, 2018 Fastest growing products ordered online, 2013-18 Reluctance to buy online in the last 12 months due to a preference to shop in person or lack of skills, 2017 4.5 E-citizens Individuals who used the Internet to interact with public authorities, by educational attainment, 2018 Personal and corporate income tax returns filed online, 2015 Individuals who did not submit forms to public authorities online due to service availability, 2018 4.6 Enablers of effective use Proficiency in numeracy and literacy, 2012 or 2015 Proficiency in problem solving in technology-rich environments, by age, 2012 or 2015 Individuals who carried out training to improve their digital skills, by type, 2018 4.7 Roadmap: Measuring e-commerce Offline and online payments in Spain, by age, 2016 4.8 Roadmap: Measuring cloud computing services Global data centre workloads and compute instances, by application, 2016 4.9 Roadmap: The potential of survey micro-data Business digital maturity countries, 2017 Notes References Chapter 5 Unleashing Innovation 5.1 Knowledge base Tertiary graduates in natural sciences, engineering and ICTs (NSE & ICT), by gender, 2016 Investment in ICT equipment, computer software and databases, R&D and other intellectual property products, 2017 Business R&D expenditure, total and information industries, 2016 5.2 Science and digitalisation Top 10% most-cited documents in computer science by country, 2016 Scientific production resulting in new data or code, by country of residence, 2017 Scientific knowledge embedded in digital patents, by scientific fields, 2003-06 and 2013-16 5.3 Innovative outputs Patents in ICT-related technologies, 2003-06 and 2013-16 ICT-related designs, 2014-17 ICT-related trademarks, 2014-17 5.4 Market entry Business dynamism, average entry and exit rates, 1998-2015 Business dynamism, average post-entry employment growth, 1998-2015 Venture capital investment in the ICT sector, 2017 5.5 Open government data Open-Useful-Reusable Government Data Index, 2017 Useful government data, government support for data re-use, 2017 Global Open Data Index, total and selected categories, 2016 5.6 Roadmap: The digitalisation of science Use and development of Big data across scientific domains, 2018 5.7 Roadmap: Measuring open source software Top 10 countries and operating systems/distributions, 2016-18 5.8 Roadmap: The Internet as a source for statistical data Comparing official CPI and Internet-based consumer price inflation estimates, 2008-15 Notes References Chapter 6 Ensuring Good Jobs for All 6.1 Jobs Contributions to changes in total employment, by occupation, 2011-17 Employment in ICT specialist and ICT task-intensive occupations within and outside information industries, 2017 Likelihood of automation or significant change to jobs, 2012 or 2015 6.2 Employment dynamics Contributions to changes in total employment, by digital intensity of sectors 2006-16 Labour market returns to ICT tasks, 2012 or 2015 Enterprises that reported hard-to-fill vacancies for ICT specialists, 2018 6.3 ICT skills in the workplace ICT task intensity of jobs, by gender, 2012 or 2015 Computer-based tasks performed by individuals at work at least once per week, 2018 Digital skills (mis)match at work, 2018 6.4 Education and training Tertiary graduates in the natural sciences, engineering, ICTs, and creative and content fields of education, 2016 Workers receiving firm-based training, highly digital-intensive and other sectors, 2012 or 2015 Workers receiving firm-based training, by skill level, 2012 or 2015 6.5 Adaptability Readiness to learn, by gender and age, 2012 or 2015 Public expenditure on active labour market policies, 2016 Employees covered by collective agreements, 2016 6.6 Roadmap: Platform-mediated workers Individuals who have offered services on a platform, 2018 6.7 Roadmap: E-skills Notes References Chapter 7 Promoting Social Prosperity 7.1 Digital inclusion Gap in Internet use, by educational attainment, 2018 Internet users, by age and educational attainment, 2018 Women Internet users, by age, 2018 7.2 Skills in the digital era Top performers in science, mathematics and reading, 2015 Individuals’ skill mix, 2012 or 2015 16-24 year-old individuals who can program, by gender, 2017 7.3 Daily life Individuals who used the Internet to access social networking sites, by age, 2018 Individuals who used the Internet for Internet banking, by income, 2018 Individuals who used the Internet to access news online, 2017 7.4 Downsides to the digital transformation Individuals worrying about work outside working time, 2015 Self-reported exposure to disinformation, 2018 Children’s exposure to cyberbullying through messages, by gender, 2013 7.5 Digital transformation and the environment Carbon dioxide emissions produced by information industries, 2016 Carbon footprint of information industry products, 2015 E-waste generation and recycling or reuse, 2016 7.6 Roadmap: Online platforms United Kingdom Annual Business Survey variables, online platforms and other businesses, 2017 7.7 Roadmap: Measuring digital government maturity Notes References Chapter 8 Strengthening Trust 8.1 Digital security Enterprises having a formally defined security policy, by size, 2015 Individuals affected by a computer virus or other computer infection with impacts, 2015 Global Cybersecurity Index, 2017 8.2 Online privacy Individuals who provided personal information over the Internet, by age, 2016 Individuals who did not submit official forms online due to privacy and security concerns, 2018 Individuals who experienced privacy violations, 2015 8.3 Skills for managing digital security risks and privacy Enterprises where ICT security and data protection functions are mainly performed by own employees, 2017 Individuals who restricted or refused access to their personal data when using or installing an app on a smartphone, 2018 Individuals who undertook training on IT-security or privacy management, by educational attainment, 2018 8.4 E-consumer trust Reluctance to buy online due to payment security, privacy and consumer redress concerns, 2017 Individuals’ online purchase experience, 2017 Reasons for purchasing on a peer platform despite being unsure whether to trust the seller/provider, 2017 8.5 Online social networks Individuals who did not provide personal information to online communities due to security concerns, 2015 Attitudes towards online advertising on social media, 2016 Trust in information accessed on social networks and messaging applications, 2018 8.6 Roadmap: Digital security in businesses Mapping of the measurement framework with the OECD Principles on Digital Security Risk Management for Economic and Social Prosperity 8.7 Roadmap: Measuring individuals’ trust in online environments Pillars of digital trust Notes References Chapter 9 Fostering Market Openness 9.1 Global value chains Foreign value added satisfying domestic demand, by digital intensity, 2015 Foreign value added satisfying domestic demand for information industries’ products, by source region, 2015 Services value added embodied in manufacturing exports, by origin and digital intensity, 2015 9.2 Trade Trade in predominantly digitally deliverable services, 2017 Enterprises having undertaken cross-border e-commerce sales, by customer region, 2016 9.3 Measures affecting trade in goods Effectively applied tariffs on ICT goods, 2017 De minimis value thresholds for customs duties, 2018 Trade Facilitation Indicators, 2017 9.4 Measures affecting trade in services Digital Services Trade Restrictiveness Index (DSTRI), 2018 Policy changes affecting trade in digitally enabled services across 44 countries, 2015-18 9.5 Technology across borders Markets for digital technologies, top 15 IP offices, 2013-16 Patent portfolio of top R&D companies, by industry, 2013-16 Foreign Direct Investment Regulatory Restrictiveness Index, 2017 9.6 Roadmap: Measuring digital trade Conceptual measurement framework for digital trade 9.7 Roadmap: Measuring data and data flows The nature and role of data in online platforms Notes References Data Sources List of Figures