Primer on Cerebrovascular Diseases

Description

Primer on Cerebrovascular Diseases, Second Edition, is a handy reference source for scientists, students, and physicians needing reliable, up-to-date information on basic mechanisms, physiology, pathophysiology, and medical issues related to brain vasculature. The book consists of short, specific chapters written by international experts on cerebral vasculature, presenting the information in a comprehensive and easily accessible manner. Numerous changes have occurred in the field since the publication of the first edition in 1997, particularly our understanding of the genetic aspects of cerebrovascular disease. This updated edition reflects the advances made over the last two decades, not only demonstrating the promise for therapy, but also for a molecular understanding of cerebrovascular diseases. The new edition includes new and expanded topics, including carotid stenting, Iatrogenic causes of stroke, axonal transport and injury, RNAIs, proteomics, and more. Content: Front Matter,Copyright,List of Contributors,IntroductionEntitled to full textPart I: Basic SciencesSection I: Anatomy and PhysiologyChapter 1 - Cerebrovascular Anatomy and Hemodynamics, Pages 5-12, R.J. Traystman Chapter 2 - Cerebral Microcirculation, Pages 12-16, T. Dalkara Chapter 3 - The Glymphatic System and Brain Interstitial Fluid Homeostasis, Pages 17-25, J.J. Iliff, A.S. Thrane, M. Nedergaard Chapter 4 - Cerebrospinal Fluid: Formation, Absorption, Markers, and Relationship to Blood–Brain Barrier, Pages 25-31, G.A. Rosenberg Chapter 5 - Anatomy of Cerebral Veins and Dural Sinuses, Pages 32-36, E. Egemen, I. Solaroglu Chapter 6 - Cerebral Vasa Vasorum, Pages 37-42, W.M. Ho, C. Reis, O. Akyol, J. Zhang Chapter 7 - Cerebral Vascular Muscle, Pages 42-47, T.M. De Silva, F.M. Faraci Chapter 8 - Endothelium, Pages 47-51, R. Sumbria, M. Fisher Chapter 9 - Development and Maintenance of the Blood–Brain Barrier, Pages 51-56, J.M. Herndon, M.E. Tome, T.P. Davis Chapter 10 - Cerebral Autoregulation, Pages 57-60, S.-H. Yang, R. Liu Chapter 11 - Cerebral Blood Flow Regulation (Carbon Dioxide, Oxygen, and Nitric Oxide), Pages 60-67, R.J. Traystman Chapter 12 - CBF–Metabolism Coupling, Pages 67-70, P. Venkat, M. Chopp, J. Chen Chapter 13 - Perivascular Neurotransmitter Regulation of Cerebral Blood Flow, Pages 70-74, L. Edvinsson Chapter 14 - Adenosine and Its Receptors Update: Influence on Cerebral Blood Flow (CBF), Pages 75-81, H.R. Winn Chapter 15 - Cerebrovascular Activity of Peptides Generated by Central Nervous System, Pages 82-86, C. Gakuba, T. Gaberel Chapter 16 - Eicosanoids in Cerebrovascular Diseases, Pages 86-89, K. van Leyen Chapter 17 - Neurogenesis in Cerebrovascular Disease, Pages 89-91, D.A. Greenberg Chapter 18 - Gliogenesis, Pages 91-95, K. Arai, E.H. Lo Chapter 19 - Vascular Remodeling After Cerebral Ischemia, Pages 96-101, Y. Nishijima, Y. Akamatsu, K. Masamoto, J. Liu Chapter 20 - An Overview of Atherosclerosis, Pages 105-108, K. Rajamani, M. Fisher Chapter 21 - Thrombosis, Pages 