Earth Systems Protection and Sustainability: Volume 1

Description

Earth Systems Protection and Sustainability qualifies imperatives and discusses the use of mathematical approaches to assess and achieve sustainability in threatened and vulnerable Earth systems globally. Mathematical advances in this context include both operational and Boolean methods, as well as linguistic, logic-based Bayesian approaches and generative mathematics relevant to scenario formation. The mathematic methods are refined into functional areas and deeper learning, which enable the use of searching algorithms to achieve optimal solutions for the circular nature and application of sustainability. Pertinent sections and synergistic elements are covered in order to synthesize key informative nodes, advising of the very real dangers facing planet Earth and its biodiversity. Each volume stands in its own right. Analytical and scientific chapters are blended with social resilience and socio-economic development consideration, thus enabling the settings of sustainability within varying scenarios of climatic forces and species dynamics. Volume 1 focuses on ground-breaking evolutionary expansion assisting with life’s continuation on Earth, sustainable management of pathogens and halophyte uses in agroecology, bioremediation methods in drilling waste management, conservation and sustainability of diversity, climate change mitigation strategies, displacement management in a large scale ongoing crisis, risk reduction and management policy, sustainably intelligent-driven markets, sustainability consensus in an uncertain environment and path planning in static and dynamic environments. Pictorial contributions made from across the world refine particularly urgent problems for attention, and provide solutions and methods of environmental sustainability operated in communities, complementing the descriptive chapter sections. Both volumes are targeted for a global audience of academic, professional, classroom, governmental, unit and community members, and seek to include all sectors to ensure ongoing and comprehensive Earth Systems Protection.  Foreword Preface: From the Coordinating Editor Introduction Contents Contributors Part I: Yasuní Biosphere Reserve, Ecuador – Beauty, Extractive and Consequent Industries in the Earth’s Most Biodiverse Location Chapter 1: Generators, Harmonics and Evolutionary Emergence 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Methods/Results 1.2.1 The Use of Logistic Regression as a Basis for Simulations of Evolution 1.2.2 Translating Evolutionary Data Generation into Biological Terms 1.2.2.1 Evolutionary Data 1.2.2.2 Fisher Expansion of Evolution 1.2.2.3 Cellular and Molecular Evolution 1.2.3 Laboratory Simulated Polymer Formation 1.3 Discussion: Evolutionary and Numerical Connotations 1.4 Conclusion References Chapter 2: Sustainable Management of Soil-Borne Plant Pathogens 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Management of Soil-Borne Pathogens 2.3 Organic Additives Used with Crop Rotations 2.4 Biological Control 2.5 Nanomaterials as a New Approach for the Management of Soil-Borne Pathogens 2.6 The Mechanisms of Nanomaterials for Management of Soil-Borne Pathogens 2.7 Effect of Nanoparticles on Plant Pathogens and Microorganisms 2.7.1 Effect of Nanoparticles on Bacteria 2.7.2 Effect of Nanoparticles on Plant Pathogenic Fungi 2.7.3 Effect of Nanoparticles on Plant Pathogenic Nematodes 2.7.4 Nanopesticides 2.8 Integrated Approaches of Soil Management 2.9 Using Soil-Borne Pathogen Biodiversity to Contribute to Sustainable Agriculture 2.10 Conclusions and Future Prospects References Chapter 3: Empirical Values of Halophytes in Agro-ecology and Sustainability 3.1 Introduction 3.1.1 Why Study Halophytes? 