Chemically Modified Carbon Nanotubes for Commercial Applications

Description

Chemically Modified Carbon Nanotubes for Commercial Applications Discover the go-to handbook for developers and application-oriented researchers who use carbon nanotubes in real products Carbon nanotubes have held much interest for researchers since their discovery in 1991. Due to their low mass density, large aspect ratio, and unique physical, chemical, and electronic properties, they provide a fertile ground for innovation in nanoscale applications. The development of chemical modifications that can enhance the poor dispersion of carbon nanotubes in solvents and improve interactions with other materials have enabled extensive industrial applications in a variety of fields. As the chemistry of carbon nanotubes and their functionalization becomes better understood, Chemically Modified Carbon Nanotubes for Commercial Applications presents the most recent developments of chemically modified carbon nanotubes and emphasizes the broad appeal for commercial purposes along many avenues of interest. The book reviews their already realized and prospective applications in fields such as electronics, photonics, separation science, food packaging, environmental monitoring and protecting, sensing technology, and biomedicine. By focusing on their commercialization prospects, this resource offers a unique approach to a significant and cutting-edge discipline. In Chemically Modified Carbon Nanotubes for Commercial Applications readers will also find: Case studies that emphasize the information presented in each chapterEach chapter includes important websites and suggested reading materialsDiscussion of current applications of the relevant methodologies in every chapterA look at future perspectives in each application area to highlight the scope for next steps within the industry Chemically Modified Carbon Nanotubes for Commercial Applications is a valuable reference for material scientists, chemists (especially those focused on environmental concerns), and chemical and materials engineering scientists working in R&D and academia who want to learn more about chemically modified carbon nanotubes for various scalable commercial applications. It is also a useful resource for a broad audience: anyone interested in the fields of nanomaterials, nanoadsorbents, nanomedicine, bioinspired nanomaterials, nanotechnology, nanodevices, nanocomposites, biomedical application of nanomaterials, nano-engineering, and high energy applications. Cover Title Page Copyright Contents Preface About the Editors Part I Chemically Modified Carbon Nanotubes: Overview, Commercialization, and Economic Aspects Chapter 1 A Detailed Study on Carbon Nanotubes: Properties, Synthesis, and Characterization 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Evolution of Carbon: Graphite to CNTs 1.2.1 Graphite 1.2.2 Diamond 1.2.3 Graphene 1.2.3.1 Direct Lattice 1.2.3.2 The Reciprocal Lattice 1.2.4 Carbon Nanotubes 1.2.4.1 SWNTs: Types and Structure 1.2.4.2 Chirality 1.2.4.3 Electronic Properties of CNTs 1.2.4.4 Optical Properties of CNTs 1.2.4.5 Chemical Properties of CNTs 1.2.4.6 Defects in CNTs 1.2.4.7 CNTs Properties Modification by Chemical Functionalization Process 1.2.4.8 Applications of CNTs 1.2.4.9 Synthesis of CNTs 1.2.4.10 Analysis of CNTs by Raman Spectroscopy 1.3 Conclusion Declaration of Competing Interest Companies Dealing with Chemically Modified CNTs Acknowledgments References Chapter 2 Surface Modification Strategies for the Carbon Nanotubes 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Classification of Carbon Nanotubes and Their Fabrication 2.2.1 Arc‐Discharge Method 2.2.2 Laser Vapor Deposition 2.2.