Handbook of Green and Sustainable Nanotechnology: Fundamentals, Developments and Applications

Description

The Handbook of Green and Sustainable Nanotechnology presents sustainable and green technologies for the development of products and processes which are environmental friendly, economically sustainable, safe, energy-efficient, decrease waste and diminish greenhouse gas emissions. It provides the overall spectrum of fundamentals, development and applications of sustainable and green technologies. Topics such as legal, health and safety issues are discussed as well. The book elucidates paths to real time utilization of green and sustainable nanotechnology at commercial scale.  Preface Acknowledgments Contents About the Editors Contributors Part I: Synthesis of Nanomaterials 1 Biomimetic Route-Assisted Synthesis of Nanomaterials: Characterizations and Their Applications Introduction The Benefits of Using Biological Entities as Medium for Nanomaterial Preparations Specific Modes of Synthesis for Bionanomaterials Probable Mechanisms Involved in the Synthesis Processes Unique Characterization of Bionanomaterials Synthesized via Biomimetic Routes Applications of Nanomaterials in the Field of Modern Sciences and the Key Challenges Involved Conclusions and Future Scope: Add Some Future Scope and Make Depth in Conclusion Required References 2 Fabrication of Green Nanomaterials: Biomedical Applications and Ecotoxicology Introduction Green Nanotechnology Green Synthetic Route Radiolytic Reduction Method Metallic Nanoparticles (Gold Nanoparticles) Polymeric Nanomaterials Hydrogel and Nanogels Protein-Based Nanoparticles Albumin Nanoparticles Proteolytic Enzymes Papain Nanoparticle Plant-Mediated Synthesis Phytochemical-Based Nanoparticles Clinical Translation Nanoradionutrapharmaceuticals Nanoimmunotherapy Ecotoxicology Conclusion References 3 Green Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles and Their Biomedical Applications Introduction Types of Metallic Nanomaterial Methods of Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Physical and Chemical Synthesis Green Biosynthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Biosynthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles by Bacteria Biosynthesis of Metallic Nanoparticle by Fungi and Yeast Biosynthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles by Cyanobacteria Biosynthesis of Metallic Nanoparticle Using Algae Metallic Nanoparticle Synthesis Using Viruses Metallic Nanoparticle Synthesis Using Plants Factors Affecting Biosynthesis by Plant Extracts pH of Reaction Concentrations of Plant Active Principles Reaction Time Reaction Temperature Characterization of Metal Nanoparticles Biomedical Applications of Metal Nanoparticles and Nanocomposites in Biomedicine Antimicrobial and Antiparasitic Activities Mycotoxins and Bacterial Toxin Control Diseases Diagnosis and Therapy Cancer Detection and Therapy Bioimaging Drugs and Vaccine Delivery Livestock Production, Reproduction, and Nutrition Food Packing and Preservation Mechanism of Action of Metallic Nanoparticles and Their Composites Mechanism of Cytotoxicity Risk of Metallic Nanoparticles and Their Composites Conclusions and Future Perspectives References 4 Chitosan: Postharvest Ecofriendly Nanotechnology, Control of Decay, and Quality in Tropical and Subtropical Fruits Fruit Consumption Benefits Diseases of Fruits Factors Related to Infection Development Environmental Conditions Temperature Humidity Maturity Wounds Postharvest Pathogens In Vitro Assessments In Vivo Assessments Conclusions References 5 Green Synthesis and Applications of Metal-Organic Frameworks Introduction Synthesis of MOFs via Green Methods Green Solvent-Based Synthesis Sustainable Precursor-Based Synthesis Efficient Energy-Based Synthesis Green MOF-Based Applications Catalysis Therapeutics Adsorption Sensing Challenges Associated with Green MOFs Conclusion and Future Scope References 6 Nanotechnology for the Obtention of Natural Origin Materials and Environmentally Friendly Synthesis Applied to Tissue Engine... Introduction Advantages of Eco-Friendly Materials Novel Naturally Derived Biomaterials Plants Fungi Bacteria Animals Algae Recycled Materials Advantages of Eco-Friendly Synthesis Techniques Engineered Living Materials (ELMs) Decellularization Biofactories Solvent-Free Synthesis of Nanoparticles/Nanomaterials. Clean Non-solvent-Induced Phase Separation for Membrane Obtention Electrospinning Centrifugal Electrospin Solid Free-Form Fabrication Conclusion References 7 Green Synthesis of Curcuminoid Nanostructure for White Light Emission Application Introduction Solid-State Lighting White Organic LEDs Concepts of Light Down-Conversion Organic Dyes Band Gap of Organic Materials Electronic Excitation in Organic Molecules Types of Absorbing Electrons Fluorescent Layer Preparation Material and Polymer Composite Technique Electrospinning Stress Test White Light Generated by Curcuminoid Nanofibers Using Electrospinning Preparation of Polymer PMMA Extracting Curcuminoids Dye Using a Centrifuge Cleaning of Glass Substrates Electrospinning Setup Annealing Processes Colorimeter Measurement Setup Conclusion References 8 Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Salvia officinalis Extract Introduction Importance of Nanoparticle Synthesis Polymers Effective on ZnO Nanoparticles Hydrothermal Process Synthesis Approaches of Metal Nanoparticles Application of Nanoparticles Used in Various Fields Zinc Oxide Synthesis and Applications Green Synthesis of ZnO NPs Using Salvia officinalis Extract Methodology Nanoparticle Formation ZnO NP Characterization Conclusion References 9 Top-Down Production of Nanocellulose from Environmentally Friendly Processes Introduction Green Fractionation Processes Gamma-Valerolactone (GVL) Supercritical Fluid (SF)-Based Processes Subcritical Water (SBW) Green Processes to Produce Nanocellulose Enzymatic Pretreatment Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) and Ionic Liquids (IL) Oxidative Processes Conclusion References 10 Green Synthesis of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles and Gamma Rays for Water Remediation Introduction Green and Sustainable Methods for Metal Nanoparticle Synthesis Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Used for Pollutant Removal on the Water or Wastewater Gamma Rays as Novel Eco-friendly Alternative for Nanoparticle Synthesis Trends, Challenges, and Risk Management of the Green Nanoparticles as Promote of a Healthier World Conclusions Recommendations References 11 Recent Progress on Doped ZnO Nanostructures and Its Photocatalytic Applications Introduction ZnO and Its Photocatalytic Mechanism Improvement of ZnO´s Photocatalytic Activity via Doping Engineering Doping with Nonmetal Doping with Metal Alkali and Alkaline Metal Doping Transition Metal Doping Rare Earth Metal Doping Transition Metal-Doped ZnO Nanostructures and Their Photocatalytic Applications Mn-Doped ZnO Nanostructures Fe-Doped ZnO Nanostructures Co-Doped ZnO Nanostructures Ni-Doped ZnO Nanostructures Cu-Doped ZnO Nanostructures Ag-Doped ZnO Nanostructures Other Transition Metal-Doped ZnO Nanostructures Conclusion References 12 Role of Green Nanomaterials for 3-Chloropropane-1,2-diol Ester (3-MCPDE) Reduction Introduction Green Nanomaterials Approaches for Green Nanomaterials Synthesis Green Synthesis Using Plant Extracts Enzyme Immobilization on Green Nanomaterials 3-Chloropropane-1,2-diol Ester (3-MCPDE) Toxicity of 3-Chloropropane-1,2-diol Ester (3-MCPDE) Approaches for 3-Chloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) Reduction Parameters for 3-Chloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) Reduction Scientific Endeavor in the Reduction of 3-MCPD via Green Immobilization Conclusion and Future Prospects References 13 Fabrications from Renewable Sources and Agricultural Wastes and Characterization Strategies of Green Nanomaterials Introduction Synthesis and Characterization of Various Bio-based Nanomaterials Introduction to Different Biomass and the Nanomaterials Cellulose and Nanocellulose Based Carbon Nanomaterials Silica Generalized Synthesis Techniques of Nanomaterials Characterization Methods of Nanoparticles Conclusion and Future Scope References 14 Algal Extract-Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles: Biomedical