Handbook of Smart Materials, Technologies, and Devices: Applications of Industry 4.0

Description

This handbook brings together technical expertise, conceptual background, applications, and societal aspects of Industry 4.0: the evolution of automation and data exchange in fabrication technologies, materials processing, and device manufacturing at both experimental and theoretical model scales. The book assembles all the aspects of Industry 4.0, starting from the emergence of the concept to the consequences of its progression. Drawing on expert contributors from around the world, the volume details the technologies that sparked the fourth revolution and illustrates their characteristics, potential, and methods of use in the industrial and societal  domains. In addition, important topics such as ethics, privacy and security are considered in a reality where all data is shared and saved remotely. The collection of contribution serve a very broad audience working in the fields of science and engineering, chemical engineering, materials science, nanotechnology, energy, environment, green chemistry, sustainability, electrical and electronic engineering, solid-state physics, surface science, aerosol technology, chemistry, colloid science, device engineering, and computer technology. This handbook ideal reference libraries in universities and industrial institutions, government and independent institutes, individual research groups and scientists. Preface Contents About the Editors Contributors Part I Industry 4.0: Concepts, Themes, and Perspectives 1 Industry 4.0 Revolution: Introduction Contents The Fourth Industrial Revolution Industry 4.0 Expected Benefits Costs, Security, and Privacy Enabling Technologies Advanced Human-Machine Interface Additive Manufacturing Cyber Physical System Internet of Things Cloud Big Data Machine Learning Wearable Devices Robotics Virtual and Augmented Reality Applicative Sectors Smart Home and Building Automation Logistic Service Automotive Urban Planning School Healthcare Agriculture Professional Figures of Tomorrow Conclusions References 2 Industry 4.0 Perspectives: Global Trends and Future Developments Contents Abbreviations Introduction The Evolution of Industry: The Digital Transformation Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI) Regional Innovation Scoreboard (RIS) Report Digital 2020 (We Are Social) State of the Art on Industry 4.0 The Future of Manufacturing: Survey Results and Analysis Survey Objectives and Setup Survey Results Challenges, Directions, and Trends Research Direction #1: Technical Challenges Research Direction #2: Social Challenges Conclusion References 3 Changing Manufacturing Landscape: From a Factory to a Network Contents Introduction History of Manufacturing: Change Within Factory Walls Regime of Accumulation From Economies of Scale to Economies of Scope The End of Division of Labor Technological and Business Drivers that Underlie Industrial Landscape Change Digitalization of Business and Manufacturing Processes Automation and Manufacturing Robotics Additive Manufacturing Technologies Logistics Optimization and Supply Chain Risk Management Proactive Versus Reactive Management Conclusion: Toward Manufacturing as a Network References 4 Karakuri Solutions and Industry 4.0 Contents Introduction Where to Find Karakuri? Karakuri Kaizen in Industrial Applications Selected Reflections on Karakuri Conclusion References 5 Use of Smart Technologies on Textile Industry Workers to Evaluate the Effect of Work Posture on Lower Extremity Distress in Southern Region of India Contents Introduction Hand Screen Printing Process Evaluation of Distress on Lower Extremity Among Hand Screen Printing Workers Study Participants Data Collection Method Identification of Critical Work Postures Instruments Used Data Analysis Technique Impact of WMSD on Various Anatomical Site Demographics Prevalence of Lower Extremity Disorder Factors Influencing the Occurrence of Lower Extremity Disorder Low Back Pain Knee Ankle/Feet Inference from Postural Analysis Rationale Behind the Occurrence of WMSD on Lower Body Extremity Among Textile Workers Conclusion References 6 Monitoring and Modeling of Cylindricity Error Using Vibration Signals in Drilling Contents Introduction Materials and Methods for Cylindricity Monitoring Cylindricity Measurements Using Vibration Signals Modeling of Cylindricity Error Using ANFIS Conclusion References 7 Logic Based Path Planning (LBPP) Algorithm for Robotic Library System Contents Introduction Manipulator Arm and Gripper for Manipulation of Book Movable Platform Robot Controller Graphical User Interface Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP) Java Script (JS) JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Structured Query Language (SQL) My Structured Query Language (MySQL) XAMPP (X-cross Platform, A-Apache, M-MySQL, P-PHP, P-Perl) Book Navigation and Path Planning for Library System Location Guidance Systems Web Application Development Path Planning Algorithm Routing Methods for Path Planning Summary Objectives and Assumptions Web Application for Path Planning in a Library System Add Books Book List Search Books Navigate Book Location Logic Based Path Planning (LBPP) Algorithm Web Application Based Path Planning Simulation Development of Mobile Platform Prototype Conclusion/Summary Important Websites References 8 Design, Control, and Data Management for Cleaning-in-Place (CIP) Test Rig Used in Process Industries Contents Introduction Classification of CIP Based on Number of Stages Three-Stage CIP Five-Stage CIP Seven-Stage CIP CIP System Design: A Case Study in Industry Vessel Calculations Pump Calculations Selection of Components PLC Programming SCADA Screen Development and Programming HMI Screens Development and Programming Real-Time Data Collection Program Validation on Hardware Inference Conclusion Future Scope References 9 Control and Informatics for Demand Response and Renewables Integration Contents Introduction Related Work Smart Grid Communications Networked Control Systems Models and Technical Underpinning General Configuration Fault-Tolerant Playback Buffer Design Buffer Operation Buffer Sizing Supervisory Controller Design Implementation, Validation, and Illustrative Example Illustrative Example: Model Configuration Illustrative Example: Statistical Delay Model Illustrative Example: HIL Results Summary and Conclusions References Part II Industry 4.0: Mode of Materials, Technology, and Devices 10 From Industry 4.0 to Pharma 4.0 Contents Introduction Industry 4.0 Drug Development Life Cycle Drug Discovery Preclinical Studies Clinical Trials Post-Market Surveillance Computer and IT Application in Drug Development: Pharma 3.0 Computer in Drug Discovery Computer in Preclinical Studies Computer in Clinical Researches Pharma 4.0 Ecosystem Pharma 4.0 and the Need for Data Integrity The Requirement of Cloud Computing in Pharma 4.0 The Need for Artificial Intelligence in Pharma 4.0 Conclusion References 11 OHS-Related Risks in an Industry 4.0 Manufacturing Plant Contents Introduction Industry 4.0: Toward an Industrial Cognitive Revolution Collaborative Robots: New Contributions Lead to New Risks Autonomous Guided Vehicles (AGV): New Philosophy and New OHS Challenges Big Data and Cloud Computing: How Safe Is it? Cyber-Physical System and Internet of Things: Cybersecurity Issues Lead to Health and Safety Problems Learned Lessons and Recommendations Limitations of This Work Special Pandemic Mention Conclusion References 12 Open-Source Framework Based on LoRaWAN IoT Technology for Building Monitoring and Its Integration into BIM Models Contents Abbreviations Introduction Materials and Methods Test Methodology Description of the Developed Framework Results and Discussion End User Application Validation of the Gateway Performance and Monitored Values Analysis Conclusions References 13 Metal Additive Manufacturing Technology Applications in Defense Organizations Contents Introduction Metal Additive Technologies Classification of Metal Additive Technologies Powder Bed Fusion (PBF) Directed Energy Deposition (DED) Binder Jetting (BJ) Impact of Metal AM to the Life Cycle of a Defense Part Defense Organizations Supply Chain Unique Features of the Supply Chain at Defense Applications Critical Points of the Defense Supply Chain for AM Integration New Production Paradigms Enabled by AM Integration Design Innovation In-Field Additive Manufacturing Lab Challenges for Integration of AM in a Production Line for Defense Parts Process Certification Challenges Process Monitoring and Control Material Inspection Standardization Metal AM Material Handling Safety Part Certification Challenges Operating Conditions AM in Cold Climate AM at Sea AM in Hot and Dusty Conditions Framework for Integration of AM in Defense Applications Application Fields Conclusions and Outlook References 14 Mechanical Properties of Additive Manufactured Part Using Fused Deposition Modeling: Influence of Process Parameters Contents Introduction Additive Manufacturing Generic Process of AM Fused Deposition Modeling Process Process Parameters of FDM Influence of Build Orientation on the Tensile Behavior of FDM Influence of Process Parameters on Other Mechanical Behavior of FDM Samples Influence of Raster Angle on the Mechanical Behavior of FDM Parts Conclusion References 15 Product Lifecycle Management (PLM): A Key Enabler in Implementation of Industry 4.0 Contents Introduction Digital Manufacturing: A Global Perspective Industry 4.0: The Smart Era of Manufacturing Internet of Things (IoT) in Industry 4.0 Cyber-Physical System (CPS) in Industry 4.0 Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Industry 4.0 Big Data Analytics in Industry 4.0 Additive Manufacturing in Industry 4.0 Simulation in Industry 4.0 Robotics in Industry 4.0 Augmented and Virtual Reality (AR/VR) in Industry 4.0 Horizontal and Vertical Integration in Industry 4.0 Product Life Cycle Management (PLM) PLM in Industry 4.0 PLM for Collaborations in Industry 4.0 Scenario Data Protection in Industry 4.0 Via PLM Bill of Materials (BOM) Management in Industry 4.0 Via PLM Project Management in Industry 4.0 Via PLM Variant Management in Industry 4.0 Via PLM Traceability Requirements Management in Industry 4.0 Via PLM Benefits of Incorporating PLM in Industry 4.0 Context Challenges and Future Directions for PLM in Industry 4.0 Context Conclusions References 16 Zero Waste as an Approach to Develop a Clean and Sustainable Society Contents Abbreviations Introduction Concept of Zero Waste: Why Zero Waste (ZW)? Zero Waste Approach via Sustainable Material Zero Waste and Design of Sustainable Society Waste Typology Zero Waste Index (ZWI) 3R Approach Classification and Evaluation of Zero Waste Study Approaches for Recycling of Zero Waste Waste Generation and Sustainable Consumption Strategy for Management of Waste Generation of Waste Collection of Waste Processing of Waste Disposal of waste Recycled Content and Recycling Rates Metabolism of Linear to Circular Society Urban Metabolism and Waste Management Municipal Waste Management Challenges and Opportunities in Transformation of Cities into Zero Waste Cities Conclusion Related websites References 17 Role of Industry 4.0 in Maintaining Sustainable Production and Services Contents Introduction Industry 4.0 and Underpinning Technologies “Additive Manufacturing” “Simulation” “Cloud Computing” “Industrial IoT” “Cybersecurity” Industry 4.0 and Sustainability Sustainability in Manufacturing Products Opportunities and Concepts Sustainability in Manufacturing Products and Services Uses of Sustainability in Manufacturing Products and Services Scopes of Sustainability in Manufacturing Products and Services Smart Production Technical Influence of Smart Production Influence of Smart Production on Economic System Social Influences of Smart Production Influences of Smart Production System on Environment How Industry 4.0 Can Manage Sustainable Production? Advanced Management and Production Sustainable Services The Impact of Sustainable Services Advanced Management and Services Conclusion Important Websites for Further Information References 18 Biomass as Sustainable Material for Bioethanol Production Contents Introduction Biomass Resources of Bioethanol First-Generation Feedstock Sugarcane Maize Sweet Sorghum Wheat Cassava Sugar Beet Sweet Fruits Second-Generation Feedstock Agricultural Residue Forest Residue Urban Waste and Other Wastes Grass Species Third-Generation Feedstock Fourth Generation Properties of Bioethanol Process of Bioethanol Production Pretreatment First Stage Hydrolysis Second Stage Hydrolysis Types of Pretreatment Physical Pretreatment Chemical Pretreatment Biological Pretreatment Fermentation Purification Microorganisms Biocatalyst for Ethanol Production Problems Related with Production of Bioethanol Conclusion References 19 Machine Learning–Enhanced Decision-Making Contents Introduction Defining Machine Learning Artificial Neural Networks and Deep Learning Data Pre-processing Source Data Analysis Data Attributes Pre-processing of Variable Data Pre-processing of Categorical Variables Missing Data Data Visualization Data Representativeness Section Conclusions Type of Machine Learning Models Supervised and Unsupervised Learning Classification Algorithms Binary Classification Multi-class Classification Multi-Symbol Classification Imbalanced Classification Regression Algorithms Clustering Algorithms Centroid and k-Means Algorithms K-Nearest Neighbors Algorithm(KNN) Fuzzy c-Means Algorithm Prediction Anomaly Detection Example Application: Machine Learning-Based System for Real-Time Inattention Detection Aims Background Machine Learning-Based Methods Previous Machine Learning-Based Approaches Deployment Approach Application Outcomes Section Conclusions Summary Glossary References 20 Industry 4.0: Cloud–Assisted Internet of Things Applications and Challenges Contents Introduction The Cloud-Assisted IoT Models CIoT Infrastructure Model CIoT Virtualization Model CIoT Application Model Cloud-Assisted IoT Application Domains Cloud Manufacturing Application Domain The Cloud Manufacturing (CM) Paradigm The Cloud-Assisted IoT Manufacturing (CIoTM) Paradigm Cloud-Assisted IoT Manufacturing (CIoTM) Applications Cloud-Assisted IoT Manufacturing (CIoTM) in a Wind Farm Healthcare 4.0 Application Domain Healthcare Applications Applications Distributed into the CIoT Tiers CIoT VNs for the Healthcare Applications Agriculture 4.0 Application Domain Definitions and Technologies Applications Smart Irrigation Application Logistic and Transport Application Challenges and Future Directions References 21 Anticancer Natural Alkaloids as Drug Bank Targeting Biomolecules Contents Introduction Natural Alkaloids with Reference to Anticancer Effect: Its Sources and Types Targeted Biomolecules by Anticancer Natural Alkaloids Anticancer Natural Alkaloids Targeting Nucleic Acids Some of the Biologically Significant and Important Nucleic Acid-Binding Anticancer Natural Alkaloids Targeting Enzymes, Viz., Topoisomerases I and II, Telomerase, DNA Polymerase, and RNA Polymerase Associated with Nucleic Acids Anticancer Natural Alkaloids Targeting Cellular Proteins, Enzymes, and Growth Factors Targeting Kinases Related to Tumor Proliferation, Progression, and Metastasis Targeting Tubulin Polymerization Targeting Apoptosis-Related Biomarkers Targeting Transcription Factors Controlling Expression of Cancer Gene Targeting Histone Deacetylases to Cause Genomic Instability Targeting Ubiquitin-Proteasome System for Cancer Therapy Targeting Heat Shock Protein (Hsp90) Related to Oncoprotein Maturity Targeting the Markers Related to the Cancer Drug Resistance Carbohydrate Target by Small Molecules as Anticancer Alkaloids Anticancer Natural Alkaloids Targeting Lipid Metabolism Concluding Remarks References 22 Mode of Materials, Technology, and Devices Contents Introduction Nanomaterials Methods of Synthesis of Nanoparticles Chemical Methods Precipitation Methods Emulsion Precipitation Method Co-precipitation Method Sol-Gel Method Immobilization Methods Citrate Complexation Gelation Method Penchini Method Low Temperature Combustion Methods (LCS) Properties of Nanostructured Materials Physical Properties Chemical Properties Characterization Techniques of Nanostructured Materials Size Surface Area Composition Surface Morphology Surface Charge Crystallography Applications Cosmetics and Sunscreens Electronics Nanocomposites as Sensing Material Catalysis Medicine Food Construction Conclusion References 23 IoT-Based Medication Reminder Devices: Design and Implementation Contents Introduction Block Diagram of the System NodeMCU ESP8266 Features Working Principle of ESP8266 System Peripherals Infrared (IR) Sensor Active IR Sensor Passive IR Sensor IR Sensor Working Principle IR Transmitter or IR LED Light Emitting Diode (LED) Buzzer Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) Features Real-Time Clock (RTC) Module DS3231 RTC Module Features Introduction to IoT Architecture of IoT Block Diagram of IoT IoT Gateways Sensors and Controllers Implementation of IoT-Based Medicine Reminder System Arduino IDE Installation Steps to Arduino IDE Step 2: Download Arduino IDE Software Step 3: Power up your Board Step 4: Launch Arduino IDE Step 5: Open your First Project Step 6: Select your Arduino Board Step 7: Select your Serial Port Step 8: Upload the Program to your Board Salient Features NodeMCU Libraries #Include #Include #Include #Include -Library for I2C Communication- #Include Blynk App Components of Blynk App Libraries Configuring SMTP Setting up SMTP2Go Encoding to Base64 Value System Flowchart Project Setup Interfacing Modules LCD and RTC Module with NodeMCU Buzzer with NodeMCU IR Sensor with NodeMCU Medicine Reminder through Blynk App Acknowledgment Via Gmail Deployment of the Proposed System Summary References 24 Ionic Liquids: The Smart Materials in Process Industry Contents Introduction Ionic Liquids What Is Ionic Liquid? Origin Classification of Ionic Liquids Advantages over Organic Solvents Applications of Ionic Liquids Separations Separation of Biologically Relevant Compounds Separation of Organics Separation of Proteins Separation of Hormones, Alkaloids, and Vitamins Separation of Antibiotics Separation of Aromatic Hydrocarbons Fuel Desulfurization Metal Separations CO2 Capture and Gas Separation Reaction Catalyst and Additives Solvents for Synthesis and Catalyst Applications Analytical and Chromatography Analytical Chemistry Liquid Chromatography Gas Chromatography Capillary Electrophoresis Electro Processes Electrochemical Gas Sensor Electrochemistry Electrophoresis Other Applications Biodiesel Production Space Technology Starch Chemistry Surfactant Chemistry Nanoparticle Stabilizers Polymer Science Drug Delivery Lubricants Batteries Biological Aid Engineering Rare Earth Elements Extraction Conclusion Few Important Websites References 25 Microstructure Analysis and Multi-objective Optimization of Pulsed TIG Welding of 316/316L Austenite Stainless Steel Contents Introduction Steps in RSM Selection of Base Material and Their