3.2 Mitigation of Salinization 3.3 Strategies of Salinity Treatment Implementing Technological Applications 3.4 Halophyte Distribution 3.5 Habitats of Halophytes as Natural Laboratories 3.6 Adaptation of Halophytes to Resist Salinity 3.7 Halophytes Are Ion Compartmentalization Specialists 3.8 Halophyte Screening 3.9 Salt Tolerance Mechanism in Halophytes 3.10 Salt-Responsive Genes and Halophytes 3.11 Treatment of Salinity by Halophytes 3.12 Halophyte Contribution to Sustaining Environmental Stability 3.13 Future Prospects 3.14 Encouraging a Scientific Revolution Integrating Genetic Factors of Halophytes 3.15 Conclusion References Chapter 4: Drilling Waste Management Based on New Methods of Bioremediation and Solar Desalination 4.1 Introduction: The Source and Impact of Petroleum Hydrocarbon on the Environment 4.2 Drill Cuttings and Mud Waste Produced in Extractive Operations 4.3 Why Should We Manage Drill Cuttings and Mud Waste? 4.3.1 How Can Drilling Cutting and Mud Waste Be Managed? 4.4 Solids Control: The First Step and Inevitable Part of Drilling Operations 4.4.1 New Methods of Drilling Waste Management Following Solids Control 4.4.2 Water Recovery by Physical and Chemical Processes 4.4.3 Organic Oil Absorbent and Lineup Procedure for Oil Recovery and Removal 4.5 Co-composting of Solids and Remediated Soil Production 4.6 Water Evaporation and Desalination by a New Solar Desalination Humidification Dehumidification (SDHDH) System 4.7 Discussion 4.8 Conclusion References Part II: Iran – Petroleum Pollution and Cure Chapter 5: Orchid Diversity, Conservation, and Sustainability in Northeastern India 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Threats to Orchid Diversity in the Northeastern Part of India 5.3 Threatened Orchids of Northeastern India 5.4 Impacts of Climate Change on Bio-wealth and Orchid Diversity in Northeastern Region of India 5.5 Climate Change, Species Loss, and Desired Species Conservation 5.6 Methods of Conservation for Orchids 5.6.1 Propagation of Orchids 5.6.2 Mass Propagation 5.6.3 In Situ and Ex Situ Conservation of Orchid Species 5.6.4 Cryo-seed Bank Methods 5.6.5 Propagation by Symbiotic and Asymbiotic Seed Germination 5.6.6 Plant Tissue Culture Conservation of Orchid Species 5.6.7 Mass Propagation and Micropropagation 5.6.8 Population Inventory and Reintroduction 5.6.9 Monitoring of Introduced Plants 5.6.10 Seed Culture Technique and Artificial Seeds 5.6.11 Conservation Through Value Addition 5.6.12 Conservation Through Database Development 5.6.13 Apps and Other Software 5.6.14 Awareness Programs 5.7 Model of Conservation and Recommendations References Chapter 6: Effectiveness of the Role Technology Plays in Tackling Climate Change 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Energy Technologies Combating Climate Change 6.2.1 Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) 6.2.2 Renewable Energy Technologies 6.2.2.1 Solar Energy Technology 6.2.2.2 Wind Energy 6.2.2.3 Geothermal Energy 6.2.2.4 Hydropower Energy 6.2.2.5 Bioenergy 6.3 Information and Communications Technology Combating Climate Change 6.4 State of the Perceived Adoption of Technology in Combating Climate Change 6.4.1 Renewable Energy Effectiveness 6.4.2 Carbon Capture and Storage Effectiveness 6.4.3 ICT Effectiveness 6.5 Conclusion References Chapter 7: Social and Environmental Imperatives for Risk Management: Lessons from the Rohingya Refugee Crisis 7.1 Introduction 7.1.1 Rohingya