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) 2.3 Purification of CNTs 2.4 Surface Modification of CNTs 2.4.1 Methods of Functionalization 2.4.2 Noncovalent Functionalization 2.4.3 Covalent (Chemical) Functionalization 2.4.3.1 Defect‐Group Functionalization 2.4.3.2 Sidewall Functionalization 2.4.3.3 CNTs Functionalized with Polymer 2.4.3.4 CNTs Functionalized with Biomolecules 2.4.3.5 CNTs Functionalization with Ionic Liquid (ILs) 2.4.3.6 Plasma Activated CNTs 2.5 Characterization of CNTs 2.6 Conclusion References Chapter 3 Latest Developments in Commercial Scale Fabrications for Chemically Modified Carbon Nanotubes Abbreviations 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Industrial Scale Fabrication Strategies 3.2.1 Basic Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) Process 3.2.1.1 Industrial Level Fabrication of CNT Through Various CVD Methods 3.2.1.2 High‐Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition 3.2.1.3 Atmospheric‐Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition (APCVD) 3.2.1.4 Low‐Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition (LPCVD) 3.3 CVD on the Basis of Reactor Wall Temperature 3.3.1 Hot‐Wall Chemical Vapor Deposition (Hot‐Wall CVD) 3.3.2 Cold‐Wall Chemical Vapor Deposition (Cold‐Wall CVD) 3.4 Arc‐Discharge 3.5 Laser Vaporization 3.6 Other Synthesis Methods 3.7 Applications 3.7.1 Transistors 3.7.2 Conductor 3.7.3 Composites 3.7.4 Aerogels 3.8 Future Scope 3.9 Conclusion Conflict of Interest Other Sources Acknowledgments References Chapter 4 Economical Uses of Chemically Modified Carbon Nanotubes 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Properties of Carbon Nanotubes 4.3 Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes 4.4 Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes 4.5 Characterization/Analysis of Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes 4.6 Economy of Carbon Nanotubes 4.7 Economic Importance of Carbon Nanotubes 4.8 Hydrogen Fuel Cells 4.9 Water Splitting 4.10 Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells 4.11 Quantum Dot Solar Cells 4.12 Silicon‐Based Solar Cells 4.13 Thermoelectric Fabrics 4.14 Cost of Carbon Nanotubes 4.15 Globalization of Carbon Nanotubes 4.16 Conclusion References Part II Chemically Modified Carbon Nanotubes: Energy and Environment Applications Chapter 5 Chemically Modified Carbon Nanotubes in Energy Production and Storage Abbreviations 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Production of Carbon Nanotubes 5.3 History of Energy Storage Devices and Materials 5.4 Carbon Nanotubes for Energy Storage 5.4.1 Carbon Nanotube Hybrid for Lithium‐Metal Batteries 5.4.2 Wearable Energy Storage with Fiberic Carbon Nanotube 5.4.3 Carbon Nanotube Hybrid for Supercapacitor Energy Storage 5.4.4 Carbon Nanotubes/Biochar for Energy Storage 5.5 Present and Future of Carbon Nanotubes 5.6 Commercial‐Scale Application of Chemically Modified CNTs for Energy Storage 5.7 Companies Produced CNTs for the Application of Chemically Modified Carbon Nanotubes for Energy Storage References Chapter 6 Chemically Modified Carbon Nanotubes for Pollutants Adsorption 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Chemically Modified CNTs 6.3 Chemically Modified CNTs for Adsorptive Removal of Pollutants 6.3.1 Organic Dyes 6.3.2 Removal of Pharmaceuticals 6.3.3 Other Organic Pollutants 6.3.4 Metal Ions 6.4 Influencing Factors 6.5 Adsorption Mechanisms of Chemically Modified CNTs 6.6 Modified CNT‐Based Materials Toward Commercialization 6.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives Acknowledgments References Chapter 7 Chemically Modified Carbon Nanotubes in Removal of Textiles Effluents 7.1 Introduction 7.2 History of Removal of Textiles Effluents 7.3 Chemically Modified Carbon Nanotubes 7.3.1 Chemical Properties 7.3.2 Modification Through Chemical Reduction of Diazonium Salts 7.4 Dyes Removal Techniques 7.5 Adsorption 7.6 Carbon‐Based Nanoadsorbents 7.7 Carbon Nanotubes 7.8 Carbon Nanotubes as an Adsorption of Dye Molecules 7.9 Industrial Application of Synthetic Dyes 7.10 Conclusion Acknowledgment References Chapter 8 Chemically Modified Carbon Nanotubes in Membrane Separation 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) Overview 8.3 Method of Synthesis of Carbon Nanotube (CNT) 8.3.1 Arc Discharge 8.3.2 Laser Ablation 8.3.