108-113, D. Nguyen, B.M. Coull Chapter 22 - Histopathology of Cerebral Ischemia and Stroke, Pages 113-116, W.D. Dietrich Chapter 23 - Histopathology of Intracerebral Hemorrhage, Pages 117-120, N. Chaudhary, G. Xi Chapter 24 - Pathophysiology of Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury and Hemorrhagic Transformation in the Brain, Pages 121-124, Z. Yu, L. Lin, X. Wang Chapter 25 - Pathophysiology of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, Early Brain Injury, and Delayed Cerebral Ischemia, Pages 125-130, C. Reis, W.M. Ho, O. Akyol, S. Chen, R. Applegate II, J. Zhang Chapter 26 - Pathophysiology of Ischemic White Matter Injury, Pages 131-134, S. Mirza, M.P. Goldberg Chapter 27 - Central Neuroinflammation in Cerebral Ischemia: The Role of Glia, Pages 135-138, C.M. Stary, L. Li, R.G. Giffard Chapter 28 - Pathophysiology of the Peripheral Immune Response in Acute Ischemic Stroke, Pages 139-145, J. Anrather Chapter 29 - Cytotoxic and Vasogenic Brain Edema, Pages 145-149, R.F. Keep, A.V. Andjelkovic, G. Xi Chapter 30 - Spreading Depolarizations, Pages 149-153, D.Y. Chung, C. Ayata Chapter 31 - Hypertension, Pages 153-157, T.M. De Silva, F.M. Faraci Chapter 32 - Risk Factors: Diabetes, Pages 158-162, A. Ergul, S.C. Fagan Chapter 33 - Risk Factors: Aging, Pages 162-167, A.F. Logsdon, B.P. Lucke-Wold, C.L. Rosen, J.D. Huber Chapter 34 - Risk Factors: Gender and Sex, Pages 167-170, F. Sohrabji, P.D. Hurn Chapter 35 - Mechanisms of Stroke Recovery, Pages 171-174, K.L. Ng, S.T. Carmichael Chapter 36 - N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptors Remain Viable Therapeutic Targets for Stroke, Pages 177-182, C. Potey, Y.T. Wang Chapter 37 - Neuroprotectants: Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Based, Pages 183-188, E.D. Hall Chapter 38 - Neuroprotectants: Cell-Death Based, Pages 189-192, S. Namura Chapter 39 - Comprehensive Concept of Regenerative Medicine for Ischemic Stroke With Bone Marrow Stromal Cells, Pages 192-194, S. Kuroda Chapter 40 - Neuroprotectants: Temperature, Pages 195-197, A.C. Klahr, F. Colbourne Chapter 41 - Drug Delivery to the Central Nervous System, Pages 198-201, S.K. Sriraman, G. Salzano, V. Torchilin Chapter 42 - Ischemic Tolerance: In Situ and Remote Pre- and Postconditioning, Pages 202-205, H. Zhao Chapter 43 - Mechanisms of Neuron Death (Necrosis, Apoptosis, Autophagy) After Brain Ischemia, Pages 209-215, B.R. Hu, C.L. Liu Chapter 44 - Mechanisms of Glial Death and Protection, Pages 215-219, C. Matute Chapter45 - Mechanisms of Endothelial Injury and Blood–Brain Barrier Dysfunction in Stroke, Pages 220-226, P.T. Ronaldson, T.P. Davis Chapter 46 - The Neurovascular Unit, Pages 226-229, E.H. Lo Chapter 47 - Mitochondrial Mechanisms During Ischemia and Reperfusion, Pages 230-234, Z.Z. Wei, L. Wei Chapter 48 - Excitotoxicity and Stroke, Pages 234-239, D.W. Choi Chapter 49 - Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress, Pages 240-246, J.M. Modak, L.D. McCullough Chapter 50 - Protein Kinases in Cerebral Ischemia, Pages 