Applications Introduction Biosynthesis of AgNPs Using Algae Specific Properties of Algal-Produced AgNP Biomedicinal Applications of AgNPs Antibacterial Properties Antifungal Activity Antiviral Activity Miscellaneous Activities Conclusion and Future Recommendations References 15 Green Synthesis of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Introduction Metal Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Green Synthesis Techniques Metal Oxide Nanoparticles CuO Nanoparticles TiO2 Nanoparticles ZnO Nanoparticles Green Mediated Synthesis for the Growth of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Plant-Based Method Microorganism-Mediated Method Microwave-Assisted Method Mild Reducing Agent-Based Technique Ultrasound-Assisted Method Solar Energy-Mediated Method Bacteria-Based Method Fungus-Based Method Factors Influencing the Synthesis of Various NPs Temperature pH Reaction Time Synthesis of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles from Plant Extract CuO Nanoparticle Synthesis by Plant Leaf Extract ZnO Nanoparticle Synthesis by Plant Leaf Extract TiO2 Nanoparticle Synthesis by Plant Leaf Extract Characterization Techniques of Nanoparticles Prepared from Plant Extract Mechanism of Nanoparticle Evolution with Plant Extracts Advantages of Green Synthesis of NPs Antimicrobial Activities Textile Industry Wastewater Treatment Food Industry Agriculture Conclusion References 16 Green Synthesis of Carbon Dot-Based Materials for Toxic Metal Detection and Environmental Remediation Introduction Green Synthesis of CDs Optical Properties of CDs Application of CD-Based Materials as Fluorescent Sensors Sensing of Hg2+ Sensing of Pb2+ Sensing of Cd2+ Sensing of Cr (VI) Sensing of Cu2+ Mechanism of Fluorescence Sensing Static Quenching Dynamic Quenching Resonance Energy Transfer (RET) Photoinduced Charge Transfer (PCT) IFE Application of CD-Based Materials as Photocatalysts Organic Dye Degradation Photocatalytic Heavy Metal Reduction Mechanism of Photocatalytic Degradation Conclusion References 17 Green Synthesis of Metal Oxide Nanomaterials and Photocatalytic Degradation of Toxic Dyes Introduction Principles of Green Chemistry Advantages of Green Synthesis over Traditional Methods Green Methods of Preparation of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Plant-Based Synthesis Microbe-Mediated Synthesis Ionic Liquid-Mediated Synthesis Applications of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Photocatalytic Degradation of Toxic Dyes Future Perspective Conclusions References 18 Green Synthesis of Hybrid Nanostructure for Wastewater Remediation by Photocatalytic Degradation Introduction Plant-Mediated Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles TiO2-Based Materials for Photodegradation of Pollutants CuO-Based Materials for Photodegradation of Pollutants ZnO-Based Materials for Photodegradation of Pollutants ZrO2-Based Materials for Photodegradation of Pollutants Conclusions References 19 Natural Polymer-Based Nanocomposite Hydrogels as Environmental Remediation Devices Nanotechnology: Origin and Definitions Hydrogels Transformation of Hydrogels to Nanocomposite Hydrogels Classification of Nanocomposite Hydrogels Nanocomposite Hydrogels Based on Carbon Nanocomposite Hydrogels Based on Carbon Nanotubes Nanocomposite Hydrogels Based on Graphene Nanocomposite Hydrogels Based on Carbon Quantum Dots Nanocomposite Hydrogels Based on Crown-ethers Nanocomposite Hydrogels Based on Polymer Natural Polymer-Based Nanocomposite Hydrogels Synthetic Polymer-Based Nanocomposite Hydrogels Based on Metal and Metal Oxide Methods of Synthesis of Nanocomposite Hydrogels Synthesis of Nanocomposite Hydrogels Using Sol-Gel Method Radiation-Assisted Synthesis of Nanocomposite Hydrogels Microwave-Assisted Synthesis Gamma-Ray Irradiation Synthesis Ultrasonic-Assisted Synthesis Free-Radical Co-polymerization Grafting Characterization of Nanocomposite Hydrogels Applications of Natural Polymer-Based Nanocomposite Hydrogels in Environmental Remediation Adsorption Degradation Ion Exchange Soil Conditioning Conclusion and Future Outlook References 20 Biogenic Metallic Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Applications Using Medicinal Plants Introduction Biogenic Synthesis of Nanoparticles Synthesis of Nanoparticles Using Algae Synthesis of Nanoparticles Using Fungus Synthesis of Nanoparticles Using Bacteria Synthesis of Nanoparticles Using Plants Applications of Green Nanoparticles Biomedical Applications of Nanoparticles Role of NPs in Diagnostics and Drug Delivery Application of NPs in Food Industry Applications of Nanoparticles in Agriculture Nanoparticles as Fungicides Nanoparticles as Fertilizers Nanoparticles as Pesticides Applications of Nanoparticles in Bioremediation Future Perspectives and Conclusions References 21 Synthetic Nanoparticle-Based Remediation of Soils Contaminated with Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Introduction Role of Nanomaterials in PAH Removal from Soil Nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron (nZVI) Metal Oxides Other Synthesized Materials Materials Based on Carbon Polymer-Based Nanomaterials Mechanism of PAH Degradation Using Synthetic NPs and By-Products Identification Conclusions References 22 Multifunctional Nanoprobes for the Surveillance of Amyloid Aggregation Introduction Types of Amyloidosis Cross-beta Structure Diseases Associated with Amyloid Deposits Alzheimer´s Disease and Type 2 Diabetes The Connection Between Alzheimer´s and Type 2 Diabetics Amyloid Aggregation Mechanism in Alzheimer´s Disease and Type 2 Diabetes Impacts of Alzheimer´s and Type 2 Diabetes In Vivo Diagnosis for Amyloid Aggregation In Vitro Diagnostics for Amyloid Aggregation Nanomaterials for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes and Alzheimer´s Disease Quantum Dots for the Treatment of Alzheimer´s Disease and Type 2 Diabetes Nanocarriers for Alzheimer´s Disease Treatment Conclusion References 23 Generation of Nanoparticles from Waste via Solvent Extraction Method Introduction An Overview on the Problem of Waste Waste Management Strategies An Overview on Nanoparticles and Its Applications Recovery of Metals/Metal Oxide (NPs) Liquid-Liquid Extraction (Solvent Extraction) Procedure Solvent Extraction Procedure and Measurements Literature Review on the Preparation of Metal Nanoparticles/Metal Oxides from Waste via Solvent Extraction Method Characterization of End-Products Conclusions References 24 Plant-Mediated Synthesis of Nanoscale Hydroxyapatite: Morphology Variability and Biomedical Applications Introduction Morphology Control: General Aspects Surfactants Surfactant Free Nanoscale Synthesis Synthesis Methods for Nanoparticles Green Synthesis of Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles - Morphological Variability Biomedical Applications Conclusions and Remarks Reference 25 Green and Sustainable Technology for Clean Energy Production: Applications Introduction Anthropogenic Emissions from Conventional Power Plants and Their Impact on Environment Green and Sustainable Nanotechnology for the Reduction of Anthropogenic Pollution Solar Energy Wind Energy Hydropower Geothermal Energy Biomass Thermoelectric Energy Hydrogen Energy Conclusions References 26 Generation of Nanomaterials from Wastes Introduction Classification of Wastes Biodegradable Wastes Non-biodegradable Waste Synthesis of Different Nanoparticles from Wastes Nanoparticles from Biodegradable Wastes Carbon Dots from Wastes Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) from Wastes Silver-Based Nanoparticles from Wastes Other Nanoparticles from Wastes Nanoparticles from Non-biodegradable Wastes Nanoparticles from Industrial Waste Nanoparticles from Spent Batteries Nanoparticles from Plastics Waste-Derived NM Applications Catalytic Activity In Energy Storage In Biomedical Field Other Applications Conclusions References 27 Photoelectrochemical CO2 Reduction: Perspective and Challenges Introduction Method for CO2 Reduction Thermocatalytic CO2 Reduction Photothermal CO2 Reduction Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction Electrochemical CO2 Reduction Photoelectrochemical CO2 Reduction Designing Photoelectrochemical CO2 Reduction System Photoelectrochemical Cell Design of Photoelectrode Materials and Type of PEC Cell Electrolyte