Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells: Electrochemical Methods and Computational Fluid Dynamics

Description

PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE FUEL CELLS Edited by one of the most well-respected and prolific engineers in the world and his team, this book provides a comprehensive overview of hydrogen production, conversion, and storage, offering the scientific literature a comprehensive coverage of this important fuel. Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are among the most anticipated stationary clean energy devices in renewable and alternative energy. Despite the appreciable improvement in their cost and durability, which are the two major commercialization barriers, their availability has not matched demand. This is mainly due to the use of expensive metal-catalyst, less durable membranes, and poor insight into the ongoing phenomena inside proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Efforts are being made to optimize the use of precious metals as catalyst layers or find alternatives that can be durable for more than 5000 hours. Computational models are also being developed and studied to get an insight into the shortcomings and provide solutions. The announcement by various companies that they will be producing proton exchange membrane fuel cells-based cars by 2025 has accelerated the current research on proton exchange membrane fuel cells. The breakthrough is urgently needed. The membranes, catalysts, polymer electrolytes, and especially the understanding of diffusion layers, need thorough revision and improvement to achieve the target. This exciting breakthrough volume explores these challenges and offers solutions for the industry. Whether for the student, veteran engineer, new hire, or other industry professionals, this is a must-have for any library. Cover Title Page Copyright Page Contents Preface Chapter 1 Stationary and Portable Applications of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 1.2.1 Stationary Applications 1.2.2 Portable Applications 1.2.3 Hydrogen PEMFCs 1.2.4 Alcohol PEMFCs 1.2.4.1 Direct Methanol Fuel Cell 1.2.4.2 Direct Dimethyl Ether Fuel Cell 1.2.5 Microbial Fuel Cells 1.2.5.1 Electricity Generation 1.2.5.2 Microbial Desalination Cells 1.2.5.3 Removal of Metals From Industrial Waste 1.2.5.4 Wastewater Treatment 1.2.5.5 Microbial Solar Cells and Fuel Cells 1.2.5.6 Biosensors 1.2.5.7 Biohydrogen Production 1.2.6 Micro Fuel Cells 1.3 Conclusion and Future Perspective References Chapter 2 Graphene-Based Membranes for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Membranes 2.3 Graphene: A Proton Exchange Membrane 2.4 Synthesis of GO Composite Membranes 2.5 Graphene Oxide in Fuel Cells 2.5.1 Electrochemical Fuel Cells 2.5.1.1 Hydrogen Oxide Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells 2.5.1.2 Direct Methanol Fuel Cells 2.5.2 Bioelectrochemical Fuel Cells 2.6 Characterization Techniques of GO Composite Membranes 2.7 Conclusion References Chapter 3 Graphene Nanocomposites as Promising Membranes for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Recent Kinds of Fuel Cells 3.2.1 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 3.3 Conclusion Acknowledgements References Chapter 4 Carbon Nanotube–Based Membranes for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Overview of Carbon Nanotube–Based Membranes PEM Cells References Chapter 5 Nanocomposite Membranes for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Nanocomposite Membranes for PEMFC 5.3 Evaluation Methods of Proton Exchange Membrane Properties 5.3.1 Proton Conductivity Measurement 5.3.2 Water Uptake Measurement 5.3.3 Oxidative Stability Measurement 5.3.4 Thermal and Mechanical Properties Measurement 5.4 Nafion-Based Membrane 5.5 Poly(Benzimidazole)–Based Membrane 5.6 Sulfonated Poly(Ether Ether Ketone)–Based Membranes 5.7 Poly(Vinyl Alcohol)–Based Membranes 5.8 Sulfonated Polysulfone–Based Membranes 5.9 Chitosan-Based Membranes 5.10 Conclusions References Chapter 6 Organic-Inorganic Composite Membranes for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell 6.3 Proton Exchange Membrane 6.3.1 Perfluorosulfonic Acid PEM 6.3.2 Partial Fluorine-Containing PEM 6.3.3 Non-Fluorine PEM 6.3.4 Modification of Proton Exchange Membrane 6.4 Research Progress of Organic-Inorganic Composite PEM 6.4.1 Inorganic Oxide/Polymer Composite PEM 6.4.2 Two-Dimensional Inorganic Material/Polymer Composite PEM 6.4.3 Carbon Nanotube/Polymer Composite PEM 6.4.4 Inorganic Acid–Doped Composite Film 6.4.5 Heteropoly Acid–Doped Composite PEM 6.4.6 Zirconium Phosphate–Doped Composite PEM 6.4.7 Polyvinyl Alcohol/Inorganic Composite Membrane 6.5 Conclusion and Prospection Acknowledgments Conflict of Interest References Chapter 7 Thermoset-Based Composite Bipolar Plates in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell: Recent Developments and Challenges 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Theories of Electrical Conductivity in Polymer Composites 7.2.1 Percolation Theory 7.2.2 General Effective Media Model 7.2.3 McLachlan Model 7.2.4 Mamunya Model 7.2.5 Taherian