Earth Systems Protection and Sustainability: Volume 2

Description

Earth Systems Protection and Sustainability authorises imperatives to achieve sustainability and protect our threatened and vulnerable Earth. Mathematical advances in context incorporate operational and Boolean, as well as linguistic, logic-based Bayesian, and generative methods for scenario formation. Functional areas and deeper learning enable the use of searching algorithms, proffering optimal solutions for the circular nature of sustainability in natural ecosystems and human dominated settings. Key informative nodes are provided in the hope that we may moderate the very real dangers facing planet Earth and its biodiversity. An arena of insightful chapters is blended with social resilience and socio-economic development coverage, accentuating integrity, protection and sustainability within divergent climatic forces and species dynamics on Earth. Volume 2 focuses on bioaccumulation; climate change and resilience for co-operative socio-economic and ecosystem management via policy frameworks across sectors; mathematical modelling of freshwater in coastal regions in arid and semi-arid zones; decision making in natural disasters; peat solidification for environmentally sustainable geotechnical engineering; green energy conversion; flood risk mapping; rainfall analysis; exposure, safety, and security amidst increasing environmental contamination; remote handling vehicles; wind turbines; and deep learning and its environmental applications. Earth Systems Protection and Sustainability is addressed globally to communities, schools and researchers in professional, governmental and unit operations; descriptive and illustrative sections include all sectors to ensure Earth Systems Protection as our capacity reaches an unsustainable climax. Foreword Preface Introduction Contents Contributors Part I: Indonesia - Local People and Reasons to Conserve Chapter 1: Competitive Bioaccumulation by Ceratophyllum demersum L. 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Climatic Conditions of the Competitive Bioaccumulation Experimental Site 1.3 Maintenance of Stock Cultures of Ceratophyllum demersum L. 1.4 Experimental Setup and Heavy Metal Analysis 1.5 Biomass Production Measurements 1.6 Quantification of Metals Removed from Nutrient Solutions by Plants Active Uptake 1.7 Statistical Analysis 1.8 Cd and Ni Removal from Water 1.9 Heavy Metal Effect on Plant Biomass Production 1.10 Conclusion References Chapter 2: Climate Change, Sustainability and Resilience in Egypt and Africa 2.1 Introduction 2.2 The Relationship Between Climate Change and Sustainable Development Goals 2.3 Effects of Climate Change on Different Sectors 2.3.1 Water Resources 2.3.2 Agriculture 2.3.3 Human Health 2.3.4 Energy 2.3.5 Tourism 2.4 Summary of Climate Change Impacts in Egypt 2.5 Economic Impacts of Climate Change in Egypt 2.6 Prediction of Nile Flow Changes Resulting from Climate Change 2.7 Climate Resilience 2.7.1 Water Resources 2.7.2 Agriculture 2.7.3 Human Health 2.7.4 Energy 2.7.5 Tourism 2.8 Mitigation Measures 2.8.1 Mitigation Measures in Egypt 2.8.2 Mitigation Measures in Africa 2.9 Policies and Collaborations Overcoming Climate Change in Egypt and Africa 2.9.1 Egyptian Policies, Success and Opportunities 2.9.2 Policies and Cooperation in Africa 2.10 Summary and Conclusions References Chapter 3: Mathematical Models Ensuring Freshwater of Coastal Zones in Arid and Semiarid Regions 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Climate Change and Water Resources 3.2.1 Groundwater and Climate Change 3.2.2 Impact of Climate Change on Sea Level Rise (SLR) 3.2.3 Impact of Climate Change on Precipitation 3.2.4 Impact of Climate Change on Hydrology and Water Resources 3.3 Groundwater Reservoirs 3.3.1 Aquifers 3.3.2 Aquitards 3.3.3 Aquicludes/Aquifuges 3.4 Groundwater Contamination 3.4.1 Saltwater Intrusion 3.4.2 Population and Overexploitation 3.5 Groundwater Models 3.5.1 Classification of Groundwater Models 3.5.2 Types of Mathematical Models 3.5.3 Solution Methods for Differential Equations 3.5.3.1 Analytical Solution 3.5.3.2 Numerical Solution 3.5.4 Numerical Model Codes 3.5.5 Water Modelling Packages 3.6 Case Study: The Nile Delta Aquifer (NDA), Egypt 