Design of Photoelectrocatalysts Thermodynamic and Kinetic Parameters Conclusion and Future Direction References 28 Nanomaterial´s Safety Regulations in Food and Drug Industry Introduction Awareness with Respect to Nanomaterials in Food and Drug Products Government-Sponsored Regulatory Science and Other Research Activities in Foods and Drug Products The Food Sector The Medical Products Sector Some Efforts from Regulatory Agencies The United States The European Union (EU) Japan China Australia and New Zealand Canada Necessity of Regulatory Development Conclusion References Part II: Environmental Remediation 29 Role of Engineered Nanomaterials for Eradication of Endocrine Disrupting Phenols Introduction Sources of Phenolic-Based Compounds in Water Toxic Effects of Phenolic Compounds on Living Beings Removal of Endocrine Phenols Using Nanomaterials Adsorption Photocatalysis Miscellaneous Environmental Impact of Nanomaterials Conclusion and Future Scope References 30 Technologies for Treatment of Emerging Contaminants Introduction Physical Treatments Membrane Technology Adsorption Physical Pretreatment Processes Biological Treatments Conventional Treatments Bioremediation Activated Sludge Process Biological Nitrification and Denitrification Nonconventional Treatment Technologies Membrane Bioreactor Constructed Wetlands Biosorption Chemical Treatments Conventional Oxidation Processes Ozonation Method Photolysis Fenton Oxidation Processes Advanced Oxidation Approaches Photo-Fenton Process Photocatalysis Ferrate Electro-Fenton Method Hybrid Treatments Membrane Filtrations and Membrane Bioreactors Membrane Filtrations, Adsorbents, and the Process of Activated Sludge Miscellaneous Systems Applications of Nanotechnology in the Treatment of Emerging Contaminants Conclusions References 31 Photocatalytic and Adsorptive Remediation of Hazardous Organic Chemical Pollutants from Waste Water Introduction Assessment of Publication Adsorption Activated Carbon Biosorbents Carbon Nanotubes Clay Zeolites Photocatalytic Remediation Z-Scheme Heterojunction Photocatalysts Type II Heterojunction Photocatalysts S-Scheme Heterojunction Photocatalysts Tandem Heterojunction Photocatalysts Remediation of Organic Pollutants by Green and Sustainable Nanomaterials Conclusion and Perspective References 32 Occurrence, Distribution, and Removal of Phthalates by Nanomaterials Introduction Background of Phthalates Distribution, Application, and Physiochemical Properties of Phthalates Occurrence of Phthalates in the Environment Occurrence of Phthalates in the Atmosphere/Air Occurrence of Phthalates in Fresh Water and Sediments Occurrence in Soils Occurrence in Landfills Distribution, Exposure, and Transmission of Phthalates Removal of Phthalates from Wastewater by Conventional Methods Phthalate Degradation by Nanomaterials Single Metal Oxide Nanomaterials (SMOs) Doped and Composite Photocatalysts Composite Photocatalysts Conclusion References 33 Functionalized Nanomaterials for Environmental Remediation Introduction Methods of Surface Functionalization Various Approaches to Surface Functionalization In Situ Functionalization Post-Synthesis Functionalization or Grafting Functionalization Chemistry Covalent Functionalization Noncovalent Functionalization Various Environmental Remediation Techniques Nano-Adsorption Nano-photocatalysis Membranes and Membrane Processes Nanosensing Application of Functionalized Nanomaterials for Environmental Remediation Organic Dyes Heavy Metal Ions Pesticides Virus Pharmaceutical Drugs Gases Conclusion and Future Recommendations References 34 Photocatalytic Degradation of Drugs Introduction Toxicity and Ecotoxicological Effects of Drugs on Environment Methods for Removal of Drugs from Wastewater Adsorption Process Advanced Oxidation Process (AOPs) Ozonation Method Fenton and Photo-Fenton Method Photolysis Method Electrochemical Method Photoelectrocatalysis (PEC) Method Photocatalysis Method Factors Affecting the Photocatalytic Removal of Drugs Effect of pH Effect of Amount of Catalyst Effect of Initial Concentration of Drug Effect of Operating and Calcination Temperature Conclusions and Future Perspective References 35 Environmental Remediation Through Metal Green Nanomaterials Introduction Synthetic Approaches of Metal Green Nanomaterials Metal Green Nanomaterials from Microorganism Metal Green Nanomaterials from Plant Extract Metal Green Nanomaterials from Biomolecules Factors Affecting the Synthesis of Metal Green Nanomaterials Environmental Remediation Approaches Through Metal Green Nanomaterials Antimicrobial Activity Dye Eradication Heavy Metal Ion Removal Wastewater Treatment and Organic Pollutant Removal Ongoing Challenges and Future Prospects Conclusion References 36 Implications of Green Nanomaterials for Environmental Remediation Introduction Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials Adsorption Potentials of Green Nanomaterials for Air, Water, and Soil Remediation Green Nanomaterials as Adsorbents Metal Nanoparticles Silver and Gold Nanoparticles Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Cerium Oxide-Based Nanoparticles Aluminum Oxide-Based Nanoparticles Magnesium Oxide-Based Nanoparticles Nanocellulose Chitosan-Based Nanomaterials Dendrimers Conclusions and Future Scope References 37 Eradication of Emerging Contaminants like Brominated Flame Retardants by Green Nanomaterials Introduction Classification of FRs PBDEs TBBPA HBCD PBBs NBFRs BTBPE DBDPE BEH-TEBP TEBP-Anh PBEB PBT HBB TBP-AE TBP BB-209 TBBPA-BDBPE Chlorinated Flame Retardants Environmental Concern of Halogenated Flame Retardants Remediation Techniques for BFRs Conventional Techniques Adsorption Thermal Treatment Photocatalytic Degradation Direct Photolysis Anaerobic Degradation Removal Technique for TDCPP and TCEP Advanced Techniques for Degradation of Halogenated Flame Retardants Nanoparticles (NPs) Copper Oxide (CuO) NPs Titanium Oxide (TiO2) Iron-Based NPs Conclusion and Future Scope References 38 Nanocatalysts for Advanced Oxidation Processes in Heterogeneous Systems Introduction Advanced Oxidative Processes: Heterogeneous Catalysis Nanocatalysts Green Synthesis of Nanocatalysts Nanocatalysts Based on Natural Polymers Synthesized Nanocatalysts with the Stabilization of Plant Extracts Synthesis by Microorganisms Conclusion and Future Perspective References 39 Sustainable Nanomaterials for Environmental Remediation Introduction Novel Methods of Synthesis of Sustainable/Green Nanomaterials Green Synthesis of Inorganic (Metal, Metal Oxide, and Metal Sulfide) Nanomaterials Green Synthesis of Silica Nanomaterials Green Synthesis of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials Green Synthesis of Polymer-Based Nanomaterials Water Pollution Organic Contaminants in Water Inorganic Contaminants in Water Toxic Metal Ions in Water Radionuclide´s Contaminants Biological Contaminants in Water Green Nanomaterials for Water Treatment Removal of Organic Pollutant from Water Metal Ion Removal from Water Removal of the Biological Contaminant from Water Removal of Inorganic and Radionuclide Impurities Inactivation of Microorganism Soil Pollution Modes of Soil Pollution Natural Soil Pollution Anthropogenic Soil Pollution Inorganic Pollutants in Soil Heavy Metals in Soil Organic Pollutants in Soil Pesticides in Soil Green Nanotechnology for Soil´s Contamination Remediation Heavy Metal Removal from Soil The Mechanism for Cd Removal Conclusions and Future Recommendations References 40 Green Nanomaterials as Photocatalyst/Catalyst: Exploration of Properties An Introduction to Green Nanotechnology Why Green Nanotechnology Is Needed? Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials Catalyst Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Fundamental of Photocatalyst Important Factors in Photocatalytic Activity Structure/Surface Area Oxygen Vacancies Sacrificial Reagent Band Gap Energy Light Intensity Temperature pH Types of Photocatalysts TiO2 BiVO4 Carbon Dot WO3 SnS ZnO SnO2 Zeolites Metal Selenide Metal Sulfide g-C3N4 Polymeric Nanomaterials Metal- and Metal Oxide-Incorporated Biopolymer Nanomaterials Advantage and Disadvantage Conclusion and Future References 41 Photocatalytic Properties of Metal-Based Nanoparticles Introduction Semiconductors Mechanism of Photocatalysis Photocatalytic Reactions The Requirements for an Ideal Photocatalyst Synthesis of Semiconductors Nanomaterial-Based Photocatalysis Successful Examples of Photocatalysts Bimetallic Structures: The Mixture of Plasmonic and Catalytic Elements for Photocatalysis Applications of Metal Nanoparticles as Photocatalysts Self-Cleaning Surfaces Air-Water Remediation Air Cleaning Sulfur Family Pollutant CO2 Photoreduction Disinfection/Antimicrobial Surfaces Hydrogen Production Photoelectrochemical Conversion Solar-Water Splitting Lithography Outlook and Prospectives Conclusions References 42 Green Nanomaterials for Environmental Remediation Introduction Green Metals and Metal Oxides Nanoparticles Removal of Toxic Metals Removal of Organic Dyes Bactericidal Activity Flocculant Agents Green Carbon-Based Nanomaterials Green Nanoporous Carbons Green Carbon Quantum Dots Green Carbon Nanotubes, Fullerene, and Reduced Graphene Oxide Green Carbon Nanofibers Green Chitin and Chitosan-Based Nanomaterials Green Chitin-Based Nanomaterials Green Chitosan-Based Nanomaterials Green Cellulose-Based Nanomaterials Green NC Produced by TEMPO-Mediated Oxidation Green NC Produced by Alternative Green Methods Conclusions and Future Recommendations References 43 Sustainable Doped Nanomaterials for Environmental Applications Introduction Photocatalysis Process with Nanomaterials Mechanism of Metal-Doped Nanomaterials Mechanism of Nonmetal-Doped Nanomaterials Environmental Applications of TiO2- and ZnO-Based Nanomaterials Removal of Pesticides Organic Dye Removal Removal of Pharmaceuticals, Personal Care Products (PPCPs), Endocrine-Disrupting Compounds (EDCs), and Other Toxic Aromatic Co... Heavy Metal Ion Removal Conclusion and Future Perspective References 44 Graphene-Based Nanomaterials for Water Remediation Applications Introduction Green Synthesis of 3D-GBNs: Hydrothermal Route Adsorption and Photocatalytic Degradation Properties of GBNs Synthetic Dye Molecules Heavy Metal Ions Emerging Pollutants Oil Antibacterial Disinfection Properties of GBNs Conclusion and Prospects References 45 Metal Oxide-Based Nanocomposites for Elimination of Hazardous Pesticides Introduction Classification of Pesticides Type A Insecticide Herbicide Fungicide Antimicrobials Acaricide Rotenticides Type B Organochlorine Pesticides Organophosphate Pesticides Carbamate Pesticide Substituted Ureas Techniques for Remediation of Pesticides Different Kinds of Metal Oxides Synthesized via Greener Approach Titanium-Based Engineered Nanomaterials Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Silver Oxide Nanoparticles Miscellaneous Metal Oxide Nanocomposite Environmental and Human Risks of Pesticides Banned Pesticides in India Photocatalytic Degradation of Pesticides Conclusion and Future Scope References 46 Nanophotocatalysis for Degradation of Organic Contaminants Introduction The Nanophotocatalysts Metallic and Non-metallic Nanophotocatalysts Ti- and Zn-Based Nanophotocatalysts Nanophotocatalysts Based on Carbon Nitride Use of Sunlight and Sustainability Additives for Enhancing Photocatalysis Efficiency Effect of the Experimental Variables on Photocatalysis Morphology of the Catalyst pH Catalyst Dosage Photocatalytic Degradation Rate and Initial Concentration Light Wavelength and Intensity Temperature Conclusion and Future Work References 47 Remediation of Chromium Heavy Metal Ion by Green Synthesized Nanocomposites Introduction Environmental Concern of Heavy Metals Synthetic Methods for Green Composite Nanostructures Carbothermal Microwave Solvothermal Coprecipitation Hydrothermal Sol-Gel Reduction Impregnation Method (Incipient Wetness, Capillary, or Dry) Micelle and Reverse Micelle Miscellaneous Heavy Metal Treatment Methods Removal of Cr Conventional Technologies Green Adsorbent Cr Adsorption Mechanism Mechanism I Mechanism II Conclusion References 48 Abatement of PAHs by Engineered Nanomaterials Introduction EPA Priority PAHs Degradation Techniques for PAHs Photocatalysis Photocatalysis-Based Degradation of PAHs by Engineered Nanomaterials TiO2-Based Photocatalysts ZnO-Based Photocatalysts Green Synthesized Nanomaterials in Degradation of PAHs Conclusion References 49 Quantum Dots: Applications in Environmental Remediation Introduction Prolonged Library of 2D-QDs: Diversity in 2D-QDs 2D-QDs Composed of a Single Element Carbon Dots (CDs) Phosphorene (P) Dots Other Quasi-2D-QDs Composed of a Single Element (Si, B, Ge, Pb, and Sn Dots) 2D-QDs Containing Two Elements Silicon Carbide (SiC) Dots Carbon Nitride (C3N4) Dots Boron-Nitride (BN) Dots Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDs): Quantum Dots Oxides of Transition Metals: Quantum Dots Carbon Quantum Dots Green Synthesis of Carbon Quantum Dots Environmental Applications Photocatalysis Super Capacitors Adsorption Environmental Concern Conclusion and Future Scope References 50 Removal of Organic Dyes by Functionalized Nanomaterials Introduction Detail Discussion of Different Hazardous Dyes Azo Dyes Anthraquinone Dyes Triarylmethane Dyes Details of Dyes Based on their Source and Complex Structure Cationic Dyes Malachite Green (MG) Methylene Blue (MB) Methyl Violet (MV) Rhodamine B (RB) Brilliant Blue R (BBR) Brilliant Green (BG) Crystal Violet (CV) Basic Fuchsin (BF) Anionic Dyes Indigo Carmine (IC) Eriochrome Black T (EBT) Rose Bengal (RB) Acid Orange II (AO) Eosin Y (EY) Alizarin Red S (ARS) Congo Red (CR) Methyl Orange (MO) The Environmental Concern of Hazardous Dyes Methods of Nanomaterials´ Functionalization Direct Functionalization Covalent Functionalization Noncovalent Functionalization Inorganic Functionalization Functionalization by Heteroatom Doping Functionalization by Immobilization Indirect or Post-Synthetic Functionalization (Grafting) Polymer Coating The Necessity of Functionalization of Nanomaterials for Remediation of Organic Contaminants Working Mechanism of Functionalization of Nanomaterials Degradation of Dyes by Functionalized Materials Titanium-Based Functionalization of Nanomaterials Zinc Oxide-Based Functionalization of Nanomaterials Carbon-Based Functionalized Nanomaterials Iron-Based Functionalization of Nanomaterials Miscellaneous Functionalization of Nanomaterial-Based Degradation Studies Application of Green Synthesized Functionalization of Nanomaterials for Dye Removal Toxicity and Functionalized Nanoparticles Conclusions and Future Perspectives References 51 Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles with Environmental Applications Introduction Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Chemical Method Physical Method Biological Technique Role of Coupling/Doping Characterization Techniques Importance of Silver Nanoparticles Environmental Concern and Assessment Future Scope and Viewpoints Conclusions References 52 Polymer Nanocomposites in Wastewater Treatment Introduction of Polymer Nanocomposites Polymer Nanocomposites Methods for the Synthesis of Polymer Nanocomposites Type of Nanofillers Carbon Nanomaterials Graphene Oxide Carbon Nanotubes Activated Carbon/Charcoal Nanoclays Nanometal Oxides Natural Polymer Nanocomposites Chitosan Polymer Nanocomposite β-Cyclodextrin (β-CD) Polymer Nanocomposite Alginate Polymer Nanocomposite Cellulose Starch Polyacrylic Acid Conclusions References 53 Zinc-Based Nanomaterials for Sustainable Environmental Remediation Introduction Synthesis Methodologies for Zn-Based Nanomaterials Environmental Concerns of Pollutants Application of Zn-Based Nanoparticles Utilization of Green Synthesized Zn-Based Nanomaterials Conclusion and Future Scope References 54 Applications of Green Nanomaterials in Environmental Remediation Introduction Synthesis of Nanomaterials Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles Green Synthesis of Nanoparticle by Microorganism Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles by Plant Use of Green Solvent/Green Methodology Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials from Waste Characterization of Nanoparticles UV-Visible Spectroscopy FTIR Spectroscopy Powder X-Ray Diffraction Electron Microscopic Techniques Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy Properties of Nanomaterial Physical and Mechanical Properties Optical Properties Electrical and Magnetic Properties Water Remediation by NMs Synthesized by Green Route Removal of Heavy Metals from Water Removal of Organic Compounds from Water Removal of Dyes