Mechanical Properties Input Parameters with Their Working Range Design of Experiment Statistical Analysis for Bead Width Using RSM Development and Evaluation of Regression Equation: Bead Width Adequacy Check of the Mathematical Model for Bead Width Perturbation Plot (Bead Width) Response Surface Plot: Bead Width Conclusion: Bead Width Statistical Analysis for the Depth of Penetration Using RSM Development and Evaluation of Regression Equation: Depth of Penetration Adequacy Check of the Mathematical Model for the Depth of Penetration Perturbation Plot: Depth of Penetration Response Surface Plot: Depth of Penetration Microstructure Analysis Mechanical Property Before PWHT Mechanical Property After PWHT Optical Micrograph of Base Metal and Weld Metal Before PWHT Optical Micrograph Weld Metal After PWHT at 800 C Conclusion References 26 Role of IoT in Universal Design Contents Introduction Universal Design Objective of Universal Design Definition of Universal Design Universal Design Principles Universal Design as a Problem-Solving Approach Internet of Things [IoT] IoT Timeline Characteristics of IoT Application of IoT Wearables Smart Cities Healthcare Smart Home Appliances Industrial Automation IoT in Today's World Relationship Between U.D. and IoT Conclusion Websites References 27 Nanobiomaterials Administration in Modernization of Biological Science: Current Status and Future Potential Contents Introduction Classification of Nanobiomaterials Ceramic-Based Nanobiomaterials Semiconductor-Based Nanobiomaterials Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Nanobiomaterials Silica-Based Nanobiomaterials Polymeric-Based Nanobiomaterials Dendrimers Composites Carbon-Based Nanobiomaterials Fullerenes Carbon Nanotubes Metal-Based Nanobiomaterials Lipid-Based Nanobiomaterials Manufacturing of Nanobiomaterials Top-Down Approach Bottom-Up Approach Some Other Routes for the Preparation of Nanobiomaterials Water-in-Oil (W/O) Emulsification Technique Coacervation (Desolvation) Process Heat-Assisted Gelation Mechanism Nano Spray Drying Procedure Nanoparticle Bioproducts Characterization Particle Size Characterization Morphological Characterization Surface Charge Characterization Separation and Purification of Nanoparticle Bio-products Application of Nanobiomaterials Overcoming the Multidrug Resistance (MDR) of Cancer Cells Controlling Cellular Factors Responsible for MDR Targeting DNA Repair Mechanism Targeting Hypoxia Targeting Extracellular pH Stability of Nanoparticles During Drug Delivery Nanodelivery Systems for Overcoming the Current Problems for Central Nervous System (CNS) Disease Therapy Liposomes Solid-Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs) Polymeric Nanoparticles Oil-in-Water Nanoemulsions Therapeutic Applications of Nanomaterials as a Gene Delivery Carrier Plasmid DNA RNA Interference Small Interfering RNA Limitations to Be Overcome for Developing Ideal Genetic Vector Targeted Drug Delivery Passive Targeting Active Targeting Gold Nanoparticles (AuNP)-Based Drug Delivery and Molecular Imaging Au NPs for Drug Delivery Au NPs for Gene Delivery Au NPs for Protein Delivery Au NPs for Vaccine Delivery Au NP-Based Molecular Imaging Administration of Advanced Nanomaterials-Based Vaccines to Address Infectious Diseases Liposomes Emulsions Synthetic Polymer-Based Nanodelivery Systems Natural Biopolymers-Based Nanodelivery Systems Carbon-Based Nanodelivery Systems Utilization of Nanomaterials in Biofuels and Bioenergy Sector Nanotechnology in Bioenergy Production from Microalgal Biomass Nano-Additives in Biodiesel for Diesel Engines Application of Mesoporous Nanoparticles for Bioethanol and FAMEs Production Nanomaterials Specific Applications in Food Science Nanotechnology in Food Processing Nanotechnology in Food Packaging Nanodelivery-Mediated Nutraceuticals Potential Risk Associated with Use of Nanoparticles Summary Future Challenges and Industrial Potential References 28 Adoption of Dematerialization Practices in Knowledge Societies in Order to Achieve Sustainable Outcomes Contents Introduction Dematerialization in a Framework Stage 0: Personal Motivation Stage 1: Knowledge Atmosphere Stage 2: Personal Consciousness Stage 3: Social Metabolism Stage 4: Ethics of Life Cycle Stage 5: Dematerialization Conclusion References 29 A Perspective on the Frictional Properties of Soft Materials as Smart Applications Contents Introduction Mathematical Models of Frictional Properties Modeling of Dynamic Friction Modeling of Stress Relaxation Process Modeling of Static Friction Analysis of Frictional Behavior of Gelatin Hydrogels Analysis of Dynamic Frictional Stress Analysis of Stress Relaxation Process Analysis of Static Frictional Stress Application of Present Study in Development of Smart Materials and Devices Notations References 30 Butterflies: A New Source of Inspiration for Futuristic Aerial Robotics Contents Introduction Butterflies as New Inspiration Butterfly Communication Strategies Simulations and Robotic Experiments Bflies to Capture Simultaneous Peaks in Multimodal Functions Bflybots: Multirobotic Platform for Implementing Butterfly Mating Phenomenon Single Source Detection with Various Initial Placements and Stepsizes Bflybots for Detection and Colocating the Static Light Sources Bflybots for Chasing and Interception of Dynamic Light Sources Comparisons with Existing Optimization Algorithms Prospective and Works-in-Progress Mid-Sea Ship Detection Using Satellite Image Data Set Butterflies for Water and Aerial Search Applications Simultaneous Earthquake Prediction and Detection with Satellite Constellation Analysis and Discussion Related Weblinks References 31 Significance of Bracing Accessories for Improved Workability: An EMG Assessment Contents Introduction Intervention to Minimize the Musculoskeletal Distress Among Textile Workers Investigation Protocol for Hand Screen Printing Process Selection of Muscles and Electrode Placement Instruments Used for Analyzing Muscle Engagement Intervention Measurement Techniques Analysis of EMG and Statistical Data Effect of Ergonomic Intervention on Workability Effects of Footwear and Knee Braces on Muscle Activity Variation Effects of Knee Braces on Knee Flexion Effect of Time on Muscle Activity Variation Effect of Time on Muscle Activity Variation Root Causes and Intervention to Improve Workability Conclusion References 32 Design, Implementation, and Experimental Study on 3-RPS Parallel Manipulator-Based Cervical Collar Therapy Device for Elderly Patients Suffering from Cervical Spine Injuries Contents Introduction Anatomical and Biomechanical Considerations and Devices Sensor Interface for Controlling the Cervical Collar Conclusion References 33 Performance Comparison of Two-Stage LED Driver for Tube Light Applications Contents Introduction Mono-stage LED Driver Topology Solitary Stage LLC LED Driver Design of PFC Boost Converter Design of LLC Resonant Converter Boost Buck LED Driver Boost Converter Design Buck Converter Design Input LC Filter Design Performance Analysis Conclusion Websites for References References 34 Design and Development of Automated VerticalFarming Setup Contents Introduction Related Works Systems Design The Vertical Stack System The Stacker The Mobile Robot The Plant Tray Sensor Setup Communication Interface Observations Arena Sequence of Operation 3.3 Mobile Robot Navigation Kinematic General Model Kinematic Computational Model Quadrature Decoding Robot Alignment Paradigm Observation and Discussion Conclusion Future Scope References 35 Research Methodology for Augmenting a Gait Cycle of Lower-Body Exoskeleton, by Using a Data of Mathematical Modeling and Motion Study of a Specific User While Obtaining a Customized Gait for Joint Actuation of Exoskeleton Contents Introduction Literature Review Gait Cycle Analysis and Torque Estimation Step I: Gait Cycle Analysis Step II: Torque Estimations Hip and Knee Torque Calculations for Stance Phase Hip and Knee Torque Calculations at Swing Stage Simulation of Two-Legged Robotic Structure Results and Discussion Summary of Results Future Scope Conclusion References 36 Intelligent, Automated, and Web Application-Based Cradle Monitoring System Contents Introduction Literature Survey Working of the Cradle Block Diagram Algorithm and Working of Modules Automatic Cradle Movement Live Streaming and Parental Controls Call Alert Through the Cloud Intelligent Cradle Monitoring System Web Portal Live Streaming Future Scope Conclusion Important Websites References 37 Review on Deep Learning Algorithms in Medical Devices Contents Introduction Types of Medical Software Medical Device: Definition Medical Devices Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Deep Learning in Health Care Unsupervised Learning K Means Algorithm K Means Clustering Subgroups Hierarchical Clustering Fuzzy Algorithm Probabilistic Distribution Clustering in Hierarchical Scheme K Nearest Neighbors Algorithm PCA Algorithm (Principal Components Analysis) Rules in Association Dimensionality Reduction Regression Algorithm Linear Regression Logistic Regression Decision Tree Algorithm Naïve Bayes Classifier Algorithm Support Vector Machine Algorithm Semi-Supervised Learning Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement Applications Artificial Intelligence in Surgery Autonomous Surgical Devices Artificial Intelligence in Surgical Robotics Weak Artificial Intelligence Strong Artificial Intelligence Specialized Artificial intelligence Real-Time Examples Artificial Intelligence in Robotic Applications Assembly Packaging Customer