Electromagnetics explained: a handbook for wireless/RF, EMC, and high-speed electronics

Description

Based on familiar circuit theory and basic physics, this book serves as an invaluable reference for both analog and digital engineers alike. For those who work with analog RF, this book is a must-have resource. With computers and networking equipment of the 21st century running at such high frequencies, it is now crucial for digital designers to understand electromagnetic fields, radiation and transmission lines. This knowledge is necessary for maintaining signal integrity and achieving EMC compliance. Since many digital designers are lacking in analog design skills, let alone electromagnetics, an easy-to-read but informative book on electromagnetic topics should be considered a welcome addition to their professional libraries. Covers topics using conceptual explanations and over 150 lucid figures, in place of complex mathematicsDemystifies antennas, waveguides, and transmission line phenomenaProvides the foundation necessary to thoroughly understand signal integrity issues associated with high-speed digital design PREFACE......Page 11 SUGGESTED AUDIENCE AND GUIDE FOR USE......Page 12 PARTING NOTES......Page 13 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 15 1.1 THE NEED FOR ELECTROMAGNETICS......Page 17 1.2 THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM......Page 19 1.4 THE FINITE SPEED OF LIGHT......Page 24 1.5 ELECTRONICS......Page 25 1.7 RF TECHNIQUES......Page 28 1.9 INFRARED AND THE ELECTRONIC SPEED LIMIT......Page 32 1.10 VISIBLE LIGHT AND BEYOND......Page 34 1.11 LASERS AND PHOTONICS......Page 36 1.12 SUMMARY......Page 37 1.13 BIBLIOGRAPHY: GENERAL TOPICS FOR CHAPTER 1......Page 38 1.14 BIBLIOGRAPHY: STATE-OF-THE-ART ELECTRONICS......Page 39 2.1 THE ELECTRIC FORCE FIELD......Page 41 2.2 OTHER TYPES OF FIELDS......Page 42 2.3 VOLTAGE AND POTENTIAL ENERGY......Page 44 2.4 CHARGES IN METALS......Page 46 2.5 THE DEFINITION OF RESISTANCE......Page 48 2.6 ELECTRONS AND HOLES......Page 49 2.7 ELECTROSTATIC INDUCTION AND CAPACITANCE......Page 50 2.8 INSULATORS (DIELECTRICS)......Page 54 2.9 STATIC ELECTRICITY AND LIGHTNING......Page 55 2.10 THE BATTERY REVISITED......Page 61 2.12 CONDUCTIVITY AND PERMITTIVITY OF COMMON MATERIALS......Page 63 2.13 BIBLIOGRAPHY: ELECTRIC FIELDS AND CONDUCTION......Page 64 2.14 BIBLIOGRAPHY: STATIC ELECTRICITY AND LIGHTNING......Page 65 3.1 MOVING CHARGES: SOURCE OF ALL MAGNETIC FIELDS......Page 67 3.2 MAGNETIC DIPOLES......Page 69 The Dipole......Page 72 The Moving Charge......Page 75 Currents......Page 79 3.4 THE VECTOR MAGNETIC POTENTIAL AND POTENTIAL MOMENTUM......Page 84 Diamagnetism......Page 85 Paramagnetism......Page 86 Ferromagnetism and Magnets......Page 87 Summary of Magnetic Materials......Page 88 3.6 MAGNETISM AND QUANTUM PHYSICS......Page 89 3.7 BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 90 4.1 CHANGING MAGNETIC FIELDS AND LENZ'S LAW......Page 91 4.3 INDUCTORS......Page 92 Discharging an Inductor......Page 93 4.4 AC CIRCUITS, IMPEDANCE, AND REACTANCE......Page 94 4.5 RELAYS, DOORBELLS, AND PHONE RINGERS......Page 95 4.7 GENERATORS AND MICROPHONES......Page 96 Transformer and Inductor Cores......Page 97 4.10 WHEN TO GAP YOUR CORES......Page 98 4.11 FERRITES: THE FRIENDS OF RF, HIGH-SPEED DIGITAL, AND MICROWAVE ENGINEERS......Page 99 4.12 MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS AND THE DISPLACEMENT CURRENT......Page 100 And Maxwell Said, 'Let There Be Light'......Page 101 4.13 PERPETUAL MOTION......Page 102 4.14 WHAT ABOUT D AND H? THE CONSTITUITIVE RELATIONS......Page 103 4.15 BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 104 5.1 STORAGE FIELDS