from Water Removal of Pharmaceuticals from Water Photocatalytic Degradation of Pollutants in Water by Green NM Nanotechnology for Adsorption of Toxic Gases Metal Oxide Semiconductor Gas Sensors Graphene Gas Sensors Graphene Metal Oxide Gas Sensors Adsorption of Gases on Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Nanomaterials as Sensors and Detectors for Water Remediation Nanomaterial-Based Electronic Sensors for Water Pollution Heavy Metal Detection Microorganism Detection Nanomaterial-Based Optical Sensors Nanomaterial-Based Electrochemical Sensors Nanotechnology for Pollution Prevention Carbon Nanotubes in the Removal of Organic Pollutants Metal Oxide-Based Nanomaterials Silica-Based Nanomaterials Chitosan-Based Nanomaterials Conclusions References 55 Green Nanomaterials for Remediation of Environmental Air Pollution Introduction Sources of Air Pollution Particulate Matter Black Carbon Surface Ozone Nitrogen Dioxide Sulfur Dioxide Carbon Monoxide Air Pollution Control with the Help of Green Nanotechnology Detection of Air Pollutants Remediation/Treatment of Air Pollutants Green Nanomaterials as Adsorbents Filtration/Separation of Air Pollutants Filtration/Separation by Green Nanofilters Filtration by Nanofiber Net Degradation (Photocatalyst) of Air Pollutants Transformation of Air Pollutants Via Chemical Reactions Conclusions References 56 Polymer-Based Nanocomposites for the Removal of Personal Care Products Introduction Classification of Polymeric Nanoparticles Natural Polymer-Based Nanoparticles Biosynthesized Polymer Nanoparticles Chemically Synthesized Polymer Nanoparticles Surface Modification CNT/Polymer Functionalization Metal-Polymer Nanoparticles Metal Oxide/Polymer Functionalization Silica Grafted Polymer Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products Toxicity of Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products Application of Polymer-Coated Surface Environmental Concern Conclusion References 57 Metal Oxides-Based Nanomaterials: Green Synthesis Methodologies and Sustainable Environmental Applications Introduction Classification of Metal Oxides Nanoparticles (I) Monometallic Oxides (II) Bimetallic Oxides Trimetallic Oxides Synthesis of Metal Oxides Nanoparticles Using Green Methodology Using Plant Extracts Using Microorganisms Removal of Traditional Pollutants Using Metal Oxides-Based Nanoparticles Conclusion References 58 Environmental Occurrence and Degradation of Hexabromocyclododecanes Introduction Types of HBCD Isomers and Physicochemical Properties Production and Application of HBCDs Plastic Textile Possible Emission Sources and Environmental Concerns of HBCDs Release During Production Release During Use Release at the Time of Disposal Recycling Risk Management and Evaluation Biodegradation of HBCDs Biodegradation of HBCDs Using a Microorganism Degradation of HBCDs Using Nanoparticles Conclusion and Upcoming Challenges References 59 Sustainable Green-Doped Nanomaterials for Emerging Contaminants Removal Introduction Leaves Based Fruit, Seed, and Root Based Microbes-Mediated Methods Algae Bacteria Fungi Biochar Green Polymeric Nanomaterials Carbon-Based Graphene CNTs Doping of Nanomaterials and Their Significance Pollutants Classification of Emerging Pollutants Discuss Here Typical Mechanism of Degradation by Doped Nanomaterials Removal of Pharmaceuticals Pollutants Removal of Plastic Additives Future Scope and Perspectives Conclusion References 60 Nanotechnology in Veterinary Sector Introduction Types of Nanoparticles Polymeric Nanoparticles Liposomes Solid Lipid NPs Carbon-Based Nanomaterials Nanoshells Polymeric Micelles Dendrimers Metallic Nanoparticles Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Ceramic Nanomaterials Quantum Dots Nanoemulsion Nanobubbles Respirocytes, Microbivores, and Clottocyte Nano-/Microrobots Aluminosilicate NPs Use in Veterinary Sector Nanotechnology-Based Feed Additives Nanotechnology for Feed Safety Nanotechnology for Disease Diagnosis Nanotechnology for Animal Treatment Nanotechnology for Nanovaccines Nanotechnology for Breeding and Reproduction Challenges and Limitations Nanotoxicity and Stability of Nanoparticles Spermatotoxic Effects and Immunosuppression Feed Safety Concerns, Economics, and Environmental Effects Inadequate Literature, Research Bias, and Risk Assessment Conclusion and Future Prospects References 61 Consumer Nanoproducts for the Remediation of Environmental Problems Introduction Benefits of Environmental Nanotechnology Classification of Nanomaterials Environmental Risk Management Health Risk Assessment (Theodore et al. 2008; Theodore and Hoboken, 2006) Hazard Risk Evaluation Process (Mnestudies.com/Disaster Management, Online) Nanotechnology for Sterilization of Water Pollutant Removal Using Different Nanomaterials Nanotechnology for Decontamination of Polluted Air and Soil Conclusion References 62 Properties of Green Nanomaterials as Catalysts and Photocatalysts Introduction Green Approaches for the Synthesis of Nanomaterials Conventional Synthetic Route Green Synthetic Route Catalytic Applications of Green Nanomaterials Photocatalytic Applications of Green Nanomaterials Conclusion References Part III: Coatings Applications 63 Applications of Green Nanomaterials as Surfaces and Coatings Introduction Antimicrobial Coatings Self-Cleaning: Dirt and Water Repellent Coatings Photocatalytic Self-Cleaning Coatings Anticorrosive Coatings Self-Healing (or Scratch-Resistant) Coatings Other Coating with Green Nanoparticles Current State of Research and Development Conclusions and Future Recommendations References 64 Green Coatings: Materials, Deposition Processes, and Applications Introduction Materials Waterborne and Oil-Based Coatings Chitosan Cellulose and Lignin Re-use of Polymers in Coatings Deposition Methods Sol-Gel Electrophoretic Deposition Casting Layer-By-Layer Assembly (LBL) Applications Anticorrosion Coatings Superhydrophobic Coatings Coatings for Food Coatings in Energy Applications Other Applications Conclusions References 65 Green Nanomaterials as Surfaces and Coatings Introduction Green Nanomaterials Application of Green Nanomaterial as Surfaces and Coatings Ultraviolet (UV) Light Protective Coatings Anticorrosion Coatings, Water Beading, and Water Sheeting Coatings Building Coatings Antifogging Coatings and Antifouling Coatings Nanocoatings for Energy Storage and Conversion: Supercapacitors, Solar Cells, and Fuel Cells Self-Cleaning Coatings Nanocoatings in Textile Manufacturing Nanocoatings in Drug Delivery Nanocoatings in Sensor and Space Exploration Conclusion and Future Perspective References Part IV: Biomedical and Biological Applications 66 Biomedical Applications of Green Nanomaterials Introduction Physicochemical Properties of Green Nanomaterials Anticancer Applications of Green Nanomaterials Microbicidal Applications of Green Nanomaterials Drug Delivery Applications of Green Nanomaterials Conclusion and Future Perspectives References 67 Biomedical Applications of Nanomaterials Introduction Carbon Dots (CDs): Synthesis and Toxicity Evaluation Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO): Synthesis and Toxicity Evaluation Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (IONPs): Synthesis and Toxicity Evaluation Conclusion and Future Work References 68 Emerging Roles of Carbon Nanohorns as Sustainable Nanomaterials in Sensor, Catalyst, and Biomedical Applications Introduction Properties of CNHs Functionalization Covalent Functionalization Noncovalent Functionalization Biomedical Applications CNHs As Drug Delivery Systems Carbon Nanohorns As Anticancer Drug Carriers CNHs in Cancer Imaging Carbon Nanohorns As Gene Delivery Vectors Biosensing Application Other Applications Nanohorns As Catalyst Gas Storage Media Toxicity to the Cells Conclusion References 69 Green Synthesis and Fabrication of Nanomaterials: Unique Scaffolds for Biomedical Applications Introduction Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials Green Synthesis and Characterization of Nanomaterials Using Plant Extracts Gold Nanoparticles Silver Nanoparticles Iron and Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Palladium and Platinum Nanoparticles Copper and Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Tin Oxide, Zinc Oxide, and Titanium Oxide Nanoparticles Green Synthesis and Characterization