Handbook of Irrigation Hydrology and Management

Description

Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Table of Contents Preface Editors Section I: Irrigation Hydrology 1 Irrigation Hydrology: Landscape, Scales and Social Context 1.1 Introduction 1.2 The Irrigated Hydrology System – Processes and Scales 1.3 Sustainable IWRM – Revised Perspectives? 1.4 Irrigated Hydrology and the Landscape – Needs and Examples 1.5 Conclusions References 2 Infiltration and Irrigation Management 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Mechanism of Infiltration Infiltration Irrigation Water Quality Infiltration Equations Experimental Equations Physics-Based Equations 2.3 Choosing the Right Irrigation Method Types of Irrigation Irrigation Management Methods Irrigation Planning Use of Deficit Irrigation Reducing Water Losses Agricultural Measures 2.4 Sensitivity Analysis of Surface Irrigation Hydraulic Models Hydrodynamic Model Zero-Inertia Model Kinematic Wave Model 2.5 Conclusions References 3 Movement of Water in Soil 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Structure of Water and Its Properties Hydrogen Bonding Van der Waals–London Forces Specific Heat Heat of Vaporization Heat of Fusion Heat Conduction Transparency to Visible Radiation and Opaqueness to Infrared Radiation Other Properties of Water 3.3 Terminology Relating to Soil and Soil–Water Relationships Mass and Volume Relationships Soil Texture Soil Structure Particle Density Bulk Density Wet Bulk Density Specific Volume Porosity Void Ratio Mass Wetness Volume Wetness Degree of Saturation Air-Filled Porosity Soil Moisture Tension Field Capacity Permanent Wilting Point pF Soil Water Potential Soil Water Content Soil Moisture Characteristic Curve and Hysteresis 3.4 Different Hydrologic Processes Involved When Water Contacts Soil Infiltration Percolation Permeability Drainage Types of Water Flow in Soil 3.5 Soil Water Movement in Plants Other Important Processes Relating to Soil Water Movement 3.6 Discussions 3.7 Conclusions References Section II: Evapotranspiration and Water Requirements 4 An Introduction to Soil–Water–Plant Relationship 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Physical Properties of Soil 4.3 Mechanical Composition of Soil Soil Texture Soil Structure Soil Structure Measurement Soil Structure Management 4.4 Volume and Mass Relationships of Soil Elements Definitions Soil Wetness Soil Bulk Density Determination Capillary and Noncapillary Pores Kinds of Soil Water 4.5 Infiltration: Movement of Water into Soils Factors Affecting Infiltration Infiltration Measurement Infiltration Measurement Methodology Soil Moisture Tension Soils Power Factor pF Total Soil–Water Potential Soil–Moisture Characteristic Soil–Moisture Stress Various Soil–Moisture Constants Movement of Water within Soils Terminology Movement of moisture under Saturated Condition Measurement of Soil Moisture 4.6 Plant–Water Relationships Water as a Plant Component Amount of Water in Plant Movement of Water within the Soil–Plant–Atmosphere System Absorption of Water in Soil–Plant–Atmosphere System Plant Response against Moisture Stress Drought Tolerance of Plants Water and Nutrients’ Movement in Plants Effective Root Zone Moisture Extraction Pattern within Root Zone 4.7 Evaporation and Transpiration Terminology Estimation of Evapotranspiration (ET) from Evaporation Data Estimation of Evapotranspiration (ET) from Climatological Data Modified Penman Method for the Estimation of Evapotranspiration Crop Coefficient for Estimating ET(crop) 4.8 Conclusions References Contributors 5 Plant Evapotranspiration: Concepts and Problems 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Evapotranspiration Process 5.3 Computation of Evaporation Vapour Pressure Atmospheric Temperature Wind Speed Heat Storage in the Water Body 5.4 Types of Evaporation 5.5 Measurement of Evaporation Piche Evaporimeter Types of Pan Evaporimeters 