Service Open Source Robotics Conclusion References 38 Kinematic Modeling and Analysis of Wheeled In-Pipe Inspection Mobile Robot Contents Introduction Kinematics of In-Pipe Inspection Robot Modeling and Analysis of the Robot Modeling: A Case Study Analysis: A Case Study Comparison of Motion Study Conclusion References Part III Industry 4.0: Applications 39 Cloud Hadoop for Enterprise Collaboration System Contents Introduction Hadoop for the Syntax and Semantics Cloud Data Integration Extract Data from the Web Load the Extracted Data into the HBase Tables Transform/Off-Load Data Using Hadoop Hive's Schema-on-Read Loading Data from HDFS to External Hive Table Creating a New Internal Hive Table with a New Custom Schema Extracting the Data from an External Hive Table and Copying It into the New Schema in an Internal Hive Table Conclusion References 40 Smart Devices in Healthcare Sector: Applications Contents Introduction Devices Orthopedic Devices Wearable Devices Smart Inhalers Metered Dose Inhaler Inhalation Sensor Smart Mist Device MDILog Pulse Sensor Device Temperature Sensing Device Application of Smart Sensor Smart Sensor for Gastrointestinal Tract Smart Sensors for Liver Smart Sensors for Lungs Smart Sensor for Eyes Surgery and Its Management Smart Sensors for Brain Disease Cardiac and Motor Activity Monitor Smart Sensors for Parkinson's Diseases Devices in Management of Metabolic Disorder Challenges Conclusion and Future Perspectives Important websites References 41 Oil and Gas Upstream Sector: The use of IEC-61499 and OPC Contents Introduction Literature Review Methodology Results from Literature Review State of Technology OPC-UA Information Model from OPC-UA Security from OPC-UA IEC 61499 standard IEC 61499 Specifications Architecture Framework platform for IEC-61499 Development environment: 4DIAC-IDE Execution Environment: FORTE OPC-UA And IEC 61499 SIFBs for Integration of Communications within Industry 4.0 Architectures Set of SIFBs for OPC-UA Service Interface Function Block for implement an OPC-UA server Service Interface Function Block for implement an OPC-UA server dynamically Service Interface Function Block for implement an OPCUA Client Read Service Interface Function Block for implement an OPCUA Client Write Service Interface Function Block for implement an OPCUA Client Subscribe Case Study Conclusions and Ongoing Work References 42 Lower Extremity Exoskeleton Device for Motion Assistance and Gait Rehabilitation: Design Considerations Contents Introduction Market Survey Preliminary Design of the Lower Extremity Exoskeleton Device Modifications in the Preliminary Design Proof-of-Concept Design of Lower Extremity Exoskeleton Device Comparative Cost Analysis: Preliminary Design Versus Proof-of-Concept Design Conclusions References 43 Fuzzy Membership Functions in ANFIS for Kinematic Modeling of 3R Manipulator Contents Introduction ANFIS Architecture Triangular Membership Function Trapezoidal Membership Function Gaussian Membership Function Generalized Bell Membership Function Sigmoidal Membership Function Kinematic Modeling of 3-DOFs Robotic Manipulator Application of ANFIS for 3-DOFs Robotic Manipulator Comparative Study of Fuzzy Membership Functions Conclusions References 44 Mobile Robot for Gas Leakage Detection System in Pipelines Contents Introduction Related Works Theory Data Acquisition Image Enhancement Histogram Equalization Image Thresholding Binarization Feature Extraction and Decision Description LCD Display Thermal Camera SET UP Mobile Platform Robot Sensing Module Inspection Module Conclusion References 45 Improved Security Models in Mobile Wireless Vehicle Networks Contents Introduction Comparative Analysis L-DRAND CarTALK 2000 Theory System Architecture Analysis Zone Flooding Protocol Zone Diffusion Protocol Dynamic Time-Stable Geocast Routing in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks Chain Collisions of Vehicles Equipped with Vehicular Communications A Vertical Handoff Method via Self-Selection Decision Tree Mobile Location Estimator Using Extended Kalman-Based IMM and Data Fusion Scalability of Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication with Prediction- based STDMA Conclusion References 46 Towards a real-time unsupervised estimation of predictive model degradation Contents Introduction Smart Factory Cyber-Physical Systems Features of CPS Components of CPS Machine Learning Supervised Learning Unsupervised Learning Reinforcement Learning Support Vector Machine Naive Bayes K-Nearest Neighbors Logistic Regression Decision Tree Random Forest K-Means Clustering Hierarchical Clustering Mean Shift Algorithm Artificial Neural Network Hidden Markov Model Applications of ML in Condition Monitoring Conclusion References 47 The Adoption of Industry 4.0 Technologies Through the Implementation of Continuous Improvement Tools Contents Introduction Background The Main Characteristics of Quality 4.0 Paradigm The Implementation of WCM Through Quality 4.0 Principles Introduction of RAMI 4.0 for Intelligent Production WCM for the Intelligent Production in LEONARDO of Tomorrow Conclusion References 48 IIOT Applications for Sustainable Manufacturing Contents Introduction Importance of Sustainable Manufacturing The Role of Information and Communication Technology in Industry 4.0 Sustainable Value Creation Through Life Cycle Management Challenges in Life Cycle Management Toward Sustainable Development Importance of Facilitating IIOT for Life Cycle Management IIOT- Based Life Cycle Management Toward Sustainable Manufacturing Implementation of IIOT System for Life Cycle Management System Architecture of IIOT Unit Process–Based System Architecture of IIOT Product Life Cycle–Based System Architecture of IIOT Identification of Parameters and Sensors Design and Development of IIOT Platform Design and Development of the Device Device and Sensor Calibrations IIOT-Based Real-Time Data Acquisition and Manipulation Example of an IIOT-Based Life Cycle Management in Sri Lankan Tea Industry IIOT-Based Real-Time Data Acquisition for LCI and LCM Development of IIOT-Based Real-Time Data Acquisition System IoT- based Real-Time Data Manipulation for LCI and LCM Conclusion References 49 Nano-biomaterials as a Potential Tool for Futuristic Applications Contents Introduction Nanotechnology: The Beginning of a New Era Nano-biomaterials: Making Our Lives Better Types of Nano-biomaterials (Fig. 32Fig22) Polymeric Nano-biomaterials Types and Properties Metallic Nano-biomaterials Types and Properties Gold Nanoparticles Silver Nanoparticles Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Ceramic Nano-biomaterials Types and Properties Calcium Phosphates Aluminum Oxide Zirconium Dioxide Carbon-Based Nano-biomaterials Types and Properties Surface Modifications Silica-Based Nano-biomaterials Production Properties Semiconductor-Based Nano-biomaterials Types and Properties Applications of Nano-biomaterials (Fig. 32Fig55) Nano-biomaterials in Therapeutics Nano-biomaterials in Antimicrobial Therapy Nano-biomaterials in Regenerative Medicine Nano-biomaterials as Sensors and Diagnostics Nano-biomaterials in Food Nano-biomaterials in Food Packaging Nano-biomaterials in Enzyme Immobilization Nano-biomaterials in Nano Food Delivery Systems Nano-biomaterials in Environmental Applications Nano-biomaterials in Bioenergy Applications Challenges Fabrication Techniques Molecular Self-Assembly Electrospinning Nanopatterning Cytotoxicity Biocompatibility Conclusion and Future Perspectives References 50 Industry 4.0: Applications and Future Perspectives Contents Introduction Internet of Things Real-Time Location Systems Computer Vision Techniques to Analyze the Behavior of Moving Entities Sensors, Integration Board, and Computing Infrastructure Data Compressing to Optimize IoT-Data Representation Edge Computing Smart Products and Services Smart Cities Healthcare Military Applications Agriculture Conclusion References 51 4.0 Technology for Port Digitalization and Automation Contents Introduction Application of 4.0 Technologies in Container Ports of Thailand and Other Countries Internet of Things Robotics Artificial Intelligence Blockchain Conclusions Important Websites References 52 Textile and Apparel Industry: Industry 4.0 Applications Contents Introduction Background and Key Characteristics of the Textile and Apparel Industry Manufacturing Setup Industry Entities Recent Developments Industry Characteristics Industry 4.0 and Its Implications for the Textile and Apparel Industry Relevant Literature and Its Taxonomy Economic Aspects Environmental Aspects Applications Industry 4.0 Applications in Textiles, Apparel, and Fashion Companies Zara H&M Levi Strauss Indian Textile Industry Sourcing Development Perspectives: Jockey India Bottega Veneta Recycling 4.0 Conclusion Related Websites References 53 Construction Sector: IR 4.0 Applications Contents Abbreviations IR 4.0 in the Construction Sector Revolution Timeline Building Blocks of IR 4.0 Smart Sensors Control Systems Connectivity Smart Factory Data Origination in Construction Sector Managing the Originated Data Digital Data in Construction Sector Construction Sector Data Management in IR 4.0 BIM Data Dimensions 3D BIM Data 4D BIM Data 5D BIM Data 6D BIM Data 7D BIM Data Communication Integrations in Construction Sector of IR 4.0 Vertical Integration (VI) Horizontal Integration (HI) External Integration (EI) Internal Integration (II) Big Data in Construction Sector with IR 4.0 Three V's of Big Data in Construction Big Data Engineering and Analytics Big Data and Internet