VERSUS RADIATION FIELDS......Page 105 5.2 ELECTRICAL LENGTH......Page 107 Circuits That Store and Transport Energy......Page 108 Circuits That Radiate......Page 109 5.3 THE FIELD OF A STATIC CHARGE......Page 110 5.5 THE FIELD OF AN ACCELERATING CHARGE......Page 112 5.7 THE UNIVERSAL ORIGIN OF RADIATION......Page 114 5.9 THE FIELD OF A DIRECT CURRENT......Page 115 5.10 THE FIELD OF AN ALTERNATING CURRENT......Page 118 5.11 NEAR AND FAR FIELD......Page 121 5.12 THE FRAUNHOFER AND FRESNEL ZONES......Page 123 5.14 BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 124 6 RELATIVITY AND QUANTUM PHYSICS......Page 127 The EarthÌs Waveguide......Page 0 The Speed of Light Is Always the Same, or "c+v=c"......Page 130 6.2 SPACE AND TIME ARE RELATIVE......Page 131 Simultaneity Is Relative......Page 133 Lorentz Contraction of Length......Page 134 6.4 THE COSMIC SPEED LIMIT AND PROPER VELOCITY......Page 136 Space-Time, Momentum-Energy, and Other Four-Vectors......Page 139 Even a Stationary Charge Has a Magnetic Field......Page 140 6.6 THE LIMITS OF MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS......Page 141 6.7 QUANTUM PHYSICS AND THE BIRTH OF THE PHOTON......Page 142 Quantum Strangeness......Page 143 Particles Are also Waves......Page 144 The Uncertainty Principle......Page 145 6.8 THE QUANTUM VACUUM AND VIRTUAL PHOTONS......Page 146 6.9 QED......Page 147 6.11 THE FUTURE OF ELECTROMAGNETICS......Page 149 6.12 RELATIVITY, QUANTUM PHYSICS, AND BEYOND......Page 150 6.13 BIBLIOGRAPHY AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 151 7.1 THE NON-IDEAL RESISTOR......Page 155 7.2 THE NON-IDEAL CAPACITOR......Page 158 7.3 THE NON-IDEAL INDUCTOR......Page 159 7.4 NON-IDEAL WIRES AND TRANSMISSION LINES......Page 162 7.5 OTHER COMPONENTS......Page 165 7.7 RF COUPLING AND RF CHOKES......Page 166 7.8 COMPONENT SELECTION GUIDE......Page 167 7.9 BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 168 8.1 THE CIRCUIT MODEL......Page 169 8.2 CHARACTERISTIC IMPEDANCE......Page 171 8.3 THE WAVEGUIDE MODEL......Page 173 8.5 REFLECTIONS......Page 175 8.6 PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER......Page 177 8.7 DIGITAL SIGNALS AND THE EFFECTS OF RISE TIME......Page 179 8.8 ANALOG SIGNALS AND THE EFFECTS OF FREQUENCY......Page 181 8.9 IMPEDANCE TRANSFORMING PROPERTIES......Page 183 8.10 IMPEDANCE MATCHING FOR DIGITAL SYSTEMS......Page 187 8.11 IMPEDANCE MATCHING FOR RF SYSTEMS......Page 188 8.12 MAXIMUM LOAD POWER......Page 189 Why 50 Ohms?......Page 190 8.13 MEASURING CHARACTERISTIC IMPEDANCE: TDRS......Page 191 8.14 STANDING WAVES......Page 193 8.15 BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 194 9 WAVEGUIDES AND SHIELDS......Page 197 9.1 REFLECTION OF RADIATION AT MATERIAL BOUNDARIES......Page 198 9.2 THE SKIN EFFECT......Page 199 9.3 SHIELDING IN THE FAR FIELD......Page 200 The Effect of Holes in the Shield......Page 202 Mesh Shields and Faraday Cages......Page 204 Gaskets......Page 205 9.5 WHY YOU SHOULD ALWAYS GROUND A SHIELD......Page 206 9.6 NEAR FIELD SHIELDING OF MAGNETIC FIELDS......Page 207 9.7 WAVEGUIDES......Page 210 Cutoff Frequency......Page 211 Multipath Transmission......Page 212 Waveguide Modes......Page 213 Waveguide Modes on Transmission Lines......Page 215 Antennas for Waveguides......Page 218 Evanescent Waves and Tunneling......Page 219 9.9 FIBER OPTICS......Page 220 9.10 LASERS AND LAMPS......Page 221 Waveguides......Page 222 Wave Propagation on Earth and in the Atmosphere......Page 223 10 CIRCUITS AS GUIDES FOR WAVES AND S- PARAMETERS......Page 225 10.1 SURFACE WAVES......Page 226 10.2 SURFACE WAVES ON WIRES......Page 229 10.3 COUPLED SURFACE WAVES AND TRANSMISSION LINES......Page 230 How a Transmission