Refugee Context in Bangladesh 7.2 Vulnerability and Hazard Analysis of Rohingya Refugee Site 7.2.1 Vulnerability Analysis of Rohingya Refugee Camps 7.2.1.1 Environmental Degradation 7.2.1.2 Deforestation 7.2.1.3 Vulnerable Population 7.2.1.4 Human and Wildlife Conflict 7.2.1.5 Limited Social Capital for Community-Based Response 7.2.1.6 Safety Risk and Disaster Risk due to Fragile Shelters 7.2.1.7 Congested Unplanned Camps 7.2.1.8 Limited Cyclone Response Capacity 7.2.1.9 Early Warning System 7.2.1.10 Lack of Social Considerations in Multipurpose Cyclone Shelters and Limited Capacity 7.2.1.11 Need of Coordinated Risk Governance in Camps 7.2.2 Hazard Profile of Cox’s Bazar District, Bangladesh 7.3 Understanding and Assessing Disaster Risk 7.4 Measures to Reduce Vulnerability and Exposure to Cyclone and Flood Hazards 7.4.1 Reducing Environmental Degradation and Restoration of Resource Base 7.4.2 Social Considerations Strengthening Cyclone Shelters 7.4.3 Prioritized Relocation of Households at Risk of Landslide 7.4.4 Structural Measures for Risk Mitigation 7.4.5 Strengthening Shelters 7.5 Preparedness and Response to Cyclone and Flood Risk 7.5.1 Sector- and Camp-Level Emergency Preparedness and Response Plan 7.5.2 Cyclone Preparedness Programme (CPP) Extended to Refugee Camps 7.5.3 Preparedness for Emergency Response 7.5.4 Awareness Generation 7.5.5 Information Management During Cyclone and Rainy Season 7.5.6 Rapid Needs Assessment 7.5.7 Institutional Arrangements for Disaster Response 7.5.8 Emergency Preparedness and Response Task Force/Emergency Task Force 7.6 Challenges Faced in Implementing Risk Reduction Measures and Response to Cyclone and Floods 7.6.1 Medium-Term Risk Mitigation Needs vis-à-vis Short-Term Policy 7.6.2 Sudden Influx Leading to Unplanned and Congested Settlement 7.6.3 Evacuation in Case of Extreme Event 7.6.4 Limited Disaster Data and Risk Information 7.6.5 High Turnover of Actors Engaged in Refugee Crisis 7.6.6 Host Community vis-à-vis Refugee 7.7 Key Lessons for Managing Disaster Risk in the Refugee Context References Chapter 8: Risks for the Environment, Biodiversity, Humankind, and the Planet 8.1 Introduction 8.1.1 How Did We Get Here? 8.2 Protecting Our Own Interests by Protecting Our Surroundings 8.3 What Indeed Is the Basic Role of Government? 8.4 An Ethical Exploration: What If? 8.5 Relevance of Basic Human Rights Policy to Average People 8.6 Why Should We Care? 8.6.1 Risk 1 8.6.2 Risk 2 8.6.3 Risk 3 8.6.4 Risk 4 8.6.5 Risk 5 8.6.6 Risk 6 8.6.7 Risk 7 8.6.8 Risk 8 8.6.9 Risk 9 8.6.10 Risk 10 8.7 Conclusion References Part III: Nepal and India Community-Facilitated Disaster Management Chapter 9: Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Policy in Nepal: A Centralized-Decentralized Dichotomy 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Methodology 9.2.1 Primary Data Collection 9.2.1.1 Focus Group Discussion 9.2.1.2 Key Informant Interviews 9.3 Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Policy Trends in Nepal 9.4 DRR Policy Commitment 9.5 Localizing the DRRM Acts and Policies 9.5.1 Focus Group and Key Informant Evidence 9.5.1.1 Primary Feedback Indicating the On-Ground Reality of Mismanagement of Policy and Consequences of Flood Risk 9.6 Implications of Policy at Implementation 9.6.1 Primary Evidence of Implementation Problems 9.6.1.1 Saptari District 9.6.1.2 Bisanpur and Gobargaraha in Hanumannagar Kankalini Municipality 9.6.1.3 Hanumannagar Kankalini Municipality 9.7 Stakeholders’ Engagement in DRRM 9.8 Conclusion References Chapter 10: Expanding Loops in Sustainable Intelligent Driven Markets in