of Things (IoT) in Construction Sector Concept of IoT in Construction Sector Software Defined Product (SDP) Hardware Defined Product (HDP) Network Fabric (NF) External Systems (ES) Cloud Computing in Construction Sector Cloud Security Cyber Security in Construction Sector Cyber Security Standards for IoT Products Cyber Security Standards for Cloud Services Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) in Construction Sector Applications of CPS in Construction Sector Applications of IR 4.0 in Construction Sector Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR), and Mixed Reality (MR) Virtual Reality (VR) in the Construction Sector Augmented Reality (AR) in the Construction Sector Mixed Reality (MR) Additive Manufacturing/3D Printing in Construction Sector Autonomous Scanning Systems (Vehicles and Drones) Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) Application of UAS(s) Monitoring and Progress Detection BIM and Digital Twins BIM and Construction Sector The Digital Twin (DT) Paradigm Benefits of IR 4.0 in the Construction Sector Challenges of IR 4.0 in the Construction Sector Conclusion Websites References 54 Design of Low-Cost Soft Ankle Exoskeleton Using Soft Actuators Contents Introduction Design Structure Base Actuation Proposed Sensors Analysis OpenSim Simulations CAD Modelling Design of Actuators Pneumatic Artificial Muscle Twisted String Actuator Fabrication of Actuators Pressure, Contraction, and Load Characteristics of the Actuators Conclusion References 55 Robotic Arm for Biomedical Applications Contents Introduction Passive Prostheses Mechanical/Body-Controlled Prostheses Robotics-Aided Prostheses Previous Related Works Human Hand Functionality of Current Prosthetic Hands Problem Definition Conceptual Design of Prosthetic Arm Structural Analysis Summary and Future Scope References 56 Progresses on Green and Smart Materials for Multifaceted Applications Contents Introduction Multifunctional Applications in Energy, Construction, Infrastructure, Electronics, and Buildings The Concept of Smart Materials, Traditional Materials, Modern Materials, Nanomaterials, and Composite Materials Smart Material and Waste Management Smart Materials for the Industry and Smart Industrial Equipment Concept of Industry Smart Cooking Appliances Two-Slice High-Speed Smart Toaster Instant Pot Smart Wi-Fi 8-in-1 Pressure Cooker Sensate Touchless Kitchen Faucet with Voice-Activated Technology Automatic Pan Stirrer with Timer Works Smart Coffee Maker with Alexa Smart Wi-Fi Air Fryer Smart Wireless Meat Thermometer Touchless Automatic Soap Dispenser Balance Smart Blender Cordless Electric Kettle Anova Precision Cooker Vacuum Sealer Temperature Control Smart Mug Application of Smart Materials in Energy and Electronics Application of Smart Materials in Building and Construction Conclusions References 57 Determining Technologies Trends and Evolution of Smart Building Technologies by Bibliometric Analysis from 1984 to 2020 Contents Introduction Performance Bibliometric Analysis Publications, Citations, and Impact Most Productive and Cited Authors, Geographic Distribution of Publications, Organizations, Research Areas, Sources, and Funding Sponsors Most Relevant Publications, Authors, Organizations, and Countries Related to SBT Field Conceptual Analysis Analysis of Content of the Publications Conceptual Evolution Map of Smart Building Technologies Conclusions References 58 Managing Process Safety and Operational Risks with Industry 4.0 Technologies Contents Introduction Process System and Process Safety Process Safety Management Systems Modelling of Processes Industry 4.0 Impacts on Process Operations What Are the Opportunities and Threats from Industry 4.0? What Are the Next Steps and Recommendations? Conclusion/Summary Important Websites References 59 Lignin: A Renewable Chemical Feedstock Contents Introduction Properties of Lignin Classification of Lignin Lignin as a Renewable Feedstock Traditional Use of Lignin Advanced Use of Lignin Use of Lignin Derivatives Use of Lignosulfonates Use as Copolymer Component Extraction of Lignin Kraft Process Lignosulfonate Process Organosolv Process Use of Steam Alkaline Pulping Role of Ionic Liquids in Lignin Chemistry Concluding Remarks References 60 Emerging Technologies in Diagnostic Virology and Antiviral Strategies Contents Introduction CRISPR-Cas System-Based Detection Method Paper-Based Lateral Flow Assay Fluid-Phase Immunoassay and Luciferase Immunoprecipitation System Followed by Paramagnetic Technology (LIPSTICKS) Assay Multiplex Microsphere Immunoassay (MIA) Sandwich-Type Electrochemiluminescence Assay Nanoparticle-Based Immunodetection Assay Solid-Phase Immunoelectron Microscopy (SPIEM) Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) Biosensors Aptamers Microarray Technique Transmission Electron Microscope Study MALDI (Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization) Antiviral Strategies Vaccination Conclusions References 61 GTAW Application for Additive Manufacturing and Cladding of Steel Alloys Contents Introduction Current Trends Gas Tungsten Arc Welding Progress in GTAW Process Hotwire GTAW and Narrow Gap Hotwire GTAW Orbital Hotwire GTAW Activated TIG Welding Automated Wire Feeding in GTAW Inter Pulse TIG Welding K-TIG Welding Twin Wire/Tandem GTA Cladding Process Internal GTAW Multicathode GTAW Additive Manufacturing Cladding Optimization of Welding Parameters Conclusion Websites References 62 Using Smart Mesoporous Silica in Designing Drug Delivery Systems Contents Introduction Synthesis of Mesoporous Silicas Synthesis of Biodegradable MPSs Functionalization of MPSs Improvement of Biocompatibility Loading of Drug and Biomolecules on MPSs Targeting Delivery Systems Passive Targeting Active Targeting Gate Keeping of Drug Loaded MPSs Stimuli-Responsive Smart Delivery System Internal Stimuli-Responsive Delivery pH Responsive Redox Responsive Enzymes and Biomolecules Responsive External Stimuli-Responsive Delivery Light Responsive Temperature Responsive Magnetic Responsive Ultrasound Multi-stimuli Responsive Conclusion and Future Perspectives References 63 IoT-Based Smart Farming System Using MQTT Protocol and ML Algorithms Contents Introduction Control Parameters of Smart Farming System Block Diagram Implementation of System Design Experimental Analysis of Smart Farming Data Acquisition Through Different Field Trials Design of 3D Printing Prototype Temperature and Humidity Sensor Pressure Sensor Gas Sensor Soil Moisture Sensor, Status of Motor, and Location Messaging Services ThingSpeak Mobile Application Design of Webpage Decision Tree Algorithm Random Forest Algorithm Comparison of ML Algorithms Accuracy Summary References 64 Sustainability of Fusion and Solid-State Welding Process in the Era of Industry 4.0 Contents Introduction Industrial Revolution Industrial Revolution: A Welding Perspective Sustainability Industry 4.0 in Fusion and Solid-State Welding Industry 4.0 in Fusion Welding Process Industry 4.0 in Solid-State Welding Process Conclusion Websites References 65 Smart Farming: Applications of IoT in Agriculture Contents Introduction Evolution of Agriculture SMART Agriculture Internet of Things (IoT) Major Equipment and Technologies Enabling IoT-Based Smart Farming Wireless Sensors IoT-Based Tractors Harvesting Robots Communication in Smart Agriculture Smartphones Cloud Computing Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in Smart Farming Application of IoT in Smart Agriculture Irrigation Fertilization Crop Disease and Pest Management Yield Monitoring, Forecasting, and Harvesting Protected Cultivation Livestock Applications Future Challenges Conclusions References 66 Smart Materials in Oil and Gas Industry: Application Contents Introduction Smart Materials Used in Oil and Gas Industry Application of Smart Materials in Oil and Gas Industry Application of Smart Materials in Enhanced the Oil Recovery (EOR) Application of Smart Materials in Drilling Fluids Application of Smart Materials in Oil Well Cement Application of Smart Materials in Oil-in-Water and Water-in-Oil Separation Conclusion References 67 Food Industry; Applications of Digitalization Contents Introduction Classifying the Application of Digitalization in Food Industry Different Levels of Digitalization's Relation with a Process in Food Industry Legislation Data Collection Processing Monitoring Economy Communication Conclusion Useful Websites for Further Information References 68 Detection of Tuberculosis and Lung Cancer Using CNN Contents Introduction Related Work Description of Dataset Discussion and Working of Various Architectures Conclusion References 69 Covid-19 or Viral Pneumonia Detection Using AI Tools Contents Introduction Description of Dataset Discussion and Working of Various Architectures CovXNet (Mahmud et al. 2020) Modified AlexNet Network (Chen et al. 2020) Conclusion References Part IV Industry 4.0: Concept of Smart, Intelligent, and Sustainable Society 70 Iranian Small and Medium-Sized Industries Contents Introduction The Weighing and Ranking Models Applied in Classification of Iranian Industries Iranian Industries Reviewing Statistical Analysis Results Classified Iranian Industries Iranian Future Industries Conclusion References 71 Decentralized Privacy: A Distributed Ledger Approach Contents Introduction Background Knowledge Privacy Paradox Blockchain Technology Blockchain Consensus Algorithms Hyperledger Fabric Distributed Ledger Technology Use Cases Healthcare Oriented Use Case Challenges Passive DNS Use Case Challenges How Blockchain