246-250, A.P. Raval, M.A. Perez-Pinzon, K.R. Dave Chapter 51 - Ischemia Regulated Transcription Factors: Hypoxia Inducible Factor 1 and Activating Transcription Factor 4, Pages 250-255, I. Alim, S.S. Karuppagounder, R.R. Ratan Chapter 52 - Lipid Mediators, Pages 256-260, L. Belayev, R.S. Freitas, S.J. Marcell, N.G. Bazan Chapter 53 - Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling in Cerebrovascular Disease, Pages 260-264, F.C. Barone Chapter 54 - Rho-Associated Kinases in Cerebrovascular Disease, Pages 265-268, H.-H. Kim, C. Ayata Chapter 55 - Akt-GSK3β Pro-survival Signaling Pathway in Cerebral Ischemic Injury, Pages 269-272, W. Zhang, R.A. Stetler, J. Chen Chapter 56 - Heat Shock Proteins and the Stress Response, Pages 273-275, J.Y. Kim, M. Yenari Chapter 57 - Noncoding RNAs and Stroke, Pages 276-279, A. Dharap, R. Vemuganti Chapter 58 - Cytokines and Chemokines in Stroke, Pages 280-284, I. Ballesteros, M.I. Cuartero, J.M. Pradillo, M.A. Moro, I. Lizasoain Chapter 59 - Growth Factors and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Pages 284-287, T. Lippert, H. Nguyen, Q. Colburn, C.V. Borlongan Chapter 60 - Tissue Plasminogen Activator Signaling in the Normal and Diseased Brain, Pages 288-291, R. Bronstein, S.E. Tsirka Chapter 61 - Matrix Metalloproteinases and Extracellular Matrix in the Central Nervous System, Pages 291-295, G.A. Rosenberg Chapter 62 - Animal Models of Focal Ischemia, Pages 299-303, M.J. Cipolla Chapter 63 - Animal Models: Global Ischemia, Pages 303-306, K. van Leyen, K. Yigitkanli Chapter 64 - Animal Models: Cerebral Hemorrhage, Pages 306-311, Q. Li, J. Wang Chapter 65 - Animal Models of Neonatal Stroke/Ischemia, Pages 311-315, Z.S. Vexler Chapter 66 - Animal Models: Vascular Models of Cognitive Dysfunction, Pages 315-319, E. Hamel Chapter 67 - Animal Models: Nonhuman Primates, Pages 320-323, M. Tymianski Chapter 68 - Cerebral Blood Flow Methods, Pages 324-327, C. Waeber Chapter 69 - Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Stroke, Pages 328-332, M.J.R.J. Bouts, O. Wu, R.M. Dijkhuizen Chapter 70 - Principles and Methods of Molecular Imaging in Stroke, Pages 332-338, D.E. Kim Chapter 71 - Experimental Methods for Measuring Blood Flow in Brain Capillaries, Pages 339-343, N. Nishimura Chapter 72 - Genomic Tools, Pages 343-345, F.R. Sharp, G.C. Jickling, B. Stamova Chapter 73 - Proteomes and Biomarkers of the Neurovascular Unit, Pages 346-350, A.S. Haqqani, D.B. Stanimirovic Chapter 74 - Blood Biomarkers in Acute Stroke, Pages 351-354, C. Foerch Chapter 75 - Rodent Behavioral Tests Sensitive to Functional Recovery and Compensation, Pages 355-360, T. Schallert, D.L. Adkins Chapter 76 - Transient Focal Neurological Events, Pages 365-371, C. Stephen, L.R. Caplan Chapter 77 - Types of Stroke and Their Differential Diagnosis, Pages 372-376, C.