of Nanomaterials Using Microorganisms Using Bacteria Using Fungi Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications Nanomaterials for Drug Delivery Nanomaterials for Biosensing Applications Nanomaterials for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Nanomaterials Used Antibacterial Agents Nanomaterials for Cancer Treatment Conclusion References 70 Natural Polymer-Based Nanocomposite Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications Introduction: Development of Nanocomposite Hydrogels Biomedical Importance of Natural Polymers Used for Synthesis of Hydrogels Alginate Gelatin/Collagen Carrageenan Cellulose Chitin/Chitosan Dextrin Fibrin Gellan Gum Guaran Hyaluronan Karaya Gum Pectin Starch Xanthan Gum Synthesis of Nanocomposite Hydrogels Biomedical Properties of Different Types of Nanocomposite Hydrogels Carbon Nanoparticle-Based Nanocomposite Hydrogels Nanocomposite Hydrogels Based upon Metallic Nanoparticles Nanocomposite Hydrogels Based upon Polymeric Nanoparticles Silica and Calcium Nanoparticle-Based Nanocomposite Hydrogels Biomedical Applications of Nanocomposite Hydrogels Wound Dressing Tissue Engineering Drug Delivery Antibacterial Activity Status of Compatibility and Toxicity of Nanoparticles, Biopolymeric Hydrogels, and Nanocomposite Hydrogels Conclusions and Future Remarks References 71 Application of Nanoclusters in Environmental and Biological Fields Introduction Application of Metal NC in Environmental Monitoring pH Sensing Metal Ion Sensing Copper Ion Detection Mercury Ions Anion Sensing Explosive Sensing Application of Metal Nanocluster in Biological Fields Other (Cu/Pt) Nanoclusters Theoretical Studies on Nanoclusters Conclusions and Future Prospective References 72 Amylose-Based Green Nanoparticles as Carriers in Drug Delivery and Controlled Release Applications Introduction Green Nanocarriers for Drug Delivery for Biomedical and Health Applications Nanomaterials: Sustainability and Toxicity Development of Nanocarriers from Renewable and Green Materials such as Natural Polymers The Use of Nanomaterials from Polysaccharides Nanomaterials Based on Starch Amylose-Based Nanocarriers Mechanism of Inclusion Complexes Formation in Amylose Administration Route of Drug Inclusion Complexes of Amylose Limitations Associated with Amylose-Based Nanocarriers Production Such as Low Water Solubility and Retrograde Modification of Amylose by Acetylation and Investigation of Inclusion Capacity Behavior Preparation and Characterization of Amylose Inclusion Complexes with Rhodamine B Synthesis of the Acetylated Amylose Preparation of Amylose-Rhodamine B (AM-RB) and Acetylated Amylose-Rhodamine B (AMA-RB) Inclusion Complexes Characterization of Inclusion Complexes Conclusion References 73 Biopolymeric Nanohydrogels as Devices for Controlled and Targeted Delivery of Drugs Introduction: History, Definition, and Applications of Nanotechnology The Journey from Hydrogels to Nanohydrogels Classification of Nanogels Based on Their Behavior to an External Stimuli Based on the Structure Methods of Synthesis of Nanohydrogels Direct Polymerization Method Precursor Polymerization Physical Self-Assembly of Interactive Polymers Fabrication Methods for the Synthesis of Biopolymeric Nanogel Photolithographic Technique Characterization of Nanogels Applications of Nanogels in Various Routes of Drug Administration Oral Route of Drug Delivery Nasal Route of Drug Delivery Topical Route of Drug Delivery Transdermal Route of Drug Delivery Parenteral Route of Drug Delivery Drug Release Mechanism and Bioelimination of Nanogels Clinical Approach Patent Status Conclusion and Future Scope References 74 Advances in Medical Applications: The Quest of Green Nanomaterials Introduction Type of Nanomaterials Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials Use of Green Nanomaterials in the Biomedical Field Green Nanomaterials in Biomedicine Biomedical Imaging Implants Tissue Engineering Biosensors Drug Delivery Conclusion and Future Perspectives References 75 Metrics for the Sustainability Analysis of Nano-synthesis in the Green Chemistry Approach Introduction Nanotechnology Under the Green Chemistry Approach Green Chemistry Metrics Applied to Nanotechnology Metrics Based on Mass Atom Economy and Reaction Mass Efficiency E-Factor and Process Mass Intensity Metrics Based on Energy EQZ-Factor Conclusions References 76 Modulation of the Bioactivity of Inorganic Nanomaterials by Controlling Nanobiointerface Introduction: The Interface as Interaction Key Point Between Nanomaterials and Biosystems Nanobiointerface Manufacturing Strategies Strategies of Control Characterization Techniques Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Thermogravimetric Analysis Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Raman Spectroscopy Conclusions and Remarks References 77 Role of Nanomaterials in Combating COVID-19 Introduction Diagnostic Tests and Equipment During COVID-19 Nanomaterials and COVID-19 Environmental Impact of COVID-19 Conclusion and Future Outlook References Part V: Sensing Applications 78 Sustainable Nanotorus for Biosensing and Therapeutical Applications Introduction Synthesis and Characteristics of Carbon Nanotorus Properties of Carbon Nanotorus Electronic Properties Magnetic Properties Mechanical Properties Chemical Modification of Carbon Nanotorus Toxicity of CNT-based Nanostructures Biomedical Applications of CNT-based Nanostructures Controlled Drug Delivery Applications Targeted Drug Delivery Applications Biosensor Applications Biomedical Imaging Applications Conclusion References 79 Nanogels and Nanocomposite Hydrogels for Sensing Applications Introduction: Need of Nanotechnology for Sensing Applications Types of Nanomaterials Used for Designing Nanocomposite Hydrogel/Nanogel Based Sensors Zero-Dimensional Nanomaterials Metal Nanoparticles Fluorescent Nanoparticles and Nanocrystals One-Dimensional Nanomaterials Nanofibers, Nanorods, and Nanowires Carbon Nanotubes Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials Graphene Oxide Nanosheets MXene Nanosheets Three-Dimensional Nanomaterials Bionanomaterials Polymeric Nanomaterials Fabrication Techniques for Designing Nanocomposite Hydrogels and Nanogels Status of Natural and Synthetic Polymer Based Sensors Mechanism of Response in Nanocomposite Hydrogels and Nanogels Mechanism of Response in Temperature Sensitive Sensors Mechanism of Response in pH Sensitive Sensors Mechanism of Response in Light Sensitive Sensors Mechanism of Response in Fluorescent Sensitive Sensors Mechanism of Response in Chemical, Drug, and Enzyme Sensitive Sensors Sensing Applications of Nanocomposite Hydrogels and Nanogels Biological Sensing Chemical Sensing Physical Sensing Conclusions and Future Outlook References 80 Two-Dimensional (2D) Nanostructures for Hazardous Gas Sensing Applications Introduction Motivation of Gas Sensor Mechanism of Gas Sensor Adsorption Mechanism Charge Transfer Mechanism Sensor Parameters The Key Factors Influencing the Sensor Performance What Are 2D Materials? Why 2D Materials? 2D Materials Used in Gas Sensing Classification of 2D Materials Graphene Graphene Oxide (GO) Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) Hexagonal Boron Nitride (hBN) Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDs) Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) Tungsten Disulfide (WS2) Phospherene (Black Phosphorus) Tin Sulfide (SnS2) Rhenium Disulfide (ReS2) and Rhenium Diselenide (ReSe2) Metal Oxide Applications of Gas Sensors Safety Applications Indoor Air Quality Medical Applications Industrial Applications Agriculture Applications Aerospace Applications Transportation Applications Food Industry Other Applications Environmental Monitoring Conclusion and Future Perspective References 81 Electrochemical Sensing and Biomedical Applications of Green Nanomaterials Introduction Approaches for the Synthesis of Green Nanomaterials Various Biological Components in the Synthesis of Green Nanomaterials Plant Extracts-Based Green Nanomaterials Microorganism-Based Green Nanomaterials Bacteria Fungi Yeasts Algae Mechanism of Green Synthesis Applications of Green Nanomaterials in the Fabrication of Electrochemical Sensors Green Nanomaterials in Biomedical Applications Conclusions and Future Aspects References Part VI: Energy Applications 82 Metal- and