5.6 Evaporation Stations 5.7 Empirical Equation to Estimate Evaporation Water Budget Method Energy Budget Method Mass Transfer Method Combination Method (Penman) 5.8 Evaporation Equations Meyer’s Equation (1942) Lake Hefner Equation Rohwer Equation Ryan and Harleman Equation Morton Equation Zeykov Equation Kohler Equation Penman Equation Priestley–Taylor Equation Aerodynamic Method The PenPan Model for Evaporation Cummings and Richardson Equation for Evaporation Horton’s Equation (1917) Bigelow Equation Stelling Equation Fitzgerald Equation Carpenter Equation Russell Equation Ritchie Equation 5.9 Computation of Transpiration Transpiration Definition Weighing Method Potometer Method Measurement of Evapotranspiration Estimation of Evapotranspiration 5.10 Conclusions References 6 Plant Water Requirements and Evapotranspiration 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Factors Affecting Plant Water Requirements 6.3 Calculating Evapotranspiration Estimation of ET[sup(0)] Interpolation and Validation of ET[sup(0)] Crop Mapping Case Study 1 Estimation of ET[sup(0)] Crop Mapping for Estimation of Crop Coefficients Validation of Crop Mapping Mapping of Actual Evapotranspiration Case Study 2 6.4 Crop Water Requirement 6.5 Conclusions References Section III: Environmental and Economical Impacts 7 Environmental Impacts of Irrigation 7.1 Background 7.2 Soil Degradation, Erosion, and Sedimentation Erosion Surrounding Area Impact River Morphology and Configuration Channel Structures Sedimentation Soil Salinity Soil Properties 7.3 Water and Air Quality Toxicity Pollution Anaerobic Effects Gas Emission Groundwater Salinity 7.4 Hydrology Flow Characteristics Alteration Flood Characteristics Alteration Water Table Level Change Dam Siting and Operation Impacts 7.5 Biotic and Ecological Effects Biodiversity and Landscapes Impacts on Biotas and Habitats Water Bodies Pests, Weeds and Animal Diseases 7.6 Ensuring Environmental Quality and Sustainability: Sustainable Ways and Techniques to Mitigate Negative Impacts of Irrigation on the Environment 7.7 Conclusion References 8 Environmental Impact Assessment of Irrigation 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Irrigation Agriculture in Zimbabwe 8.3 The EIA Concept 8.4 The EIA Process Managing Environmental Impacts EIA and Its Significance in Irrigation Projects 8.5 Impacts of Irrigation Projects Hydrological Impacts Impacts on Water and Air Quality Effects on Soils Erosion and Sedimentation Effects Biological and Ecological Changes Socio-Economic Impacts Public Health Impacts 8.6 Conclusion and Limitations References 9 Economic Viability of Irrigation Techniques 9.1 Introduction 9.2 General Information about Agricultural Economics 9.3 Modeling and Simulation 9.4 Effects of Water Deficit on Crop Productivity 9.5 Climatic Changes and Impacts in Irrigated Agriculture 9.6 Irrigation Viability 9.7 Irrigation Costs 9.8 Benefits 9.9 Conclusions References Section IV: Earth and Satellite Measurements for Irrigation 10 Irrigation Water Measurement 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Units of Measurement of Water 10.3 Methods of Water Measurement Volumetric Method Velocity-Area Method Structures Other Devices Dilution Method 10.4 Conclusions Bibliography 11 Irrigation and Agrometeorology: Innovative Remote Sensing Applications in Crop Monitoring 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Agrometeorological Aspects Agrometeorological Parameters Land Features 11.3 Irrigation Aspects 11.4 Applications in Crop Monitoring Methodology Study Area and Data Sets 11.5 Results and Discussions 11.6 Summary and Conclusions Acknowledgments References Section V: Irrigation Water Quality Issues 12 Irrigation with Reclaimed Municipal Wastewater: Opportunity or Risks 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Municipal Wastewater Treatment Technologies Preliminary Treatment Primary Sedimentation