Line Really Works......Page 231 10.4 LUMPED ELEMENT CIRCUITS VERSUS DISTRIBUTED CIRCUITS......Page 233 10.5 8 TRANSMISSION LINES......Page 234 10.6 S-PARAMETERS: A TECHNIQUE FOR ALL FREQUENCIES......Page 235 10.7 THE VECTOR NETWORK ANALYZER......Page 239 Surface Waves......Page 241 Vector Network Analyzers and VNA Calibration......Page 242 Microwave Engineering and Distributed Circuits......Page 243 RF, Microwave Circuit, and Electromagnetic Simulation Software......Page 244 11.1 THE ELECTRIC DIPOLE......Page 245 11.3 THE MAGNETIC DIPOLE......Page 246 11.5 RADIATION RESISTANCE OF DIPOLE ANTENNAS......Page 247 11.6 FEEDING IMPEDANCE AND ANTENNA MATCHING......Page 248 11.7 ANTENNA PATTERN VERSUS ELECTRICAL LENGTH......Page 252 11.8 POLARIZATION......Page 255 The Indoor FM Radio Antenna......Page 256 The 4 Monopole Antenna......Page 257 The 5/8 Monopole Antenna......Page 259 11.10 WIRE LOSSES......Page 260 11.11 SCATTERING BY ANTENNAS, ANTENNA APERTURE, AND RADAR CROSS- SECTION......Page 261 11.13 TRAVELING WAVE ANTENNAS......Page 262 11.14 ANTENNAS IN PARALLEL AND THE FOLDED DIPOLE......Page 264 11.15 MULTITURN LOOP ANTENNAS......Page 265 11.16 BIBLIOGRAPHY AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 266 12.1 SELF-COMPATIBILITY AND SIGNAL INTEGRITY......Page 267 12.2 FREQUENCY SPECTRUM OF DIGITAL SIGNALS......Page 268 12.3 CONDUCTED VERSUS INDUCED VERSUS RADIATED INTERFERENCE......Page 271 12.4 CROSSTALK......Page 273 12.5 CIRCUIT LAYOUT......Page 275 12.6 PCB TRANSMISSION LINES......Page 276 12.7 THE PATH OF LEAST IMPEDANCE......Page 278 12.8 THE FUNDAMENTAL RULE OF LAYOUT......Page 280 12.9 SHIELDING ON PCBS......Page 281 12.10 COMMON IMPEDANCE: GROUND RISE AND GROUND BOUNCE......Page 283 12.12 DISTRIBUTED GROUNDS FOR HIGH FREQUENCY: THE 5/ 5 RULE......Page 285 12.13 TREE OR HYBRID GROUNDS......Page 286 12.14 POWER SUPPLY DECOUPLING: PROBLEMS AND TECHNIQUES......Page 287 12.15 POWER SUPPLY DECOUPLING: THE DESIGN PROCESS......Page 294 Local Decoupling......Page 297 12.18 90 DEGREE TURNS AND CHAMFERED CORNERS......Page 298 12.19 LAYOUT OF TRANSMISSION LINE TERMINATIONS......Page 299 12.20 ROUTING OF SIGNALS: GROUND PLANES, IMAGE PLANES, AND PCB STACKUP......Page 301 12.22 LAYOUT MISCELLANY......Page 302 12.24 GROUND LOOPS (MULTIPLE RETURN PATHS)......Page 303 12.25 DIFFERENTIAL MODE AND COMMON MODE RADIATION......Page 306 12.26 CABLE SHIELDING......Page 312 Coaxial Cables Below the Break Frequency......Page 313 Break Frequency......Page 314 Skin Depth and Transfer Impedance......Page 315 Ribbon Cables......Page 316 Twisted Pair Cables......Page 317 Single-Ended versus Balanced Signaling*......Page 318 12.27 BIBLIOGRAPHY AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 319 13.1 REFLECTING DISHES......Page 323 13.2 LENSES......Page 327 13.3 IMAGING......Page 329 Imaging Resolution......Page 331 13.4 ELECTRONIC IMAGING AND ANTENNA ARRAYS......Page 332 13.6 BIBLIOGRAPHY AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 335 14.1 DIFFRACTION AND ELECTRICAL SIZE......Page 337 14.2 HUYGENS' PRINCIPLE......Page 339 14.3 BABINET'S PRINCIPLE......Page 340 14.4 FRAUNHOFER AND FRESNEL DIFFRACTION......Page 341 14.5 RADIO PROPAGATION......Page 342 14.6 CONTINUOUS MEDIA......Page 343 14.7 BIBLIOGRAPHY AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 344 Conductors and Dielectrics......Page 347 Dielectrics......Page 350 15.2 HEAT RADIATION......Page 354 Radiated Thermal Noise......Page 358 15.4 CONVENTIONAL AND MICROWAVE OVENS......Page 359 15.5 BIBLIOGRAPHY AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 362 Practical Tips for Analog Design......Page 365 RF Engineering......Page 366 Physics......Page 367 INDEX......Page 369