Carbon-Based Nano-frameworks as Catalysts for Supercapacitance and Fuel Industry Introduction Clean Energy Production Photocatalytic Splitting of Water Materials for Water Splitting Applications Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs) Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) Clean Energy Storage Supercapacitors Materials for Supercapacitor Applications Covalent Organic Frameworks Metal-Organic Frameworks Mixed-Metal Metal-Organic Frameworks (M-MOFs) Conclusion References 83 Microencapsulated Phase Change Materials and Their Applications for Passive Cooling in Buildings Introduction Classification of Phase Change Materials Organic Phase Change Materials Inorganic Phase Change Materials Eutectic Phase Change Materials Comparison Between Different Phase Change Materials Microencapsulated Phase Change Materials Organic Shells Inorganic Shells Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Shells Synthesis Techniques of Microencapsulated Phase Change Materials Physical Methods Spray Drying Solvent Evaporation Chemical Methods In Situ Polymerization Interfacial Polymerization Suspension Polymerization Emulsion Polymerization Physical-Chemical Methods Coacervation Solgel Method Conclusions and Future Scopes References 84 Porous Nanomaterials for CO2 Remediation for a Sustainable Environment Introduction Sources of Carbondioxide (Azarkamand et al. 2020; Hermawan et al. 2015) Greenhouse Gas Emissions Industry Heat and Electricity Production Transportation Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Land Use Effects of Carbon Dioxide Effects of Enhanced Greenhouse Effect Effects on Human Health Advance Diseases and Pandemics Shortage of Food Effects on Environment and Living Conditions Flooding of Seaside Cities and Islands Desertification of Fertile Land Migration of Species Influence on Agriculture Destructive Cyclones Thawing of Glaciers Treatment Technologies Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Techniques Pre-combustion Carbon Dioxide Capture Oxy-Fuel Combustion Technique Post-combustion Carbon Dioxide Capture Absorption Technique Membrane Technique Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) Technique Mineral Carbonation Technique Materials for CO2 Adsorption Zeolites Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) Porous Organic Polymers (POPs) Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs) Adsorbents Based on Carbon Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) Conclusions and Future Outlook References 85 Nanocatalysts for Environmental Benign Biofuel Production Introduction Homogeneous Base Catalysts Homogeneous Acid Catalysts Heterogeneous Base Catalysts Heterogeneous Acid Catalyst Biocatalysts (Enzyme) for Transesterification Nanocatalysts Used for Transesterification Metal Oxide-Based Nanocatalysts Magnetic Nanocatalysts Layered Double Hydroxides Nanocatalysts or Nanohydrotalcites Nanozeolites as Catalyst Conclusion and Future Scope References 86 Heterojunction Photocatalysts for Solar Energy Conversion Introduction Type II Heterojunction Photocatalysts Oxide-Based Heterojunction Sulfide-Based Heterojunction g-C3N4-Based Heterojunction Others The Disadvantages of Type II Heterojunction Z-Scheme Heterojunction Photocatalysts Oxide-Based Heterojunction Sulfide-Based Heterojunction g-C3N4-Based Heterojunction Others The Disadvantages of Z-Scheme Heterojunction S-Scheme Heterojunction Photocatalysts Oxide-Based Heterojunction Sulfide-Based Heterojunction g-C3N4-Based Heterojunction Others The Disadvantages of S-scheme Heterojunction Tandem Heterojunction Photocatalysts Oxide-Based Heterojunction Sulfide-Based Heterojunction g-C3N4-Based Heterojunction Others The Disadvantages of Tandem Heterojunction Conclusion and Perspective References 87 Pool Boiling Heat Transfer Enhancement Using Nanoparticle Coating on Copper Substrate Introduction Pool Boiling Heat Transfer Overview Pool Boiling Curve Critical Heat Flux and Heat Transfer Coefficient Formula to Calculate Critical Heat Flux (q) and Heat Transfer Coefficient (h) Porosity and Wettability Surface Coating for Pool Boiling Heat Transfer Enhancement Metal Oxide Nanoparticle Coating Nano-porous Metal Coating Wettability: Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Coatings Carbon-Based Nanoparticle Coating Graphene Coating Carbon Nanotube (CNT) and Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube (MWCNT) Coatings Nanowire Coating Microscale Surface Modification Microporous Metallic Coating Microstructured (Microgrooves/Micro-Fin) Surface Flow Boiling Overview Surface Coating for Flow Boiling Heat Transfer Enhancement Conclusion References 88 Sustainable Clean Energy Production from the Bio-electrochemical Process Using Cathode as Nanocatalyst Introduction Necessity for Clean Energy Energy and Environment Economy World Renewable Energy Prospects Renewable Energy Production Technologies Solar Energy Wind Energy Hydropower Geothermal Energy Electrochemical Energy Photo-electrochemical Energy Bioenergy Employment of Nanotechnology for Engendering Clean and Sustainable Energy Use of Nanofluids in Energy Applications Thermal Energy Storage (TES) Nanocrystals Applications of Nanomaterials in the Clean Energy Generation from Waste and Wastewater Use of Nanomaterials in the Feedstock Pretreatment for the Aerobic Digestion Nanomaterials with Algae Membrane-Based Bioreactor Use of Nanotechnology in the Bio-electrochemical System for the Hydrogen Production Conclusion References 89 Renewable Resource-Based Green Nanomaterials for Supercapacitor Applications Introduction Nanomaterials for Supercapacitor Applications Traditional Methods and Feedstocks Sustainable Platform for Nanomaterials Biosynthesized Metal and Metal-Based Nanomaterials Metal and Metal Chalcogenides Metal Oxide Nanostructures Biomass-Derived Carbon Nanostructures Zero-Dimensional One-Dimensional Two-Dimensional Three-Dimensional Nanocomposites Fabricated Using Renewable Resources Metal-, Metal Hydroxide-, and Metal Oxide-Based Nanocomposites Renewable Carbon-Based Nanocomposites Cellulose Nanofiber-Based Nanocomposites Future Directions Conclusions References 90 An Investigation on Mechanical Characteristics of Carbon Nanomaterials Used in Cementitious Composites Introduction Nanomaterials Typically Used in Cement-Based Materials Carbon-Based Nanomaterials in Cementitious Composites Graphene Graphene Oxide Mechanical Strength Reduced Graphene Oxide Mechanical Strength Graphene Nanoplatelets Mechanical Strength Carbon Nanotubes Mechanical Strength Carbon Nanofibers Mechanical Strength Effects of CNMs as Cement Nanoreinforcement Conclusions and Future Scope References 91 Zinc Batteries: Basics, Materials Functions, and Applications Introduction Operation of Zinc Battery Zinc-Ion Battery Zinc-Air Battery Aqueous Zinc Battery Performance Controlling Factors Zinc-Ion Battery Zinc-Air Battery Advantages of Zinc-Based Batteries Challenges Associated with Zinc-Based Batteries Zinc-Ion Battery System Low Conductivity Reversible Stripping Irreversible Consumption and Corrosion of Zinc Zinc-Air Battery System Limited Discharge Capacity of Zinc Anode Formation of Carbonates Water Loss Failure of Zinc Electrode Electrode Materials for Zinc-Based Batteries Anode Materials Cathode Materials Manganese (Mn) Oxide-Based Cathodes Tunnel Structured MnO2 Spinel Structured MnO2 (λ-MnO2) Layered Structured MnO2 (δ-MnO2) Vanadium Oxide-Based Cathodes Prussian Blue Analogs (PBAs) Applications of Zinc-Based Batteries Conclusion and Future Perspectives References Part VII: Industrial Applications 92 Importance of Waste to Wealth and Renewable Energy Toward Sustainable Development Introduction Literature Review and Discussion Bioenergy Wind Energy Solar Energy Issues, Recommendations, and Conclusion References 93 Nanotechnology for Green and Clean Technology: Recent Developments Introduction: Nanotechnology- A Door to Revolution Milestones of Nanotechnology Synthesis of Nanoparticles Silver Nanoparticles Physical Approach Chemical Approach Bio-stimulated Nanoparticles Novel Techniques of Synthesis of Nanoparticles Using Green Technology Microwave-Assisted Irradiations Sonochemical-Induced Reduction Benefits of Green Nanotechnology Complications to Green Nanotechnology Adoption Conclusion References 94 Nanobiochar-Based Formulations