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) 8.3.4 Hydrothermal 8.3.5 Electrolysis 8.4 Fabrication Methods of CNTs 8.4.1 Fabrication of CNT‐Reinforced Metal Matrix Composites (CNT‐MMCs) 8.4.2 Microwave‐Assisted Fabrication of CNTs 8.5 Functionalization of CNTs 8.6 Chemically Modified Derivatization of CNTs 8.6.1 Electrochemically Assisted Covalent Modification 8.7 Polymer Grafting 8.8 Carbon Nanotubes Enhanced with Nanoparticles 8.9 Advantages of CNTs 8.10 Challenges in CNTs 8.11 Applications of CNTs as Membrane Separation 8.11.1 Water Treatment 8.11.2 Air Filtration 8.11.3 Energy Storage: Capacitors and Batteries 8.11.4 Electrochemical Separation and Catalysis 8.11.5 Electronic Devices Fabrication 8.11.6 Environment 8.11.7 Biology and Agriculture 8.12 Commercial‐Scale of Chemically Modified CNTs in Membrane Separation 8.13 Future Insights 8.14 Conclusion References Chapter 9 Chemically Modified Carbon Nanotubes for Water Purification System Abbreviations 9.1 Introduction 9.2 History of Water Purification Methods 9.3 Carbon Nanotubes CNTs Types 9.4 Vital of Modification of CNTs 9.5 Surface Modified CNTs for Water Purification 9.6 Polymer/CNTs Grafting for Water Purification 9.7 Bulk Modified CNTs for Water Purification 9.8 Important of Carbon Nanotubes for Water Purification 9.9 Conclusions and Future Research Directions 9.10 Commercial Application of Chemically Modified CNTs in Water Purification 9.11 Companies Produced CNTs for the Application of Chemically Modified Carbon Nanotubes for Water Purification System References Part III Chemically Modified Carbon Nanotubes: Electronic and Electrical Applications Chapter 10 Chemically Modified Carbon Nanotubes for Electronics and Photonic Applications 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Chemical Modifications of CNTs 10.2.1 Oxidative Functionalization of CNTs 10.2.2 Polymer/Ionic Liquid Modification of Oxidized CNTs 10.2.3 Direct Covalent Modification of CNT 10.2.4 Heteroatom Doping of CNTs 10.2.5 Charge Transfer/Noncovalent Doping of CNTs 10.3 Chemically Modified CNTs in Electronics 10.3.1 Transistors 10.3.2 Rectifying Diodes 10.3.3 Bioelectronics 10.4 Chemically Modified CNTs in Photonics 10.4.1 Organic Photovoltaics (OPV) 10.4.2 Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes (OLEDs) 10.4.3 Touch Panels 10.5 Summary and Future Scope References Chapter 11 Chemically Modified Carbon Nanotubes for Electrochemical Sensors 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes Toward Sensors 11.2.1 Covalent Functionalization of CNTs Toward Sensing 11.2.2 Noncovalent Functionalization of CNTs Toward Sensing 11.2.3 Polymers Wrapping of CNTs Toward Sensing 11.2.4 CNTs Decorated with Metal Nanoparticles Toward Sensing 11.3 Electrochemical Sensing Applications of CNTs 11.3.1 CNT‐Based Sensors for Environment Protection 11.3.2 CNT‐Based Sensors for Pharmaceutical Applications 11.3.3 Monitoring of Biomolecular Compounds 11.3.3.1 Glucose Sensor 11.3.3.2 DNA Sensor 11.3.4 CNTs‐Based Sensors for Real Sample Analysis 11.4 Summary and Outlook References Chapter 12 Chemically Modified Carbon Nanotubes for Lab on Chip Devices Abbreviations 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Allotropes of Carbon 12.2.1 Diamond 12.2.2 Graphite 12.2.3 Fullerenes 12.2.4 Carbon Nanotubes 12.2.4.1 SWCNT: Various Synthesis Methods 12.2.4.2 Growth Catalysts for SWCNT 12.2.4.3 Approach of Introducing the Catalyst on SWCNTs (CVD) Growth 12.2.5 Double‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes (DWCNTs) 12.2.5.1 Development of DWCNTs 12.2.5.2 Purification of DWCNTs 12.3 Carbon Nanotube Used in Solar Cells 12.4 Carbon Nanotube Used in Optical Sensors 12.5 Carbon Nanotube