Technology Ensures Data Privacy Internet of Things Big Data Cloud Computing Conclusion Supplementary Material References 72 Toward a Circular Economy in the Copper Mining Industry Contents Introduction to Circular Economy and Industry 4.0 in the Mining Industry Adoption of Industry 4.0 and Circular Economy in the Copper Mining Industry in Chile CODELCO The Escondida Mine– BHP Billinton Antofagasta Minerals Perspectives in the Implementation of Industry 4.0 in the Copper Mining in Chile Use of Seawater in the Copper Mining Industry Water Consumption and Supply Problem in Chile Projections of Water Consumption in Copper Mining Processes A Solution to the Intensive Consumption of Continental Water Current Projects Conclusions References 73 Sustainability Index of Metalworking Fluids in the Manufacturing Industry for Sustainable Manufacturing Contents Introduction Sustainability Index (SI) Sustainable Manufacturing Systems Process Sustainability Product Sustainability The Four Principles of Sustainability Measurement Consolidated Framework for Sustainability Index (SI) Assessment Evaluation of Deterministic Components of SI Raw Material Cost MWFs Synthesis Process Equipment Cost Understanding the Evaluation of Nondeterministic Components Using a Case Study Overall Sustainability Index Example Material and Process Sustainability of Various Elements Used during Various Stages of the Life Cycle of MWFs Categorization of Deterministic Components and Nondeterministic Components Evaluation of SI for Deterministic Components Evaluation of Nondeterministic Components of SI Sustainability Index of the System under Consideration Conclusion/Summary Nomenclature References 74 Wind Energy System: Data Analysis and Operational Management Contents Introduction Basics of Descriptive Statistics in the Field of Wind Energy System Measurement of Central Tendency of Wind Energy System Data Percentile and Quartile (PQ) Assessment of Wind Energy System Data Mean Absolute Deviation, Variance, and Standard Deviation (MVS)-Based Assessment of Wind Energy Data Frequency Distribution of Prefeasibility Data of Wind Energy System Measurement of Central Tendency and Variability of Wind Energy Grouped Data Regression Analysis of Wind Energy System Data Cross Tabulation and Scatterplot of Wind Velocity Data Operational Management of Wind Energy System Operational Management of Flexible Generation System Operational Management-Based Maintainability and Availability Function of Wind Energy System Maintainability Confidence Level of Repairable System Future Scope Conclusion References 75 Biomedical Data Retrieval Using Enhanced Query Expansion Contents Introduction Background Motivation and Problem Statement Review of Literature Biomedical Datasets Structure Trec Genomic Dataset Ohsumed Dataset Query Expansion and Relevance Feedback Automatic Query Expansion in Biomedical Data Retrieval Biomedical Sources Ontologies in Biomedical Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) Data Retrieval Application Biomedical Data Retrieval Process Query Preprocessing Tokenization Multi Words Grouping Removal of Stop Words Stemming or Lemmatization Documents Ranking Models The Probabilistic Retrieval Model LM Jelinek-Mercer Similarity Okapi-BM25 LM (Language Model) Dirichlet Materials and Methods Query Expansion Local and Global Query Expansion in Biomedical Domain Biomedical Data Retrieval Process Query Expansion from Ranked Documents Term Scoring Methods Robertson Selection Value (RSV) Binary Independence Model (BIM) Lavrenko Relevance Feedback (LRF) Baseline Binormal Separation (BNS) Kullback-Leibler Divergence (KLD) Chi-Square Co-Occurrence Probabilistic Relevance Feedback (PRF) Average Precision (AP) Mean Average Precision (MAP) Semantic Filtering for Biomedical Information Retrieval Semantic Similarity Measures and Query Expansion Evaluation of Semantic Similarity Measures Classification of Semantic Similarity Measures Edge-Counting Measure Path-Based Measure Weighted Links Measure Depth Relative Measure Wu and Palmer Leacock and Chodorow Information Content Measures Resnik Measure Lin Measure Jiang and Conrath Measure Hybrid Measures Methodology Adopted Experimental Setup We Used Three Different Documents Retrieval Models: LM Jelinek-Mercer, LM Dirichlet, and BM25 Results and Discussion Selection of Documents Ranking Model Evaluation of Terms Scoring Method Semantic Similarity Measures Application for Query Expansion Conclusion Summary The Biomedical Information Retrieval Process Research Contributions Future Work References 76 Machine Learning Applications for The Tensile Property Evaluation of Steel: An Overview Contents Introduction Chemical Composition/Heat Treatment Parameter-Based ML Models for Tensile Properties Microstructure-Based ML Models for Tensile Properties Discussions Conclusion Future Scope References 77 Business Ecosystem Approach to Industry 4.0 Contents Introduction Background Concepts from Management Literature Business Ecosystems and Platforms Platform-Based Business Models Background Concepts from the Manufacturing Literature Cyber-Physical Systems Cloud Computing Big Data Digital Twins Cloud Manufacturing Design Requirements of Cloud Manufacturing Architectures Industrial Practice Factory-as-a-Platform Business Model Proposal Manufacturing Architecture Limitations of Platform Interactions in Smart Factories Illustrative Example Final Remarks Conclusions Important Websites References 78 Modeling the Dynamics of a Smart Factory Contents Introduction Production Technologies: A Chronology Industry 4.0 Technologies Cyber-Physical Systems Internet of Things Digital Twins and Smart Factories A System Dynamics Representation of Digital Twin CPS Causal Loop Diagrams Stocks and Flows Diagrams Model Validation and Result Accuracy Scenario Modelling Conclusions Important Websites References 79 Robotics in Industry 4.0 Contents Introduction The Industrial Revolution Industry 4.0 Structure Role of Robotics Types of Robots Sensors and Perception Path Planning in Robots Artificial Potential Field Grid-Based Method Cell Decomposition (CD) Approach Rapidly Exploring Random Tree Probabilistic Road Map Fuzzy Logic Neural Network Ant Colony Optimization Bacterial Foraging Optimization (BFO) Algorithm AI in Robotics and Industry 4.0 Data Technologies Analytics Technologies Platform Technologies Operations Technologies Application of Robots Challenges in Robotics Cybersecurity Variation in Labor Forces New Materials Artificial Intelligence Ethics Conclusion References 80 Fossil Fuel Combustion, Conversion to Near-Zero Waste Through Organic Rankine Cycle Contents Introduction Zero Waste Strategic Plan and Sustainable Development Goals Indices for Zero Waste Measurement Waste Heat Recovery and Utilization in Industry Drivers for Waste Heat Recovery in Industry Zero Waste Energy Index (ZWeI) Waste Heat Recovery Technologies Organic Rankine Cycle for Waste Heat Recovery ORCs for Near-Zero Waste Thermal Conversion of Fossil Fuels Conclusion References 81 Flow Shop Scheduling Problems in Industry 4.0 Production Environments: Missing Operation Case Contents Introduction Flow Shop Scheduling Problems Non-permutation Flow Shop Non-permutation Flow Shop with Missing Operations Non-permutation Flow Shop with Total Tardiness Problem Statement Industry 4.0 Environment Cyber-Physical Systems IoT Scheduling in Manufacturing Cells: Mathematical Formulations PFS model NPFS Model Numerical Examples Optimization Methods Results Data Generation Experiments Results Conclusions Important Websites References 82 Smart Packaging: O2 Scavenger for Improving Quality of Fish Contents Introduction Status of Smart Packaging Reduced O2 Packaging High Barrier Films Vacuum Packaging Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP) O2 Scavenger Summary References 83 Social Responsibility Diagnostics as the Sustainable Development Basis Contents Introduction National Model Formation Features of National Model Formation for Business Social Responsibility System Methodology Analysis of Entrepreneurship Social Responsibility Entrepreneurship Social Responsibility Diagnostics Methods for Diagnosing the Parameters of Entrepreneurship Social Responsibility Recommended Social Monitoring Parameters Conclusion and Future Work References 84 Green Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Catalytic Applications Contents Introduction Green Routes/Techniques for Nanoparticles Synthesis Biological Method Nanoparticles by Bacteria Intracellular Preparation of Nanoparticles by Bacteria Extracellular Synthesis of Nanoparticles by Bacteria Nanoparticles by Fungi Yeast-Mediated Synthesis of Nanoparticles Nanoparticles Synthesis by Botanical Extracts Microwave-Assisted Nanomaterial Synthesis Ultrasonic-Assisted Nanomaterial Synthesis MNPs Preparation Using Sonochemical Method MMNPs by Sonochemical Route Metal Oxide Nanoparticles by Sonochemical Route Electrochemical-Assisted Nanomaterial Synthesis Solar Energy Natural Fibers: Green Nanomaterials Catalytic Applications of Green Nanoparticles Catalytic Applications of Metal Nanoparticles Coupling Reaction Applications Reduction/Degradation/Pollution Control Applications Photocatalytic Applications Catalytic Applications of MMNPs Catalytic Applications of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Summary Important Websites for Further Detailed Understanding References 85 From Agriculture to Sustainable Agriculture: Prospects for Improving Pest Management in Industrial Revolution 4.0 Contents Introduction Industrial Revolution