-P. Chung Chapter 78 - Small Artery Occlusive Diseases, Pages 377-383, Y. Yamamoto Chapter 79 - Anterior Circulation: Large Artery Occlusive Disease and Embolism, Pages 384-388, M. Mehdiratta, Y. Perez Chapter 80 - Carotid Artery Disease, Pages 388-392, P. Bhattacharya, S. Chaturvedi Chapter 81 - Posterior Circulation: Large Artery Occlusive Disease and Embolism, Pages 392-397, R.J. Wityk Chapter 82 - Primer in Cerebrovascular Disease: Innominate and Subclavian Disease, Pages 398-402, S.L. Zettervall, F. Shuja, M.L. Schermerhorn Chapter 83 - Vertebral Artery Disease, Pages 403-408, L. Catanese, L.R. Caplan Chapter 84 - Basilar Artery Disease, Pages 408-412, J. Tarsia, L.R. Caplan Chapter 85 - The Heart and Stroke, Pages 413-419, M.C. Leary, H.A. Yacoub Chapter 86 - Aortic Arch Artherosclerotic Disease, Pages 420-423, J.A. Abbatemarco, M.C. Leary, H.A. Yacoub Chapter 87 - Brain Injury From Cerebral Hypoperfusion, Pages 423-426, M. De Georgia, B. Miller Chapter 88 - Stroke and Eye Findings, Pages 427-433, V. Biousse, N.J. Newman Chapter 89 - Spinal Cord Strokes, Pages 433-438, R. Bhole, L.R. Caplan Chapter 90 - Unique Features of Aneurysms by Location, Pages 439-444, B.J. Cord, K.R. Bulsara Chapter 91 - Clinical Aspects of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, Pages 445-448, M.J. Koch, B. Choi, C.J. Stapleton, A.B. Patel Chapter 92 - Clinical Aspects of Intracerebral Hemorrhage, Pages 448-456, K.C. Wu, A.P. See, M.A. Aziz-Sultan Chapter 93 - Clinical Aspects of Intraventricular Hemorrhage, Pages 457-467, B. Daou, D. Hasan, P. Jabbour Chapter 94 - Clinical Aspects of Subdural Hemorrhage (SDH), Pages 467-471, A. Ozpinar, B. Jankowitz Chapter 95 - Cerebral Venous Thrombosis, Pages 472-477, P. Canhão, J.M. Ferro Chapter 96 - Developmental Venous Anomalies, Pages 478-481, A.P. See, M.A. Silva, M.A. Aziz-Sultan Chapter 97 - Vein of Galen Arteriovenous Malformations, Pages 482-487, A.P. See, D.B. Orbach Chapter 98 - Carotid Cavernous and Other Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas, Pages 487-492, C.J. Griessenauer, L. He Chapter 99 - Cavernous Malformations, Pages 492-496, G. Lanzino, K.D. Flemming Chapter 100 - Spinal Vascular Malformations, Pages 496-506, B.M. Howard, D.L. Barrow Chapter 101 - Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndromes, Pages 507-513, A.B. Singhal, M.A. Topcuoglu Chapter 102 - Spontaneous Dissections of Cervicocephalic Arteries, Pages 514-519, E.C. Leira, J. Biller Chapter 103 - Stroke Secondary to Trauma, Pages 520-524, G.D. Reddy, S. Gopinath Chapter 104 - Vascular Cognitive and Behavioral Disorders, Pages 524-527, Q. Hao, M. Johansen, R.J. Wityk Chapter 105 - Stroke in Children, Pages 531-536, K. Sivakumar, K.R. Duncan, M.C. Leary Chapter 106 - Ischemic Stroke in the Young, Pages 537-545, F.D. Testai, J. Biller Chapter 107 - Rare Genetic Causes of Stroke, Pages 545-554, M.K. Tobin, F.D. Testai Chapter 108 - Stroke in Fabry Disease, Pages 555-560, L.R. Caplan, F.D. Testai Chapter 109 - Moyamoya Disease and Syndrome, Pages 561-566, J.S. Kim Chapter 110 - Varicella Zoster Virus and Stroke, Pages 567-570, M.A. Nagel Chapter 111 - Stroke and Migraine, Pages 570-573, A. Yakhkind, J. Castaldo, M.C. Leary Chapter 112 - Cerebrovascular Complications of Cancer, Pages 