Used in Light‐Emitting Diodes 12.6 Carbon Nanotube Used in Electronic Device Fabrication 12.7 Carbon Nanotube Used in Lithium‐Ion Batteries (LIBs) 12.8 Carbon Nanotube Used in Chip Cooling 12.9 Carbon Nanotube Used in Photovoltaic Devices 12.10 Carbon Nanotube Used in Nonvolatile Random Access Memory 12.11 Carbon Nanotube Used in Potential Device 12.12 Carbon Nanotube Used in On‐Chip Inductor 12.13 Carbon Nanotube Used in Electronic Device 12.14 Carbon Nanotube Used in Quantum CNFETs 12.15 Carbon Nanotube Used in Schottky‐Barrier Ballistic CNFETs 12.16 Carbon Nanotube Used in Chemical Sensors and Biosensors 12.17 Carbon Nanotube Used in Field Emission of Electrons 12.18 Carbon Nanotube Used in Supercapacitor Devices with Enhanced Electrochemical Performance 12.19 Carbon Nanotube Used in Flip‐Chip High Power Amplifiers 12.20 Carbon Nanotube Used in Transistor Device Application 12.21 Carbon Nanotube Used in Supercapacitors and Batteries 12.22 Future Scope 12.23 Conclusion Acknowledgments References Part IV Chemically Modified Carbon Nanotubes: Biomedical Applications Chapter 13 Chemically Modified Carbon Nanotubes in Cancer Therapy 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Carbon Nanotubes as Novel Nanocarriers 13.2.1 CNTs as an Alternative to Conventional Carriers 13.2.2 Biodistribution, Biocompatibility, and Cellular Uptake Mechanism of CNTs 13.3 The Need for Chemical Modification and Its Importance 13.4 Chemically Modified Approaches of Carbon Nanotubes 13.4.1 Covalent Chemical Modifications of CNTs 13.4.1.1 Oxidation of CNTs 13.4.1.2 1.3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition of Azomethine Ylides 13.4.1.3 Halogenation 13.4.1.4 Nucleophilic and Electrophilic Additions 13.4.1.5 Electrochemical Modifications 13.4.1.6 Radical Additions 13.4.1.7 Nitrene Cycloaddition 13.4.2 Non‐Covalent Modifications of CNTs 13.4.2.1 Electrostatic and π–π Interactions 13.4.2.2 Adsorption of PEGylated Derivatives 13.4.2.3 Adsorption of Enzymes, Proteins, DNA, Polymers, and Carbohydrates 13.5 Chemically Modified Carbon Nanotubes as a Nanocarrier for Cancer Delivery System 13.5.1 Chemotherapeutic Agents (Small Drugs) 13.5.2 Biologicals, Vaccines, Tumor‐Derived Antigens 13.5.3 Adjuvants 13.5.4 Gene Therapy 13.5.4.1 Oligonucleotides (ODNs) 13.5.4.2 DNA/RNA Aptamers 13.5.5 Diagnostic Tool for Cancer 13.6 Limitations and Challenges of Chemically Modified CNTs 13.7 Conclusion and Future Perspective References Chapter 14 Chemically Modified Carbon Nanotubes in Drug Delivery 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Antibacterial 14.3 Antifungal 14.4 Anticancer 14.5 Others 14.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives Acknowledgments References Chapter 15 Chemically Modified Carbon Nanotubes in Tissue Engineering 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Applications of Modified Carbon Nanotubes in Tissue Engineering 15.2.1 Neural Tissue Engineering 15.2.2 Cardiac Tissue Engineering 15.2.3 Bone Tissue Engineering 15.2.4 Dental Tissue Engineering 15.3 Conclusion and Future Outlook Few Websites Related to CNTs Engineering References Chapter 16 Applications of Chemically Modified Carbon Nanotubes for Tissue Engineering 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Biochemical Modifications for Tissue Engineering 16.2.1 Polymer‐based Modification 16.2.2 Hydrogel‐based Modification 16.2.3 Nanoparticle‐based Modification 16.3 Tissue Engineering Applications of Carbon Nanotubes 16.3.1 Application in Bone Tissue Engineering 16.3.2 Application in Nervous System Engineering 16.3.3 Application in Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering 16.4 Challenges and Future Perspectives References Part V Chemically Modified Carbon Nanotubes: Construction Applications Chapter 17 Chemically Modified Carbon Nanotubes in Cement and Concrete Field 17.1 Introduction 17.2 CNT Dispersion in Cement‐Based Materials: Methodologies 17.3 Improvement of Concrete Properties by Addition of CNTs 17.4 Improvement in the Hydration Reaction 17.5 Improvement in Mechanical Properties and Relevant Mechanisms 17.6 Enhanced Durability 17.7 Improvements in Electrical and Thermal Conductivity 17.8 Improvements in Corrosion Resistance Properties of Cement/Concrete 17.9 Potential Structural Applications of CNTs Reinforced Cement‐Based Materials 17.10 Challenges 17.11 Conclusions and Future Scope References Part VI Chemically Modified Carbon Nanotubes: Emerging Applications Chapter 18 Chemically Modified Carbon Nanotubes in 3D and 4D Printing 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Method for the Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) Modification 18.2.1 Polymer Grafting 18.2.2 Electrodeposition 18.2.3 Electroless Deposition (ELD) 18.2.4 Modification Through Covalent Attachment 18.2.5 Thermal‐Assisted Chemical Covalent Functionalization 18.3 Chemically Modified CNT for 3D Printing 18.3.1 Commercially Available CNTs for Printing Technology 18.4 Application of Chemically Modified CNTs for 3D Printing 18.4.1 Mechanical Properties Enhancement 18.4.2 Energy Storage Devices 18.5 Modified CNTs for 4D Printing Technique 18.5.1 Shape Memory Functionalized for Liquid Sensors 18.5.2 4D Printing of Stretchable Supercapacitors 18.6 Boundaries for 3D/4D Printings and Prospects 18.6.1 Material Revolution 18.6.2 Interfacial Properties of Polymer‐CNT and Homogeneous Distribution 18.6.3 Future Scope 18.7 Conclusions References Questions Chapter 19 Chemically Modified Carbon Nanotubes for Tribology Applications 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Tribological Phenomena – Principle, Mechanism, and Application 19.3 Contemporary Research on Carbon Nanomaterials for Tribological Application 19.4 Improvement of Tribological Behaviors of Bulk CNT Materials 19.4.1 Molecular Simulation for Functionalized CNT Materials for Nano Tribology 19.4.2 Probing Complexities in Friction and Wear Properties of Functionalized CNT Materials 19.4.3 Advances in Surface Engineering of CNTs for Tuning Friction and Wear Properties 19.5 Recent Advances in Hybrid CNT Materials in Tribological Application 19.5.1 Lubrication Properties of CNTs 19.5.2 Tuning Additive Morphology and Wettability for Superlubricity in CNTs 19.5.3 Development of CNTs‐Based Frictionless Surface Coatings 19.5.3.1 Single‐Walled CNTs (SWCNTs) 19.5.3.2 Multi‐Walled CNTs (MWCNTs) 19.5.4 Synergistic Effect CNT and Conventional Tribo‐Filler Materials in Property Enhancement 19.6 High‐Temperature Tribology of CNTs 19.6.1 Friction and Wear at High Temperature 19.6.2 Control of Friction and Wear at High Temperatures 19.7 Biotribology of CNTs 19.7.1 Joint Tribology 19.7.2 Inspiring Biomimetic Materials in Tribology Application 19.8 Modified CNTs for Commercial‐Scale Tribology Applications 19.9 Other Nanomaterials for Tribological Applications 19.10 Summary and Outlook References Chapter 20 Chemically Modified Carbon Nanotubes for Corrosion Protection 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Modification Approaches 20.2.1 Oxidized CNTs 20.2.1.1 CNTs‐Based Barrier Coatings 20.2.1.2 CNTs‐Based Conductive Coatings 20.2.1.3 CNTs‐Based Sacrificial Coatings 20.2.2 Silanized CNTs 20.2.3 Polymer Grafting 20.2.3.1 CPs 20.2.3.2 Other Polymers 20.2.4 Decoration with Inorganic Materials 20.2.5 Loading with Corrosion Inhibitor 20.3 Commercial‐Scale Application 20.4 Summary References Chapter 21 Chemically Modified Carbon Nanotubes and Sustainability Abbreviations 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Chemically Modified Carbon Nanotubes 21.2.1 Surface Modification 21.2.1.1 Chemical Functionalization (Covalent Functionalization) 21.2.1.2 Physical Modification (Non‐covalent Functionalization) 21.3 Future Scope 21.4 Conclusion Author's Contributions Conflict of Interest Other Sources Acknowledgments References Index EULA