Precision Farming Agriculture Pest Challenges and Synthetic Pesticides Integrated Pest Management Challenges Digital Agriculture and Contemporary IPM Sampling and Precise Control Pest Identification Identification of Insects by Artificial Neuronal Networks Industrial Revolution 4.0 and Developing World Challenges Conclusion References 86 Satellite-Based Environmental Impact Assessment of MSW Dumps Contents Introduction Waste Disposal and Management Geospatial Technologies and Waste Management MSW Dumps and Associated Bio-thermal Hazards Role of Satellite and GIS-Based Techniques Spatial Analysis of Satellite Bio-thermal Products Examples from Literature Conclusions References 87 Examining the Impact of Industry 4.0 on Labor Market in Pakistan Contents Introduction Previous Research Theoretical Underpinning Review Studies Concerning Industry 4.0 Industry 4.0, IoT, and Cyber-physical System and Human Element Conclusion References 88 Recent Advances in the MXenes for Photocatalytic and Hydrogen Production Applications Contents Introduction Structure, Synthesis, and Property of MXenes Structure of MXenes Chemical Composition and Atomic Structure Surface Chemical Structure Property of MXenes Morphologies Vibrational Modes Mechanical Properties Electronic Property Stability Surface Chemical Properties Modernistic Techniques for Synthesis of MXenes Basic Principle of Photocatalysis Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production MXene-Metal Oxides MXene-Metal Sulfides MXene-g-C3N4 MXene-Metal-Organic Frameworks MXene-Dye Sensitizer Photocatalytic Degradation of Contaminants MXene-Metal Oxides MXene-Metal Sulfides MXene-g-C3N4 MXene-Bi Based Photocatalysts Photocatalytic Reduction of Gases Reduction of N2 Reduction of CO2 MXene-Metal Oxides MXene-g-C3N4 Summary and Outlook The following websites would further provide important information related to the topic: References 89 Big Data Analytics and Advanced Technologies for Sustainable Agriculture Contents Abbreviations Introduction Smart and Innovative Computing Tools for Smart Agriculture Role of Big Data Analytics and Cloud Computing in Sustainable Agriculture Farm Management System (FMS) IoT and Artificial Intelligence in Smart Agriculture Precision Farming for Sustainable Agriculture Smart Irrigation and Smart Greenhouses Applications of Geoinformatics Technology in Agriculture Agriculture and Remote Sensing (RS) GIS and Agronomy Hi-Tech Interventions in Smart Agriculture – A Literature Quest Preprocessing Phase Crop Monitoring Phase Post-harvesting Stage Biotechnological Advances for the Improvement of Agricultural Sector Nanotechnology as Promising Armor for Sustainable Agriculture Market Outlooks and Key Players of Precision Farming Opportunities in Sustainable Agriculture Practices Challenges in Sustainable Agriculture Practices Conclusions/Summary References 90 Geographical Information Systems (GIS) in Industry 4.0: Revolution for Sustainable Development Contents Abbreviations Introduction The Background: What Human Beings Have Done to This Planet? How Does Contemporary Geography Offer Solutions? The Geographic Perspectives GIS Is Advancing at a Rapid Pace Geographical Information Systems (GIS) in the Fourth Industrial Revolution Challenges and Opportunities Locational Intelligence (LI) Digital Transformation (DT) Artificial Intelligence (AI) Internet of Things (IoT) GIS-Enabled Solutions to Various Socio-environmental Problems Environmental Monitoring, Modeling, and Assessment, and Natural Resource Management Managing and Analyzing Land Information Disaster Preparation and Response Role of GIS in the Construction of Smart Cities The Implication of GIS, IoT, and Cloud Computing in Smart City Advances in GIS and 3D Modeling for Smart Cities Application of the GIS in a Smart City GIS-Enabled Agricultural Innovations Use of GIS for Health Care and Public Health GIS Toolbox for Healthcare Services and Business Conclusion References 91 Green Nanomaterials: Design, Synthesis, Properties, and Industrial Applications Contents Introduction Types of Green Nanomaterials Plant Extract Bacteria Fungi Synthesis Process Methodology of Using Plants Methodology of Using Bacteria Methodology of Using Fungi Properties of Green Nanomaterials Antibacterial Activity Catalytic Activity Optic Magnetic Applications of Green Nanomaterials Applications in Medical Biology Labeling, Sensing, and Catalyzing Environmental Protection Conclusion References 92 Green and Sustainable Battery Materials Contents Introduction Battery Concept Early Nineteenth Century: Advent of Primary Batteries Late Nineteenth Century: Transition from Wet to Dry Batteries Early Twentieth Century: Advent of Rechargeable and Alkaline Batteries Late Twentieth Century: Advent of Safer and Energy-Denser Batteries The 1970s to 2020: Advent of Li and Li-Ion Based Batteries Beyond 2020: Post- Li-Ion Batteries Conclusion References 93 Circular Economy in Brazil Coupled with Industry 4.0 Contents Introduction Barriers, Co-benefits, and Impacts of the Adoption of Industry 4.0 in Brazil The Technology Action Plan for Industry 4.0 Macroaction and Related Activities to Create the Circular Economy Network 4.0 Macroaction and Related Activities to Technological Development Macroaction and Related Activities to Capacity Building Macroaction and Related Activities to Develop the Infrastructure Stakeholder Identification and Schedule Determination Stakeholders to Be Mobilized for the Implementation of TAP Schedule of Actions and Activities Implementation Costs and Financing Sources Risk and Contingency Plan for the Adoption of Activities Conclusions References 94 Centrality Measures in Finding Influential Nodes for the Big-Data Network Contents Introduction Centralities in Network The Origin of Centrality Measures in Network Models Why Centrality Measures? Centrality Measures Degree Centrality Closeness Centrality Betweenness Centrality Eccentricity Centrality Eigenvector Centrality Bonacich Power Centrality Flux Centrality Cross-Clique Centrality Network Centrality Random Walk Betweenness Centrality Random Walk Closeness Centrality Katz Centrality PageRank Leverage Centrality Subgraph Centrality Information Centrality Conclusion References 95 A Novel Cluster-Based Routing Technique for Reliable Path Selection in VANET V2V Communication in 5G Using Upper Triangular Matrix Lie Algebra Contents Introduction Related Works Preliminaries Associating Combinatorial Structures with Lie Algebras Transportation System and Industry 4.0 Clustering and Routing Technique Cluster Creation and Cluster Head Selection Construction of Upper Triangular Matrix Upper Triangular Routing Matrix Protocol Conclusion References 96 Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes-Based Micro-fibrillar Polymer Composite Fiber: A Sturctural Biomimetic Contents Introduction Nanofillers and Types of Nanofillers Nanoclay Nanoparticles Nanoalumina Nano-Antimony-Tin Oxide (ATO) Nanosilica Carbon Black Nanotubes Nanofibers CNTs-Based Polymer Nanocomposites Micro-fibrillar Polymer Composite Fibers Conventional Method of Manufacturing MFC MFC Incorporated with Nanofillers MFC with Nanoclay MFC with Nanoparticle MFC with Nanofibers MFC with Carbon Nanotubes Concentration Effect of CNTs on Fiber Process Ability and Properties Functionalization on CNTs Effecting Fiber Processibility and Properties Effect of Viscosity Ratio on Microfibril Properties Effect of Compatibilizer on Microfibril Formation Effect of Draw Ratio and Drawing Temperature Effect on Thermal, Crystallinity and Diffraction Pattern Due to Drawing Application of MFC and MFC Products Micro-fibrillar Adhesive: A Gecko-Based Biomimetic Structure Single Polymer Composite: A Specialized MFC Type Conclusions Important Websites Important References References 97 Industry 4.0: Mode of Materials, Technology, and Devices Contents Introduction Structures of Smart Materials Sensory Structures Adaptive Structures Controlled Structures Active Structures Intelligent Structures Types of Intelligent Materials Piezo-Electric Shape Memory Alloy Magnetostrictive Magneto-Rheological Fluids Electrorheological Fluids Industrial Applications of Intelligent Materials Industrial Applications of Piezoelectric Materials Applications in Electronic Industries Piezoelectric Materials in Micropositioning Accuracy Piezoelectric Materials in Power Generation Piezoelectric Materials in Tyre Pressure Sensors Piezoelectric Materials in Knock Sensor Piezoelectric Materials in Piezo Fuel Injectors Industrial Applications of Shape Memory Alloy Shape Memory Alloys in Biomedicine Shape Memory Alloys in the Aerospace Industries Shape Memory Alloys in Robotics Industries Shape Memory Alloys in Textile Industries Industrial Applications of Magnetostrictive Materials Magnetostrictive as Vibration Absorber Magnetostrictive Materials in Engine Mounting Magnetostrictive Materials in Sensor Development Magnetostrictive Materials in Energy Harvesting Industrial Applications of Electrorheological Materials Electrorheological Materials in Hydraulics Industries Electrorheological Materials in the Automobile Industry Industrial Applications of Magnetorheological Materials Magnetorheological Materials in Damper Industries Magnetorheological Materials in Sealing Industries Conclusion References 98 Intrinsic Insights of Nanoparticles via Anaerobic Digestion for Enhanced Biogas Production Contents Introduction Anaerobic Digestion Hydrolysis (Phase I) Acidogenic (Phase II) Acetogenic (Phase III) Methanogenic (Phase IV) Types of Utilizable Biomass