3.6.1 Simulations of Saltwater Intrusion (SWI) in the Northern Delta Aquifer 3.6.1.1 Impact of Sea Level Rise 3.6.1.2 Impact on the Surface Water Hydrograph 3.6.1.3 Impact of Abstraction Rates 3.6.2 Management of Saltwater Intrusion (SWI) in Coastal Aquifers 3.6.2.1 Optimisation and Allocation of Abstraction Rates (OA) 3.6.2.2 Treatment and Recharge (TR) 3.6.2.3 Abstraction, Desalination, and Recharge (ADR) 3.6.2.4 Treatment, Recharge, Abstraction, and Desalination (TRAD) 3.7 Conclusions References Chapter 4: Multicriteria Decision-Making for Risks of Natural Disaster in Social Project Assessments 4.1 Introduction 4.2 The Solution Approach Used to Solve Risk Assessment Factors 4.3 Construction Scheme for IRDA (Hazard Disaster Risk Index) 4.4 Hazards, Vulnerability, and Resilience Models and Their Combination 4.4.1 Mass Removal (Flows) 4.4.2 Tsunami 4.4.3 Volcano 4.4.4 Fire 4.4.5 Vulnerability Model 4.4.6 Resilience Model 4.5 Model Consolidation Process (Hazard, Vulnerability, and Resilience) 4.6 Case Study: Risk Disaster of the Hospital in the Locality of Tomé, South of Chile 4.6.1 Conceptual Framework 4.6.2 Application of the Complementary Methodology of Risk Management 4.6.3 Functional Unit (FU) 4.6.4 Forest Fire Hazard 4.6.5 Hazards Due To Mass Movements, Removal and Flows 4.7 Conclusions References Part II: Indonesia - Visitors Learning to Conserve and Appreciate Pearls of the Forest Chapter 5: Mathematical Modelling and Simulation of Chemical and Biological Reaction in Peat Solidification Work for Environme... 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Peat and Its Engineering Challenges 5.3 Peat Solidification Theory 5.3.1 Techniques in Peat Solidification 5.3.2 Stabilisation of Peat by Cement 5.3.3 Effect of Pozzolan as a Secondary Additive in Peat Stabilisation 5.4 Gaps in Peat Improvement Studies 5.5 Biological Reaction in Peat Solidification 5.5.1 Microbes in Peat 5.5.2 Microbes in Solidified Soil 5.5.3 Microbes in Cement Study 5.6 Chemical Reactions in Peat Solidification 5.6.1 Chemical Bonding/Sketching for Raw Peat 5.6.2 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Analysis Explain Chemica... 5.6.3 Chemical Reaction Models of Peat Processes 5.6.4 Chemical Reactions Behind Soil Improvements 5.7 Case Study in Pontian, Johor, Malaysia 5.8 Conclusion References Chapter 6: Green Energy Conversion Systems 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Microbial Use for Dual Purposes 6.2.1 Soil Microbial Fuel Cell (SMFC) Design 6.2.2 Design of Boost Converter 6.2.3 Experimental Test of the Soil Microbial Fuel Cell 6.3 Results and Discussion of Soil Microbial Fuel Systems: Potential for Membership in Renewable Energy Mixes 6.4 Conclusion References Chapter 7: Flood Risk Estimation and Mapping: Present Status and Future Challenges 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Flood Risk Management: A Risk-Based Approach to Managing Floods 7.2.1 Flood Risk Analysis 7.2.2 Flood Risk Assessment 7.2.3 Flood Risk Reduction 7.2.4 Flood Inundation and Hazard Mapping 7.2.4.1 Quantification of Flood Hazard 7.2.4.2 Geomorphic Approaches 7.2.5 Flood Vulnerability Mapping 7.2.5.1 Various Approaches to Flood Vulnerability Assessment 7.2.6 Flood Risk Mapping 7.2.7 Flood Risk Reduction 7.2.7.1 Structural Measures 7.2.7.2 Nonstructural Measures 7.3 Case Study of the Mahanadi River Basin in India 7.3.1 Jagatsinghpur District: The Focal Point Witnessing Severe Flood Impacts in Odisha, India 7.3.2 Proposed Framework of Flood Risk Mapping 7.3.2.1 Estimation of Regionalized Design Rainfall () 7.3.2.2 Quantification of Flood Hazard () Through Hydrodynamic Modeling 7.3.2.3 Analysis of Socioeconomic Vulnerability Analysis () 7.3.2.4 Determination of Flood Risk Through Risk Classifier 7.3.3 Results and Discussion 7.4 Conclusion References Chapter 8: Trend Analysis of Rainfall: A Case Study of Surat City in Gujarat, Western India 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Study Area and Data Collection 8.2.1 Study Area 8.2.2 Data Collection 8.3 Methodology 8.3.1 Identifying Trends Using the Mann-Kendall Test in Seasonal Rainfall Data 8.3.2 Using Sen´s Slope Estimator to Provide a Measurement of Trends 8.4 Results and Discussion 8.4.1 Annual and Seasonal Rainfall of