Bioaugmentation Techniques and Applications in Remediation

Description

It has been observed that rapid population expansion has raised the amount of anthropogenic activity, resulting in high levels of pollution in water, air, and solid waste as well as an increase in the pressure placed on agricultural lands. Bioaugmentation Techniques and Applications in Remediation provides detailed information on bioaugmentation approaches for the remediation of sediments, water, and soil polluted with organic and inorganic pollutants. Practical applications of bioaugmentation techniques performed in restricted systems under controlled conditions, laboratory investigations, and in the field are addressed. Special emphasis is placed on the applications of nanomaterials in combination with bioaugmentation techniques for enhanced bioremediation efficiency. FEATURES Explores abiotic and biotic factors that enhance and facilitate environmental remediation of contaminants Provides a primer on the elementary microbial processes entailed in bioaugmentation Summarizes methods and approaches for executing bioaugmentation technology Details commercially available products and instrumentation This book is an ideal resource for researchers, students, and engineers working in materials science and bioremediation. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents Preface Editors Contributors Chapter 1 Bioaugmentation Techniques for Removal of Heterocyclic Compounds and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Principles of Bioaugmentation Strategies for the Removal of Recalcitrant Hydrocarbons 1.3 On Methods and Perspectives of Bioaugmentation in the Removal of Recalcitrant Hydrocarbons 1.4 Conclusion References Chapter 2 Bioaugmentation for Lignin Removal from the Paper Industry 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Lignin 2.2.1 Lignocellullosic Stream 2.3 Pretreatment Methods to Treat Paper Industry Waste 2.3.1 Physicochemical Methods 2.3.1.1 Ozonation 2.3.1.2 Membrane Technologies 2.3.1.3 Adsorption 2.3.1.4 Coagulation and Precipitation 2.3.2 Disadvantages of Physicochemical Pretreatment 2.3.3 Biological Pretreatment 2.3.4 Bioaugmentation 2.3.4.1 Principle of Bioaugmentation 2.3.4.2 Factors Influencing Bioaugmentation 2.3.4.3 Lignin Removal by Bioaugmentation 2.3.4.4 Limitations of Bioaugmentation Technologies 2.3.4.5 Methods to Improve Process of Bioaugmentation 2.4 Conclusion References Chapter 3 Bioaugmentation of Pesticide-Contaminated Environment 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Impact of Pesticides 3.3 Soil Contamination 3.4 Water Contamination 3.5 Bioaugmentation and Its Concepts 3.6 Microorganisms in Bioaugmentation 3.7 Factors Limiting Bioaugmentation 3.8 Temperature 3.9 Soil Moisture 3.10 Soil pH 3.11 Organic Matter 3.12 Bioaugmentation Approaches 3.13 Cell Bioaugmentation 3.14 Genetic Bioaugmentation 3.15 Conclusion References Chapter 4 Bioaugmentation in the Bioremediation of Petroleum Products 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Petroleum Products in the Environment 4.3 Microorganisms Degrading Petroleum Products 4.4 Bioaugmentation of Microbes for Bioremediation 4.4.1 Bioavailability of Petroleum Hydrocarbons 4.4.2 Physiochemical Parameters 4.4.3 Toxicity of Organic Compounds 4.4.4 Presence of Nutrients 4.5 Bioaugmentation Techniques 4.6 Bioremediation of Petroleum Product-Contaminated Water/Petroleum Wastewater 4.7 Bioremediation of Oil 4.8 Bioremediation of Petroleum Product-Contaminated Soil 4.9 Bioremediation of Oily Sludge 4.10 Conclusion References Chapter 5 Bioaugmentation for Removal of Cyanides 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Cyanide Classification 5.3 Dangers of Cyanide in Humans 5.4 Cyanide Remediation 5.5 Advantages of Bioaugmentation Processes 5.6 Bioaugmentation of Cyanides 5.6.1 Bioaugmentation of Thiocyanate 5.7 Techniques in Bioaugmentation of Cyanides 5.8 Cyanide Bioaugmentation Conditions 5.9 Cyanide and Thiocyanate Degradation Processes 5.10 Cyanide-Degrading Enzymes 5.10.1 Cyanide Oxidation (Oxygenase, Monooxygenase, Dioxygenase) 5.10.1.1 Pterin-Dependent