Biomass Types of Biomass Agricultural Residues Animal Waste Forestry Residues Wood Wastes Industrial Wastes Municipal Solid Wastes and Sewage Effect of Nanomaterials on Anaerobic Digestion Carbon-Based Additives GAC Biochar Carbon Cloth Graphene Carbon Nanotube Metal Oxides Iron Oxide Zeolite Titanium Dioxide and Cerium Dioxide Aluminum Oxide Zero Valent Trace Elements Impact of Nanomaterials on Biological Performances Efficacy Cytotoxicity Conclusion and Future Prospective References 99 Green Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Characterization, and Their Industrial Applications Contents Introduction Synthesis of Green Nanomaterials Bottom-Up Approach Top-Down Approach Characterization of Green Nanomaterials UV-Visible Spectroscopy Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Mass Spectroscopy Raman Spectroscopy Nuclear Magnetic Resonance X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) Scanning Electron Microscopy Transmission Electron Microscope Atomic Force Microscopy X-Ray Diffraction Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy Dynamic Light Scattering Applications of Green Nanomaterials Application in Catalyst Medical Application Sensor Electronics Wastewater Treatment Dye Degradation Conclusion References 100 Advanced Materials in the Detection of Arsenic from Aquatic Environment: Advancements in Electrochemical Sensors Contents Introduction Arsenic: Speciation and Electrochemical Aspect Electrochemical Techniques Electrode Modification Background Materials for Electrochemical Sensing Platform for Arsenic Metallic Nanoparticles Au Nanoparticles Other Metal Nanoparticle Carbon-Based Nanostructures Other Inorganic Materials Biomaterials Aptamers and DNA-Based Materials Protein Based Other Biopolymers Conclusion References 101 Green Bioenergy for Zero Waste: A Road Toward Clean and Sustainable Society Contents Introduction Biodiesel from Used Cooking Oil (UCO) UCO to Biodiesel Global Utilization Trade and Policies Biogas Production from Organic Waste Waste Generation and Collection Waste to Biogas and Biomethane Bioethanol from Waste Biomass Existing Route for Biomass Conversion Promotion of Bioethanol Strategies to Be Implemented Identification of Stakeholders Providing Training Price Fixation Marketing Initiative Resource Collection Process Supply Chain Job Creation Deployment of Policies Summary References 102 Industrial Innovation Through Sustainable Materials Contents Introduction Sustainable Materials Biomass-Derived Graphitic Carbon (BGC) Nanostructures Significance of Lignocellulosic Biomass as a Sustainable Material Cellulose Nanomaterials with Sustainable Attributes Industrial Applications of Lignin Hemicellulose and Its Derivatives for Sustainability Carbon Materials Derived from Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) Use of Starbons® as a Sustainable Material Hydrothermal Carbons Through Hydrothermal Carbonization Technique (HTC) Chitin and Chitosan-Derived Biomaterials Chiral Carbon Materials from Biomass Agricultural Biowaste Materials as Precursors for Activated Carbon Collagen-Based Nanomaterials Utilization of Sludge as a Sustainable Material Eco-Friendly and Environmentally Stable Perovskites and Chalcogenide Materials Industry-Specific Applications of Sustainable Materials Sustainable Bio-Based Food Packaging Pharmaceutical and Medical Sciences Industrial Manufacturing Summary Important Websites for References References 103 Low Energy/Low Carbon Eco-cementitious Binders as an Alternative to Ordinary Portland Cement Contents Introduction Calcium Sulfoaluminate (CSA) Cement Raw Material and Production Process Hydration/Cement Chemistry Characteristics CO2 Mitigation Potential Barriers and Incentives Current Applications and Future Trend Alkali Activated Cement (AAC) Raw Material and Production Process Hydration/Cement Chemistry Characteristics CO2 Mitigation Potential Barriers and Incentives Current Applications and Future Trend Magnesium Oxides (MgO)-Based Cement Raw Material and Production Process Hydration/Cement chemistry Characteristics CO2 Mitigation Potential Barriers, Incentives, and Future Trends Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3) Raw Material and Production Process Hydration/Cement Chemistry Characteristics CO2 Mitigation Potential Barriers and Incentives Current Applications and Future Trends Conclusions References 104 Industry 4.0: Applications in Oil and Gas Industry Contents Introduction History and Evolution of Data Handling Industry 4.0 Framework and its Application Instrumented Interconnected Connected Plant Connected Asset Connected People Inclusive Intelligent Impacting the Life Cycle of Production Design Make Use Digital Twin What Is Digital Twin? Digital Twin Framework Physical Space Digital Space Application of VR/AR Digital Twin Application Digital Twin Data Communication Deployment Stages of Digital Twin Defining the Goal and Key Performance Indicators (KPI) Designing the Benchmark Model Developing a Pilot Prototype Deploying the Pilot Major Advantages of Digital Twin Major Challenges of Digital Twin Digitization Process Safety Digitizing Process Safety Performance Digitizing Process Safety Performance Metrics Challenges of Digitization of Process Safety Indicators AR and VR Technologies Applications of AR and VR Challenges during Implementation of AR/VR Cybersecurity Challenges in Deployment of Industry 4.0 Conclusions References 105 Performance of Blended Mortars Containing Industrial and Agricultural By-Products Contents Introduction Research Significance/Novelty of Investigation Characteristics of Industrial and Agricultural Wastes Manufacturing Process of Blended Mortars with Industrial and Agricultural Wastes Mechanical and Durability Performance of Blended Mortars Performance of Blended Mortars in Fresh State Industrial Wastes-Based Mortar Mixes: Group I Agricultural Wastes-Based Mortar Mixes: Group II Drying Shrinkage Performance of Blended Mortars Industrial Wastes-Based Mortar Mixes: Group I Agricultural Wastes-Based Mortar Mixes: Group II Water Absorption Performance of Blended Mortars Industrial Wastes-Based Mortar Mixes: Group I Agricultural Wastes-Based Mortar Mixes: Group II Mechanical Performance of Blended Mortars Industrial Wastes-Based Mortar Mixes: Group I Agricultural Wastes-Based Mortar Mixes: Group II Recommended Combinations for Optimum Performance of Blended Mortar Mixes Conclusions References 106 Green Nanomaterials: Sustainable Approach for Environmental Remediation Contents Introduction Definition What Do Nanomaterials Mean? The Biological Definition of Nanomaterials Properties of Nanomaterials The Classification of Nanomaterials One-Dimensional Nanomaterial Two-Dimensional Nanomaterial Three-Dimensional Nanomaterial Green Carbanoaceous Nanomaterials CNT(Carbon Nanotubes) Graphene Metal Nanoparticles Gold Nanoparticles Metal Oxide Nanoparticles TiO2 Preparation of Nanomaterials Preparation of Nanomaterials Based on Green Nanotechnology Fungi Plants Yeast Bacteria Carbohydrates Vitamins Starch Application of Nanomaterials Nanostructures from Biowaste Nanostructures from Industrial Waste Nanowaste Itself as an Environmental Contaminant Nanostructures in Environmental Remediation Zero-Valent Nanoscale Iron Structure for Remediation of Groundwater Nano Silver-Embedded Ceramic Pot Filters for Treating Drinking Water Nano Silver-Enabled Composite for Treatment of Water Conclusion References Part V Industry 4.0: Dangers/Warning Points 107 Environmental Side of Fourth Industrial Revolution: The Positive and Negative Effects of I4.0 Technologies Contents Introduction The Rise of Environmental Sustainability Awareness on Business Management Industry 4.0 Technologies and Environmental Sustainability Exploring the Positive and Negative Environmental Effects of Key Enabling Technologies of Industry 4.0 Cloud Computing Big Data and Analytics Cybersecurity Industrial Internet of Things Augmented Reality and Simulation Autonomous Robots Additive Manufacturing Horizontal and Vertical Systems Integration Conclusion Link References 108 Single-Atom Photocatalysts for Energy and Environmental Sustainability Contents Introduction Characterization of SAC Techniques Offering a Direct Evidence for the Formation of SACs Techniques Providing Indirect Evidence of Physiochemical Properties of SACs Techniques Providing Insight of Absorption and Emission Properties of SACs Along with Charge-Transfer Dynamics Theoretical Calculations Metal-Support Interaction Interaction of Single Atoms with Oxide-Based Support Interaction of Single Atoms with Carbon-Based Material Interaction of Isolated Metals with Another Metal Immobilization of Atoms by Confinement Strategy Photocatalytic Application of SACs Photocatalytic Water Splitting Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction Reactions Nitrogen Fixation Photocatalytic Degradation Summary Conclusion and Future Perspective Important Web Links Important References References 109 Sustainable Development and Industry 4.0 Contents Introduction Infrastructure and Industry 4.0 Industrial Digitalization Expeditions from Industry 1.0 to Industry 4.0 Industry 4.0 and Economic Development Integration of Industry 4.0 with Business Management Sustainability and Industry 4.0 Intervention Between Industry 4.0 and SDGs Deployment /Productivity Scenario Operation Scenario Challenges and Opportunities Associated with Industry 4.0 Boons and Banes of Sustainable Development and Industry 4.0 The Steps Toward Industry 5.0: Future Aspects Limitations References Index