Exercise A Scientific and Clinical Overview

Description

This book is about exercise -- what it is, what it does to the individual, how it is measured and most of all what benefits it brings. Beginning with an introduction to the history and biology of exercise, it then reviews the interactions between exercise and specific diseases, such as diabetes, coronary heart disease, cancer and many more, before considering exercise in a wider health context. The book covers Current societal norms, as well as the social and economic costs of inactivity; Exercise for life - from starting young, to pregnancy, longevity and frailty; Complications of exercise; The intersections of behavioral psychology and exercise, such as encouragement and excuse making. With comprehensive and clear explanations based on sound science, yet written in an approachable and accessible style, this book is a valuable resource for students of public health, medicine, physiotherapy, sports science, coaching and training. Cover Exercise: A Scientific and Clinical Overview Copyright Contents About the Authors Preface Introduction 1 A Brief Historical Context for Exercise References 2 The Muscles and Types of Exercise Muscle Types Exercising Your Muscles Warming Up and Cooling Down References 3 Oxygen as the Fuel of Aerobic Exercise Oxygen Uptake or Oxygen Consumption Oxygen Transport During Exercise Ventilation Cardiac output – the amount of blood pumped out by the heart Extraction of blood by the muscles Combined effect on oxygen uptake 4 Exercise Dose Rate of Exertion Total Energy Expended References 5 Physical Fitness: The Best Measure of Exercise Capacity Measuring Physical Fitness Measuring Personal Fitness The Cooper test The Rockport walk test The 6-minute walk test The 20-metre progressive shuttle test Variations in Average Fitness Levels References 6 The Components of Overall Exercise Volume Frequency Intensity Time Type of Exercise Overall Exercise Volume Moderate activities Vigorous activities Muscle-strengthening activities The Benefits of These Recommendations References 7 Population Activity Levels References 8 How Fit is the General Population? References 9 Evidence: Interpreting the Science Presentation of Evidence Mortality Interpreting the Evidence References 10 Obesity Causes of Obesity The Costs of Obesity The Medical Ill Effects of Obesity Exercise in the Prevention of Obesity Exercise in the Treatment of Obesity Benefits of Weight Loss Maintenance of Weight Loss Summary References 11 High Blood Pressure (BP) The Medical Ill Effects of Raised BP Exercise in the Prevention of Raised BP Exercise in the Treatment of Raised BP References 12 Dyslipidaemia Blood Fats Cholesterol Triglycerides The Medical Ill Effects of Dyslipidaemia Effect of Exercise on Lipids References 13 Diabetes Side Effects of Diabetes Exercise in the Prevention of Diabetes Exercise in the Treatment of Diabetes Exercise in the Prevention of the Complications of Diabetes References 14 The Metabolic Syndrome The Nature of the Metabolic Syndrome Exercise in the Prevention of the Metabolic Syndrome Exercise in the Treatment of the Metabolic Syndrome References 15 Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) Causes of Coronary Artery Disease Measuring Risk Angina Heart Attack Heart Failure Exercise in the Prevention of CHD Exercise in the Treatment of CHD Exercise in the Treatment of Heart Failure References 16 Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD) Exercise in the Prevention of PVD Exercise in the Treatment of PVD References 17 Stroke Exercise in the Prevention of Stroke Exercise in the Treatment of Stroke Restoration of function Secondary prevention Other benefits of physical training References 18 Parkinson’s Disease (PD) Exercise in the Prevention of PD Exercise in the Treatment of PD References 19 Psychological Ill Health The Impact of Psychological Illness Exercise and Stress Exercise in the Prevention of Psychological Ill Health Exercise in the Treatment of Psychological Ill Health Mental Health References 20 Dementia and Cognition Exercise in the Prevention of Dementia Mechanisms Exercise in the Treatment of Dementia Cognition and Exercise References 21 Lung Disease Exercise and Lung Disease Exercise in the Management of Lung Disease References 22 Cancer Exercise in the Prevention of Cancer Exercise in the Treatment of Cancer Prehabilitation Rehabilitation References 23 Osteoporosis Exercise in the Prevention of Osteoporosis Exercise in the Treatment of Osteoporosis References 24 Other Conditions Pregnancy Erectile Dysfunction Premenstrual and Menstrual Symptoms Menopause Joint Disease Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Inflammation Others References 25 Frailty The Definition of Frailty The Causes of Frailty The Consequences of Frailty The Role of Unfitness in Frailty Healthspan Exercise for Prevention of Frailty Exercise in the Treatment of Frailty Balance and Risk of Falling Conclusion References 26 Longevity Effect of Exercise on Lifespan Exercise Volume and Longevity Volume of exercise Intensity of exercise Aerobic versus muscle-strengthening exercise Recreational and competitive sport Starting later Physical Fitness and Longevity Special Situations References 27 The Social and Economic Costs of Inactivity The Cost of Sedentary Behaviour Physical Activity and Costs A European Perspective The Costs of Care for the Elderly References 28 Encouraging Exercise Starting Young Adults The Role of the Medical Profession Enhancing Exercise Schemes Other Ideas Workplace interventions Environmental interventions Active commuting Financial reward Community interventions Jogging and running Internet-delivered interventions Smartphone apps Pedometers Applying the concept of biological age Food labelling Reducing exercise targets, particularly for older people Walking The Political Approach References 29 Sedentary Behaviour How Much Sitting is Taking Place? The Harmful Effects of Too Much Sitting The Cost of Sedentary Behaviour Reducing Sedentary Behaviour References 30 Complications of Exercise Sudden Death Other Cardiac Arrhythmias Other Cardiac Problems Musculoskeletal Injuries Stress Fractures Exercise and Trauma Extreme Endurance Exercise Exercise Addiction References 31 Excuses to Avoid Exercise ‘I am not fit enough.’ ‘I am too fat.’ ‘I have a long-standing injury.’ ‘I am too busy.’ ‘I might get cold and uncomfortable.’ ‘I am too old.’ ‘I might look stupid.’ ‘I have children to look after.’ ‘I have no one to exercise with.’ The Role of Health Professionals 32 Conclusions References Glossary Index Back Cover