Model 7.3 Matrix and Fillers 7.3.1 Thermoset Resins 7.3.1.1 Epoxy 7.3.1.2 Unsaturated Polyester Resin 7.3.1.3 Vinyl Ester Resins 7.3.1.4 Phenolic Resins 7.3.1.5 Polybenzoxazine Resins 7.3.2 Fillers 7.3.2.1 Graphite 7.3.2.2 Graphene 7.3.2.3 Expanded Graphite 7.3.2.4 Carbon Black 7.3.2.5 Carbon Nanotube 7.3.2.6 Carbon Fiber 7.4 The Manufacturing Process of Thermoset-Based Composite BPs 7.4.1 Compression Molding 7.4.2 The Selective Laser Sintering Process 7.4.3 Wet and Dry Method 7.4.4 Resin Vacuum Impregnation Method 7.5 Effect of Processing Parameters on the Properties Thermoset-Based Composite BPs 7.5.1 Compression Molding Parameters 7.5.1.1 Pressure 7.5.1.2 Temperature 7.5.1.3 Time 7.5.2 The Mixing Time Effect on the Properties of Composite Bipolar Plates 7.6 Effect of Polymer Type, Filler Type, and Composition on Properties of Thermoset Composite BPs 7.6.1 Electrical Properties 7.6.2 Mechanical Properties 7.6.3 Thermal Properties 7.7 Testing and Characterization of Polymer Composite-Based BPs 7.7.1 Electrical Analysis 7.7.1.1 In-Plane Electrical Conductivity 7.7.1.2 Through-Plane Electrical Conductivity 7.7.2 Thermal Analysis 7.7.2.1 Thermal Gravimetric Analysis 7.7.2.2 Differential Scanning Calorimetry 7.7.2.3 Thermal Conductivity 7.7.3 Mechanical Analysis 7.7.3.1 Flexural Strength 7.7.3.2 Tensile Strength 7.7.3.3 Compressive Strength 7.8 Conclusions Abbreviations References Chapter 8 Metal-Organic Framework Membranes for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Aluminium Containing MOFs for PEMFCs 8.3 Chromium Containing MOFs for PEMFCs 8.4 Copper Containing MOFs for PEMFCs 8.5 Cobalt Containing MOFs for PEMFCs 8.6 Iron Containing MOFs for PEMFCs 8.7 Nickel Containing MOFs for PEMFCs 8.8 Platinum Containing MOFs for PEMFCs 8.9 Zinc Containing MOFs for PEMFCs 8.10 Zirconium Containing MOFs for PEMFCs 8.11 Conclusions and Future Prospects References Chapter 9 Fluorinated Membrane Materials for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells Abbreviations 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Fluorinated Polymeric Materials for PEMFCs 9.3 Poly(Bibenzimidazole)/Silica Hybrid Membrane 9.4 Poly(Bibenzimidazole) Copolymers Containing Fluorine-Siloxane Membrane 9.5 Sulfonated Fluorinated Poly(Arylene Ethers) 9.6 Fluorinated Sulfonated Polytriazoles 9.7 Fluorinated Polybenzoxazole (6F-PBO) 9.8 Poly(Bibenzimidazole) With Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride-Co-Hexafluoro Propylene) 9.9 Fluorinated Poly(Arylene Ether Ketones) 9.10 Fluorinated Sulfonated Poly(Arylene Ether Sulfone) (6FBPAQSH-XX) 9.11 Fluorinated Poly(Aryl Ether Sulfone) Membranes Cross-Linked Sulfonated Oligomer (c-SPFAES) 9.12 Sulfonated Poly(Arylene Biphenylether Sulfone)- Poly(Arylene Ether) (SPABES-PAE) 9.13 Conclusion Conflicts of Interest Acknowledgements References Chapter 10 Membrane Materials in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Fuel Cell: Definition and Classification 10.3 Historical Background of Fuel Cell 10.4 Fuel Cell Applications 10.4.1 Transportation 10.4.2 Stationary Power 10.4.3 Portable Applications 10.5 Comparison between Fuel Cells and Other Methods 10.6 PEMFCs: Description and Characterization 10.6.1 Ion Exchange Capacity–Conductivity 10.6.2 Durability 10.6.3 Water Management 10.6.4 Cost 10.7 Membrane Materials for PEMFC 10.7.1 Statistical Copolymer PEMs 10.7.2 Block and Graft Copolymers 10.7.3 Polymer Blending and Other PEM Compounds 10.8 Conclusions References Chapter 11 Nafion-Based Membranes for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 11.1 Introduction: Background 11.2 Physical Properties 11.3 Nafion Structure 11.4 Water Uptake 11.5 Protonic Conductivity 11.6 Water Transport 11.7 Gas Permeation 11.8 Final Comments Acknowledgements References Chapter 12 Solid Polymer Electrolytes for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Type of Fuel Cells 12.2.1 Alkaline Fuel Cells 12.2.2 Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells 12.2.3 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells 12.2.4 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells 12.2.5 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 12.3 Basic Properties of PEMFC 12.4 Classification of Solid Polymer Electrolyte Membranes for PEMFC 12.4.1 Perfluorosulfonic Membrane 12.4.2 Partially Fluorinated Polymers 12.4.3 Non-Fluorinated Hydrocarbon Membrane 12.4.4 Nonfluorinated Acid Membranes With Aromatic Backbone 12.4.5 Acid Base Blend 12.5 Applications 12.5.1 Application in Transportation 12.6 Conclusions References Chapter 13 Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation of Transport Phenomena in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 13.1 Introduction 13.2 PEMFC Simulation and Mathematical Modeling 13.2.1 Governing Equations 13.2.1.1 Continuity Equation 13.2.1.2 Momentum Equation 13.2.1.3 Mass Transfer Equation 13.2.1.4 Energy Transfer Equation 13.2.1.5 Equation of Charge Conservation 13.2.1.6 Formation and Transfer of Liquid Water 13.3 The Solution Procedures 13.3.1 CFD Simulations 13.3.2 OpenFOAM 13.3.3 Lattice Boltzmann 13.4 Conclusions References Index EULA