Zimbabwe 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Defining the Green Economy 10.2.1 E-commerce 10.2.2 Sustainable Development Goals Premise and Application in Development 10.3 The Effect of E-commerce on the Sustainable Development Goals in Zimbabwe 10.3.1 Eradication of Poverty and Hunger (SDG 1 and 2) 10.3.2 Good Health and Well-Being (SDG 3) 10.3.3 Affordable and Clean Energy (SDG 7) 10.3.4 Decent Work and Economic Growth (SDG8) 10.3.5 Reduced Inequalities (SDG 10) 10.3.6 Responsible Consumption and Production (SDG 12) 10.3.7 Climate Action (SDG 13) 10.4 E-commerce Benefits to the Green Economy in Zimbabwe 10.4.1 Low Carbon Emissions 10.4.2 Resource Efficiency 10.4.3 Community Inclusivity 10.5 Case Study: Establishing a Green Engineering Sector in Zimbabwe 10.5.1 E-commerce and Marketing for Company Startup 10.6 E-commerce in Contemporary Zimbabwe 10.6.1 E-commerce Provides the Future of Zimbabwe 10.6.2 Big Data in Zimbabwe 10.6.3 Use of Data in E-commerce 10.7 The Benefits of E-commerce in Different Sectors of the Economy 10.7.1 Agriculture 10.7.2 Manufacturing Sector 10.7.3 Trade Industry 10.7.4 Mining Sector 10.7.5 Energy 10.7.6 Environmental Sector 10.8 Resource Efficiency Benefits of E-commerce in Zimbabwe 10.8.1 Community Inclusivity and Integration 10.9 Conclusion References Chapter 11: Sustainable Consensus in an Uncertain Environment 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Scientific Consensus 11.3 Political Consensus 11.3.1 Between Countries 11.3.2 Local or Regional Level 11.4 Mass Consensus 11.5 Required Fuzzy Logic Background 11.6 Consensus 11.7 Proposed Method and Illustrative Example 11.8 Summary and Conclusions References Chapter 12: Robot Path-Planning Research Applications in Static and Dynamic Environments 12.1 Introduction to Path Planning 12.2 Path-Planning Concept with Obstacle Avoidance 12.3 Path-Planning Classifications 12.3.1 Path Planning According to Obstacles 12.3.2 Path Planning Depends on Environment and Obstacle Types 12.3.3 Types of Planning Methodologies 12.3.4 Path Planning According to Robot Space 12.3.5 Path According to Planning Time 12.4 Cartesian Space Path Planning 12.5 Path Planning Using Configuration Space 12.6 Heuristic Methods 12.6.1 A* Algorithm 12.6.2 D* Algorithm 12.7 Theory of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) 12.8 Research Case Studies 12.8.1 Heuristic Path-Planning Enhancement Based on Free Cartesian Space Analysis 12.8.2 Implementation of D* Algorithm for Path Planning 12.8.3 Simulation Result 12.9 Artificial Potential Field (APF) Based on PSO for Factor Optimization 12.9.1 Artificial Potential Field Theory 12.9.1.1 Proposed Method 12.9.2 Simulation Result 12.9.2.1 The First Proposed Environment 12.9.2.2 The Second Environment 12.10 Dynamic Environment Path Planning Using D* Heuristic Method Based on PSO 12.10.1 Proposed Method: Hybridization of D* Heuristic Method Based on PSO 12.10.2 Simulation Result 12.10.2.1 Test Environment Number One 12.10.2.2 Test Environment Number Two 12.11 Interactive Path Solution Using Heuristic D* Method and PSO in Known Dynamic Environment 12.11.1 Proposed Method: Hybridization of Modified D* Heuristic Method and PSO 12.11.2 Simulation Results 12.11.2.1 First Environment 12.11.2.2 Second Environment 12.12 Heuristic A* Path Solution Based on C-Space Analysis 12.12.1 C-Space Derivation 12.12.1.1 Point Obstacle C-Space Construction 12.12.1.2 Line Obstacle C-Space Construction 12.12.1.3 Circle Obstacle C-Space Construction 12.12.2 Results of Applying A* Algorithm on Modified C-Space 12.13 Summary and Conclusion References Index