573-579, D. Mehta, M. El-Hunjul, M.C. Leary Chapter 113 - Radiation Vasculopathy, Pages 579-583, N.M. Rao, H.V. Vinters, J.L. Saver Chapter 114 - Aortic Dissection and Stroke, Pages 584-586, J.S. Veluz, C.M. Vial Chapter 115 - Coagulopathies and Ischemic Stroke, Pages 587-590, S.M. Koleilat, B.M. Coull Chapter 116 - Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome, Pages 590-594, C.H. Topel, R.L. Brey Chapter 117 - Primary Platelet Disorders, Pages 594-602, R.M. Dafer Chapter 118 - Stroke and Sickle Cell Disease, Pages 603-608, A.P. Ostendorf, E.S. Roach, R.J. Adams Chapter 119 - Pregnancy, Hormonal Contraception, and Postmenopausal Estrogen Replacement Therapy, Pages 608-614, C. Lamy, J.-L. Mas Chapter 120 - Toxicity/Substance Abuse, Pages 614-622, R. Sweis, J. Biller Chapter 121 - Functional Disorders Presenting to the Stroke Service, Pages 623-630, G. Nielsen, M.J. Edwards, J. Stone Chapter 122 - CADASIL, Pages 630-634, H. Chabriat Chapter 123 - Stroke and Infection: Tuberculosis, Brucellosis, Syphilis, Lyme Disease and Listeriosis, Pages 635-641, R. Sabzwari, D.H. Slade Chapter 124 - HIV and Stroke∗, Pages 642-645, A. Bryer, K. Bateman Chapter 125 - Stroke-Induced Immunodepression and Clinical Consequences, Pages 645-649, A. Meisel, S. Hoffmann Chapter 126 - Cerebrovascular Complications of Cardiac Surgery, Pages 650-655, J.S. Veluz, M.C. Leary Chapter 127 - Clinical Stroke Diagnosis, Pages 659-663, L.R. Caplan Chapter 128 - Cardiac Electrophysiology in Stroke Investigation: Holter, Event Monitor, and Long-Term Monitoring, Pages 664-668, P.A. Santucci Chapter 129 - Cardiac Ultrasound in Stroke Investigation, Pages 669-676, W.J. Manning Chapter 130 - Overview of Neuroimaging of Stroke, Pages 676-685, K. Malhotra, D.S. Liebeskind Chapter 131 - CT, CT-Angiography, and Perfusion-CT Evaluation of Stroke, Pages 686-694, C. Federau, M. Wintermark Chapter 132 - MRI and MRA of Ischemic Stroke, Pages 695-702, R.G. González Chapter 133 - Transcranial and Cervical Ultrasound in Stroke, Pages 702-707, M.R. Vosko, D.W. Newell, A.V. Alexandrov Chapter 134 - Conventional Cerebral Arteriography, Pages 707-712, D.C. Haussen, R.G. Nogueira Chapter 135 - Ultrasound Examination of the Aortic Arch in Stroke, Pages 713-717, M.R. Di Tullio Chapter 136 - Thrombolysis for Acute Ischemic Stroke, Pages 721-724, R. Gupta Chapter 137 - General Treatment of Stroke in Intensive Care Setting, Pages 724-728, A.M. Alkhachroum, M. De Georgia Chapter 138 - Physiological Monitoring of Stroke in the Intensive Care Setting, Pages 729-732, R. Sweis, J. Biller Chapter 139 - Hypertensive Encephalopathy, Pages 733-737, B. Bar Chapter 140 - Management of Cerebral Edema/Intracranial Pressure in Ischemic Stroke, Pages 738-742, M.M. McDowell, A.F. Ducruet, R.M. Friedlander Chapter 141 - Surgery for Ischemic Strokes, Pages 742-744, J. Messegee, H. Yonas Chapter 142 - Clinical Status of Neuroprotection in Cerebral Ischemia, Pages 745-748, B.P. Walcott, C.J. Stapleton Chapter 143 - Cardiac Complications and ECG Abnormalities After Stroke, Pages 