Surat 8.4.2 Magnitude of Trend of Rainfall in Surat 8.5 Conclusion References Part III: Desertification Risks and Contrasts from Southern Europe and the Philippines Chapter 9: Risk Assessment Applications: Exposure, Safety, and Security 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Risk Assessment Process 9.2.1 Hazards Identification (Step One) 9.2.2 Exposure Assessment (Step Two) 9.2.2.1 Occupational Exposure 9.2.2.2 Environmental Exposure 9.2.2.3 Risk Related to Exposure to Polluted Air 9.2.2.4 Particulate Matter (PM) and Gaseous Phase 9.2.2.5 Carbon Monoxide (CO) 9.2.2.6 Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) 9.2.2.7 Sulphur Oxides (SOx) 9.2.2.8 Ozone (O3) 9.2.2.9 Lead (Pb) 9.2.2.10 Risk Related to Exposure to Polluted Water 9.2.2.11 Microbial Exposure Through Contaminated Water 9.2.2.12 Chemical Exposure Through Contaminated Water 9.2.2.13 Industrial Source and Human Dwelling 9.2.2.14 Agricultural Activities 9.2.2.15 Water Treatment or Material in Drinking Water 9.2.2.16 Pesticides Used for Public Health (Other Than Agriculture) 9.2.2.17 Naturally Occurring Risks 9.2.2.18 Risk Related to Exposure to Polluted Land 9.2.3 Risk Characterisation (Step 3) 9.2.4 Dose-Response Assessment (Step 4) 9.2.5 Risk Management (Step 5) 9.3 Case Studies Related to the Risk of Environmental Exposure 9.3.1 Yellowknife Gold Mine, Canada 9.3.2 Bhopal Gas Disaster, India 9.3.3 Lanzhou Region, Yellow River, China 9.4 Conclusion References Chapter 10: Application and Control of Quadrotors 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Applications of Quadrotors 10.2.1 Journalism, Filming, and Aerial Photography 10.2.2 Shipping/Delivery 10.2.3 Disaster Management, Search, and Rescue/Healthcare 10.2.4 Geographic Mapping 10.2.5 Structural Safety Inspections 10.2.6 Precision Agriculture 10.2.7 Wildlife Monitoring/Poaching 10.2.8 Law-Enforcement and Border Patrol 10.2.9 Construction Sites 10.2.10 Entertainment 10.2.11 Military and Law Enforcement 10.3 Modeling of Quadrotors 10.4 Control of Quadrotors 10.5 Case Studies 10.5.1 Precise Positioning for Delivery Quadrotor 10.5.2 Adaptive Positioning of Quadrotor 10.6 Conclusion and Future Applications References Chapter 11: Sustainable Wind Turbine Systems Based on On-line Fault Estimation and Fault Tolerant Control 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Wind Turbine Projects: Current Situation and Challenges 11.3 Wind Turbine Model, Operation, and Control 11.4 Wind Turbine Nominal Control: FTC 11.5 Sliding Mode Controller (SMC) Design 11.5.1 The Effect of System Fault ψp(xp,βr) 11.5.2 The Effect of the Generator Speed Sensor ωgf = ωg + fg (Where ωgf Is the Faulty Measurement and fs Is the Additive Sens... 11.6 PPIO-Based Generator Speed Sensor Fault Estimation 11.7 Simulation Results 11.7.1 The Performance of ISMC as a Passive FTC Against Pitch Actuator System Fault 11.7.2 The Performance of Integrated ISMC and PPIO Against Simultaneous System and Generator Speed Sensor Faults 11.7.3 The Performance of Integrated ISMC and PPIO Against Simultaneous System and Pitch Angle Sensor Fault 11.8 Conclusions References Chapter 12: Deep Learning and Its Environmental Applications 12.1 Introduction 12.1.1 Artificial Intelligence 12.1.2 Machine Learning 12.1.3 Deep Learning 12.1.4 Differences Between Machine Learning and Deep Learning 12.2 Deep Learning Processes 12.3 Theories of Deep Learning Algorithms 12.3.1 Deep Neural Network 12.3.2 Multilayer Artificial Neural Networks 12.4 Convolutional Neural Networks 12.4.1 Convolution Layer 12.4.2 Pooling Layer 12.4.3 Fully Connected Layer 12.4.4 Network Hyperparameters 12.5 Recurrent Neural Networks 12.6 Long Short-Term Memory 12.7 A Comparison Between Deep Learning Algorithms 12.8 Advantages and Challenges of Deep Learning 12.8.1 Advantages of DL 12.8.2 Challenges of DL 12.9 Utilization of DL in Environmental Systems Applications 12.9.1 Application of DL in Earthquake Prediction 12.9.2 Using RNN Deep Learning for Earthquake Prediction 12.9.3 Using CNN Deep Learning for Earthquake Prediction 12.9.4 Applications of DL in Climate and Weather Forecasting 12.9.4.1 Rainfall Prediction Using DL 12.9.5 Applications of DL in Environmental Protection and Sustainability 12.10 Conclusion References Index