Oxygenase 5.10.2 Cyanide Reduction (Nitrogenase) 5.10.3 Cyanide Hydrolysis (Nitrilase, Nitrile Hydratase, Cyanide Hydratase, Cyanide Dihydratase, Formamidase) 5.10.3.1 Thiocyanate Hydrolysis (Rhodanese, Thiocyanate Hydrolase, Thiocyanate Dehydrogenase, Carbonyl Sulfide Hydrolase) 5.10.4 Cyanide Substitution/Transfer (β-Cyanoalanine Synthase, β-Cyanoalanine Nitrilase, β-Cyanoalanine Hydratase, Asparaginase) 5.11 Conclusion References Chapter 6 Bioaugmentation to Remove Recalcitrant Pollutants in Industrial Wastewater 6.1 General Introduction 6.2 Bioaugmentation 6.3 Major Recalcitrant Pollutants in Industrial Wastewater 6.4 Bioaugmentation of Recalcitrant Pollutants in Industrial Wastewater 6.4.1 Bioaugmentation of Hydrocarbons 6.4.2 Bioaugmentation of Pesticides 6.4.3 Bioaugmentation of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Hexachlorobenzene 6.4.4 Bioaugmentation of Phthalate and Its Esters 6.4.5 Bioaugmentation of Chlorine Derivatives – Dioxins and Furans 6.4.6 Bioaugmentation of Pharmaceutical By-Products References Chapter 7 Application of Nanomaterials in the Bioaugmentation of Heavily Polluted Environment 7.1 Introduction 7.1.2 Pollution Issue 7.2 Environmental Pollutant 7.2.1 Classification of Environmental Pollutants 7.2.1.1 Pollutant Properties 7.2.1.2 Toxicity 7.2.1.3 Bioaccumulation 7.2.1.4 Mobility 7.2.1.5 Persistence 7.2.1.6 Ease of Control 7.2.2 Effects of Pollutant 7.3 Concept of Bioaugmentation 7.3.1 Methods of Bioaugmentation 7.3.2 Inoculums Used in Bioaugmentation 7.3.3 Techniques for Introduction of the Inoculums 7.3.4 Pros and Cons of Bioaugmentation 7.3.4.1 Pros 7.3.4.2 Cons 7.4 Applications of Bioaugmentation 7.5 Utilization of Nanomaterial to Bioaugmentation 7.6 Future Prospects: Challenges and Solution References Chapter 8 Plasmid-Mediated Bioaugmentation 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Plasmids as Bioaugmentation Agent 8.3 Examples of Plasmid-Mediated Bioaugmentation 8.3.1 Pesticides 8.3.2 Explosive Compounds 8.3.3 Wastewater and Activated Sludge 8.3.4 Metal Toxicants 8.3.5 Other Compounds 8.4 Factors Influencing Plasmid-Mediated Bioaugmentation 8.5 Advantages and the Success Constrains 8.6 Future 8.7 Conclusion References Chapter 9 Bioaugmentation in Rhizoengineering for Xenobiotic Biodegradation 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Phytoremediation 9.3 Rhizoremediation 9.4 Bioaugmentation – A Key Strategy in Bioremediation 9.4.1 Factors Influencing Bioaugmentation 9.4.2 Choosing the Right Agent for Bioaugmentation 9.5 Rhizosphere Engineering 9.5.1 Rhizoengineering for Xenobiotic Biodegradation 9.5.2 Bioaugmentation in Rhizoengineering 9.5.3 Rhizoengineering Approaches in Bioaugmentation 9.6 Conclusion and Perspectives Acknowledgment References Chapter 10 Bioaugmentation of Municipal Waste: Recycling of Electronic Wastes through Biohydrometallurgical Technology 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Recovery of Gold (Au) from Electronic Wastes by Addition of Exogenous Microbes (the So-called Bioaugmentation) 10.3 Recovery of Copper (Cu) and Other Metals as Pre-treatment for Gold Extraction 10.4 Application of Microorganisms in Recovery of Gold and Other Metals from E-Wastes References Chapter 11 Bioaugmentation in the Bioremediation of the Heavy Metals and Radionuclides 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Bioremediation Techniques 11.2.1 In Situ Technology 11.2.1.1 Biosparging 11.2.1.2 Bioventing 11.2.1.3 Bioslurping 11.2.1.4 Biostimulation 11.2.1.5 Bioaugmentation 11.2.2 Ex Situ Technology 11.2.2.1 Solid-Phase Bioremediation 11.2.2.2 Semi-Solid (Slurry) Phase Bioremediation 11.3 Effect of Heavy Metals and Radionuclides on the Biological System 11.4 Microbial Activity and Bioaugmentation 11.4.1 Basic Metabolic Activity of Microbes 11.4.2 Bioaugmentation in Heavy Metal Transformation 11.4.3 Bioaugmentation in Radionuclide Transformation 11.5 Factors Affecting Bioaugmentation in Bioremediation 11.5.1 pH 11.5.2 Temperature 11.5.3 Oxygen and Moisture Contents 11.6 Bioaugmentation Using Nanotechnology 11.7 Conclusion Acknowledgments References Index