for Sustained Release of Agrochemicals in Precision Agriculture Practices Introduction Biochar-Based Nanoformulations Synthesis of Biochar-Based Nanoformulation Characteristics of Biochar-Based Nanoformulation Characterization of Biochar-Based Nanoformulations Nanobiochar as Carrier for Sustained Delivery of Agrochemicals Neat nanobiochar versus engineered nanobiochar Biochar-Based Nanocomposites Nanobiochar as Slow-Release Fertilizer Other Applications of Biochar-Based Nanoformulation Biocompatibility of Biochar-Based Nanoformulation Other Applications of Nanoformulations Plant Growth Improvement Heavy Metal Immobilization in Soil Soil Remediation Future Scope Conclusion References 95 Nitrate and Phosphate Recovery from Contaminated Waters Using Nanocellulose and Its Composites Introduction Types of Nanocellulose Nanocrystalline Cellulose Nanofibrillated Cellulose Bacterial Nanocellulose Preparation of Nanocellulose Chemical Methods Physical Methods Biological Method Removal of Nitrate and Phosphate by Nanocellulose and Its Composites Mechanism of Removal Application of phosphorous (P)/nitrogen (N)-Laden Nanocellulose as Slow Release Fertilizer Conclusion References 96 Mediation of Nanotechnology and Biotechnology: An Emerging Pathway for the Treatment of Environmental Pollution Introduction to Environmental Pollution and Its Key Negative Impacts Water Pollution: A Major Culprit for the Deoxygenation of Water Bodies Key Functions of Nanotechnology in Treating Water and Wastewater Pollution Photocatalytic Degradation and Treatment of Toxic Water and Wastewater Mechanism of Photocatalysis Photocatalytic Degradation and Rapid Treatment of Wastewater Nanoadsorbents and Membranes for the Treatment of Wastewater Optimum Microbial Diversity in Water and Wastewater Treatment Processes Role of Biotechnology in Water and Wastewater Treatment Nitrification and Denitrification: A Definite Biotechnology for WWTPs Moving Bed Biofilm Reactors: An Emerging Biotechnology for WWTPs Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation (Anammox): A Great Innovation for WWTPs Partial Nitrification-Anammox Process: Technology for Nitrogenous Pollution Design and Development of Nanobiotechnology for Wastewater Treatment Conclusions and Future Perspectives References 97 Application of Nanomaterials for Precious Metals Recovery Introduction Types of Nanomaterials Metallic Nanomaterials Nonmetallic Nanomaterials Silica-Based Nanomaterials Carbon-Based Nanomaterials Organic Nanomaterials Metal Organic Frameworks Recovery of Precious Metals Methods Mechanisms Physical Adsorption Chemical Adsorption Gold Silver Platinum Group Metals Reusability of Nanomaterials Conclusion and Future Outlook References Part VIII: Safety, Toxicity, and Legal Aspects of Nanomaterials 98 Toxicity Aspects of Nanomaterials Introduction Environmental Applications of Green Nanomaterials Interaction of NPs with Plants Use of Nanomaterials in the Remediation of Water Use of Nanomaterials in the Detection of Environmental Pollution Safety and Health Applications of Green Nanomaterials Antimicrobial Activity of Nanomaterials Wound-Healing Effects of Nanomaterials Absorption and Toxicity of Nanomaterials Ecotoxicity of Nanomaterials Mammalian Toxicity of Nanomaterials Conclusion and Future Scope References 99 Health Issues and Risk Assessment of Nanomaterials Introduction Source of Contamination Exposure in Air Exposure in Water Exposure in Food Human Exposure Assessment Respiratory Exposure Gastrointestinal Exposure Dermal Exposure Bio-Uptake and Bioaccumulation in Humans Physicochemical Properties Inducing Biological Activity Human´s Biomarker Nanomaterial Toxicity Respiratory System Damage Gastrointestinal System Damage Skin Damage Liver Damage Heart Damage Kidney Damage Toxicity Testing Methods In Vitro In Vivo Mechanisms of Toxicity Factors Affecting Nanomaterial Toxicity Strategies to Mitigate the Toxicity of Nanomaterials Risk Assessment of Nanomaterial Toxicity Risk-Assessing Parameters: Bio-Persistence and Bio-Durability Mass Concentration Appropriate Route of Exposure and Duration of Tests Acute to Chronic Extrapolation and Partition Coefficient Risk Characterization Risk Management Case Studies Health Surveillance Current Status of Regulatory Guidelines Conclusions and Future Scope References 100 Toxicological Effects of Nanomaterials in Terrestrial and Aquatic Insects Introduction Environmental Behavior and Uptake Pathway of Nanomaterials Mode of Action of Nanomaterials Conclusion References 101 Environmental Risk Assessment of Plastics and Its Additives Introduction Plastic Additives UV Stabilizers Flame Retardants Plasticizers Dyes and Organic Pigments/Colorant Leaching Process of Plastic Additives Environment Risk Assessment of Plastics and Their Additives Importance of Analysis of Plastic Degradation of Plastics and Their Additives Photooxidative Degradation Ozone-Induced Degradation Mechanochemical Degradation Degradation of Plastics with Engineered Nanomaterials (ENMs) Conclusion and Future Scope References 102 Toxicity of Nanomaterials Introduction Classification of Nanomaterials Synthetic Approaches Physical Approaches Lithography Photolithography Electron Beam Lithography Scanning Probe Lithography Nanoimprint Lithography Nanoparticle Lithography Colloidal Lithography Vapour-Liquid-Solid (VLS) and Solution-Liquid-Solid (SLS) Chemical Approaches Green Synthesis Approaches Plant-Based Nanomaterials Microorganism-Based Nanomaterials Bacteria-Based Fungi-Based Actinomycetes-Based Yeast-Based Algae-Based Factors Affecting Nanoparticles Synthesis Applications of Nanomaterials Medicine Agriculture Sports Toxicity of Nanomaterials in Organisms Toxicity Assessment Conclusion and Future Remarks References 103 Impacts of Metal Nanoparticles on Fish Introduction Metal-Based Nanomaterials Impacts of Metal Nanoparticles on Fish Tissue Accumulation and Histopathology Blood Biochemical Parameters Antioxidant Enzymes Impacts of Various NPs in Different Fish Species Conclusions and Future Recommendations References 104 Toxicological Evaluation of TiO2 Engineered Nanoparticles in Soil Invertebrates: A Cue for Revisiting Standard Toxicity Te... Introduction Detection and Characterization of TiO2 Nanoparticles in the Environment Toxicity Assessment of Engineered Nanoparticles Toxicity Evaluation of TiO2 Nanoparticles in Invertebrates as Sentinels/Indicators The Earthworm as a Sentinel for TiO2 Ecotoxicity Assessment Conclusion References 105 Toxicity, Legal, and Health Aspects of Nanomaterials Introduction Nanomaterials Historical Aspects Classification of the Nanomaterials Dimensions-Based Classification Zero-Dimensional Nanomaterials One-Dimensional Nanomaterials Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials Three-Dimensional Nanomaterials Classification on the Basis of Composition Inorganic-Based Nanomaterials Ceramic Nanomaterials Metallic Nanomaterials Quantum Dots Carbon-Based Nanomaterials Graphene Fullerenes/Buckyballs Nanotubes Nanowires Nano-Cones Organic-Based Nanomaterials Dendrimers Liposomes Micelles Composite-Based Nanomaterials Properties of Nanomaterials Physical Properties Mechanical Properties Optical Properties Spectrum and Color of Nanomaterials Chemical Properties Synthesis of Nanomaterials Top-Down Approach Ball Milling Planetary Milling Attrition Milling Horizontal Milling Rotatory Milling Thermal Evaporation Laser Ablation Sputtering Chemical Vapor Deposition Bottom-Up Approach Hydrothermal Method Coprecipitation Method Sol-Gel Method Hydrolysis Condensation Growth and Agglomeration Microemulsion Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials Toxicity of Nanomaterials In Vitro Toxicity of the Nanomaterials In Vivo Toxicity of Nanomaterials Cytotoxicity of the Nanomaterials Neurotoxicity of the Nanomaterials Hepatotoxicity of Nanomaterials Cardiovascular Toxicity of the Nanomaterials Nephrotoxicity of Nanomaterials Genotoxicity of Nanomaterials Dermal Toxicity of Nanomaterials Legal Aspects of Nanomaterials (Rules and Regulation) Health Aspects of Nanomaterials Inorganic Nanoparticles Gold Nanoparticles Nonporous Silica Nanoparticles Magnetic Nanoparticles Nano-Patches Organic Nanoparticles Liposomes Polymeric Nanoparticles Dendrimers Micelles Detection of the Genetic Disorders Future Aspects Conclusion References Index