Secondary Treatment Tertiary Treatment Land Application 12.3 Water Quality Assessment Methods Comprehensive Pollution Index (CPI) Organic Pollution Index (OPI) Carlson Trophic State Index (C-TSI) Eutrophication Index (EI) Water Quality Index (WQI) 12.4 Risks of Reuse of Reclaimed Municipal Wastewater in Irrigation Human Health Risks Environmental Risks Miscellaneous Problems 12.5 Conclusions References 13 Microbiology of Irrigation Water 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Microbiology of Irrigation Water 13.3 Pathogens in Irrigation Water 13.4 Detecting Pathogens in Irrigation Water 13.5 Detecting Indicators of Pollution in Irrigation Water 13.6 Making a Case for/Against an “Indicator” Organism 13.7 Testing for Specific Pathogens in Irrigation Water 13.8 Abatement of Pathogens in Irrigation Waters Disinfection with Chlorine and Hypochlorite Chlorine Dioxide as Disinfectant Disinfection by Filtration and Ultraviolet Light Disinfection by Sunlight Ozone Disinfection 13.9 Conclusions References 14 Phosphate and Nitrate Management in Irrigation Water 14.1 Introduction 14.2 NO[sup(3)]-N and PO[sup(4)]-P Characteristics 14.3 Land Use Water Quality 14.4 Eutrophication 14.5 Water Quality Index (WQI) 14.6 Irrigation: Leaching and Management 14.7 Remediation 14.8 Conclusions References 15 Removal of Organic Pollutants and Enteric Pathogens by Typha Latifolia and Sand Filter from Domestic Irrigation Wastewater Reuse 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Materials and Methods Plant Material The Experimental Description Raw Wastewater Sampling Site Determination of Pollution Indicators Purification Yields Statistical Analysis 15.3 Results and Discussion Typology of Feed Wastewater Performance of Purification Systems Carbonaceous Pollution 15.4 Conclusion References Section VI: Water Harvesting for Irrigation 16 Surface Runoff Water Harvesting for Irrigation 16.1 Introduction 16.2 New Methods of Runoff Management 16.3 Low Impact Developments (LID) 16.4 Best Management Practices 16.5 Green Roofs 16.6 Permeable Surfaces 16.7 Mulched Area 16.8 Stormwater Ponds 16.9 Infiltration Trenches 16.10 Use of Rainwater for Irrigation 16.11 Conclusions References 17 Water Harvesting for Rain-Fed Farming 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Concept of Rainwater Water Harvesting 17.3 Rainwater-Harvesting Technology 17.4 Setting Up for a Rainwater-Harvesting System 17.5 Rainwater for Groundwater Recharging 17.6 Advantages of Water-Harvesting Systems 17.7 Planning of a Rainwater-Harvesting System 17.8 Maintenance of a Rainwater-Harvesting System 17.9 Prospects of Rainwater Harvesting 17.10 Problems of a Rainwater-Harvesting System 17.11 Reasons to Upgrade Rain-Fed Agriculture Large Scope for Poverty Alleviation Low Costs of Investment Environmental Concerns Related to Large-Scale Irrigation Large Yield Gaps—High Potential 17.12 Conclusions References 18 Optimization of Reservoir Operation for Irrigation 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Reservoir Operation Optimization 18.3 Reservoir Optimization Problems in Water Resources 18.4 Optimization Algorithms Used for Optimizing Reservoir Operation for Irrigation Particle Swarm Algorithm Genetic Algorithm Fuzzy Logic Firefly Algorithm Crow Algorithm 18.5 Conclusions References 19 Reducing Nitrate Leaching and Increasing Nitrogen Use Efficiency by Applying Nano-Fertilizers 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Materials and Methods Potato Crop Site Characteristics of Experimental Specifications of Fertilizers Used Potato Cultivation, Fertilizer Treatments, and Measurement of Parameters Nitrogen Balance Data Analysis 19.3 Results and Discussion Soil Nitrate Concentration and Leaching Variations of Nitrate Concentration in Soil Depth Potato Yield in Different Fertilizer Treatments N-Efficiency Parameters and Nitrate of Tubers Nitrogen Balance 19.4 Conclusions References Index