749-753, M.J. Schneck Chapter 144 - Management of Hypertension in Stroke, Pages 753-756, J.A. Abbatemarco, K.R. Duncan, P. Varade Chapter 145 - Management of Diabetes in Stroke, Pages 756-759, M. Emanuele, N. Emanuele Chapter 146 - Management of Atrial Fibrillation, Pages 759-766, K.A. Groshans, M.C. Leary Chapter 147 - Depression, Psychosis, and Agitation in Stroke, Pages 767-774, R. Tarawneh, J.L. Cummings Chapter 148 - Treatment of Vasculitis, Pages 774-777, R. Tehrani, R. Hariman Chapter 149 - Endovascular Therapy for the Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Pages 778-785, L. Rangel-Castilla, H.J. Shakir, A.H. Siddiqui Chapter 150 - Surgery for Ischemic Infarcts, Pages 786-789, Y. Laviv, E.M. Kasper Chapter 151 - Carotid Endarterectomy and Carotid Angioplasty and Stenting, Pages 789-793, C.J. Griessenauer, C.S. Ogilvy Chapter 152 - Management of Asymptomatic Extracranial Carotid Artery Disease, Pages 794-798, V.A. Lioutas Chapter 153 - Management of Cerebellar Hematomas and Infarcts, Pages 799-804, D.M. Heiferman, C.M. Loftus Chapter 154 - Surgical and Endovascular Management of Ruptured Posterior Circulation Aneurysms, Pages 804-811, R. Tahir, M. Kole Chapter 155 - Surgical and Endovascular Management of Patients With Unruptured Aneurysm, Pages 812-818, B. Daou, P. Jabbour Chapter 156 - Surgical and Endovascular Management of Patients With Giant Cerebral Aneurysms, Pages 818-823, J.S. Beecher, B.G. Welch Chapter 157 - Surgical and Endovascular Management of Aneurysms in the Pediatric Age Group, Pages 824-830, E.R. Smith Chapter 158 - Surgical Management of Pituitary Apoplexy, Pages 830-835, A.O. Jamshidi, D.M. Prevedello, A. Beer-Furlan, R.A. Hachem, B. Otto, R. Carrau Chapter 159 - Surgical and Endovascular Management of Acutely Ruptured Arteriovenous Malformations, Pages 836-842, W.C. Rutledge, M.T. Lawton Chapter 160 - Surgical and Endovascular Management of Unruptured Arteriovenous Malformations, Pages 842-847, C.J. Griessenauer, C.S. Ogilvy Chapter 161 - Surgical and Endovascular Management of Vertebrobasilar Atherosclerosis, Pages 847-853, D.M. Panczykowski, T.G. Jovin Chapter 162 - Extracranial–Intracranial Bypass Procedures, Pages 853-858, Z.A. Hage, S. Amin-Hanjani Chapter 163 - Surgical Aspects of Moyamoya Disease, Pages 859-864, M.K. Teo, V. Madhugiri, G.K. Steinberg Chapter 164 - Prevention of Ischemic Stroke, Pages 865-869, C. Goshgarian, P.B. Gorelick Chapter 165 - Management of Lipid Metabolism, Pages 870-873, Y. Turan, A. Kozan, M.K. Başkaya Chapter 166 - Antiplatelet Agents: Mechanisms and Their Role in Stroke Prevention, Pages 874-881, M.K. Erdman, M.C. Leary Chapter 167 - Anticoagulants in Stroke Treatment, Pages 881-885, B. Huisa, M. Fisher Chapter 168 - Rehabilitation for Disabling Stroke, Pages 886-892, B.H. Dobkin Chapter 169 - Magnetic and Direct Current Stimulation for Stroke, Pages 892-895, S. Madhavan Chapter 170 - Management of Aneurysms and Vascular Malformations During Pregnancy and Puerperium, Pages 896-900, A.G. Larsen, A. Can, R. Du Index, Pages 901-947