Electromagnetics explained: a handbook for wireless/RF, EMC, and high-speed electronics

Description

Based on familiar circuit theory and basic physics, this book serves as an invaluable reference for both analog and digital engineers alike. For those who work with analog RF, this book is a must-have resource. With computers and networking equipment of the 21st century running at such high frequencies, it is now crucial for digital designers to understand electromagnetic fields, radiation and transmission lines. This knowledge is necessary for maintaining signal integrity and achieving EMC compliance. Since many digital designers are lacking in analog design skills, let alone electromagnetics, an easy-to-read but informative book on electromagnetic topics should be considered a welcome addition to their professional libraries. Covers topics using conceptual explanations and over 150 lucid figures, in place of complex mathematicsDemystifies antennas, waveguides, and transmission line phenomenaProvides the foundation necessary to thoroughly understand signal integrity issues associated with high-speed digital design Front Cover......Page 2 Front Matter......Page 3 Acknowledgments......Page 6 Index......Page 0 Back Cover......Page 8 Preface......Page 9 Table of Contents......Page 12 The Need for Electromagnetics......Page 18 The Electromagnetic Spectrum......Page 20 The Finite Speed of Light......Page 25 Electronics......Page 26 RF Techniques......Page 29 Infrared and the Electronic Speed Limit......Page 33 Visible Light and Beyond......Page 35 Lasers and Photonics......Page 37 Summary......Page 38 The Electric Force Field......Page 42 Other Types of Fields......Page 43 Voltage and Potential Energy......Page 45 Charges in Metals......Page 47 The Definition of Resistance......Page 49 Electrons and Holes......Page 50 Electrostatic Induction and Capacitance......Page 51 Insulators (Dielectrics)......Page 55 Static Electricity and Lightning......Page 56 The Battery Revisited......Page 62 Conductivity and Permittivity of Common Materials......Page 64 Moving Charges: Source of All Magnetic Fields......Page 67 Magnetic Dipoles......Page 69 Effects of the Magnetic Field......Page 72 The Vector Magnetic Potential and Potential Momentum......Page 84 Magnetic Materials......Page 85 Magnetism and Quantum Physics......Page 89 Changing Magnetic Fields and Lenz's Law......Page 91 Inductors......Page 92 AC Circuits, Impedance, and Reactance......Page 94 Relays, Doorbells, and Phone Ringers......Page 95 Generators and Microphones......Page 96 The Transformer......Page 97 When to Gap Your Cores......Page 98 Ferrites: The Friends of RF, High-Speed Digital, and Microwave Engineers......Page 99 Maxwell's Equations and the Displacement Current......Page 100 Perpetual Motion......Page 102 What About D and H? The Constituitive Relations......Page 103 Storage Fields Versus Radiation Fields......Page 105 Electrical Length......Page 107 The Field of a Static Charge......Page 110 The Field of an Accelerating Charge......Page 112 The Universal Origin of Radiation......Page 114 The Field of a Direct Current......Page 115 The Field of an Alternating Current......Page 118 Near and Far Field......Page 121 The Fraunhoffer and Fresnel Zones......Page 123 Parting Words......Page 124 Relativity and Maxwell's Equations......Page 126 Space and Time Are Relative......Page 130 The Cosmic Speed Limit and Proper Velocity......Page 135 Electric Field and Magnetic Field Become the Electromagnetic Field......Page 139 The Limits of Maxwell's Equations......Page 140 Quantum Physics and the Birth of the Photon......Page 141 The Quantum Vacuum and Virtual Photons......Page 145 The Future of Electromagnetics......Page 148 Relativity, Quantum Physics, and Beyond......Page 149 The Non-Ideal Resistor......Page 153 The Non-Ideal Capacitor......Page 156 The Non-Ideal Inductor......Page 157 Non-Ideal Wires and Transmission Lines......Page 160 Other Components......Page 163 RF Coupling and RF Chokes......Page 164 Component Selection Guide......Page 165 The Circuit Model......Page 167 Characteristic Impedance......Page 169 The Waveguide Model......Page 171 Reflections......Page 173 Putting it all Together......Page 175 Digital Signals and the Effects of Rise Time......Page 177 Analog Signals and the Effects of Frequency......Page 179 Impedance Transforming Properties......Page 181 Impedance Matching for Digital Systems......Page 185 Impedance Matching for RF Systems......Page 186 Maximum Load Power......Page 187 Measuring Characteristic Impedance: TDRs......Page 189 Standing Waves......Page 191 9. Waveguides and Shields......Page 194 Reflection of Radiation at Material Boundaries......Page 195 The Skin Effect......Page 196 Shielding in the Far Field......Page 197 Why You Should Always Ground a Shield......Page 203 Near Field Shielding of Magnetic Fields......Page 204 Waveguides......Page 207 Fiber Optics......Page 217 Lasers and Lamps......Page 218 10. Circuits as Guides for Waves and S-Parameters......Page 221 Surface Waves......Page 222 Surface Waves on Wires......Page 225 Coupled Surface Waves and Transmission Lines......Page 226 Lumped Element Circuits Versus Distributed Circuits......Page 229 lambda/8 Transmission Lines......Page 230 S-Parameters: A Technique for All Frequencies......Page 231 The Vector Network Analyzer......Page 235 The Electric Dipole......Page 241 The Magnetic Dipole......Page 242 Radiation Resistance of Dipole Antennas......Page 243 Feeding Impedance and Antenna Matching......Page 244 Antenna Pattern Versus Electrical Length......Page 248 Polarization......Page 251 Effects of Ground on Dipoles......Page 253 Wire Losses......Page 256 Scattering by Antennas, Antenna Aperture, and Radar Cross-Section......Page 257 Traveling Wave Antennas......Page 258 Antennas in Parallel and the Folded Dipole......Page 260 Multiturn Loop Antennas......Page 261 Self-Compatibility and Signal Integrity......Page 263 Frequency Spectrum of Digital Signals......Page 264 Conducted versus Induced Versus Radiated Interference......Page 267 Crosstalk......Page 269 Circuit Layout......Page 271 PCB Transmission Lines......Page 272 The Path of Least Impedance......Page 274 The Fundamental Rule of Layout......Page 276 Shielding on PCBs......Page 277 Common Impedance: Ground Rise and Ground Bounce......Page 279 Distributed Grounds for High Frequency: The 5/5 Rule......Page 281 Tree or Hybrid Grounds......Page 282 Power Supply Decoupling: Problems and Techniques......Page 283 Power Supply Decoupling: The Design Process......Page 290 90 Degree Turns and Chamfered Corners......Page 294 Layout of Transmission Line Terminations......Page 295 Routing of Signals: Ground Planes, Image Planes, and PCB Stackup......Page 297 Layout Miscellany......Page 298 Ground Loops (Multiple Return Paths)......Page 299 Differential Mode and Common Mode Radiation......Page 302 Reflecting Dishes......Page 319 Lenses......Page 323 Imaging......Page 325 Electronic Imaging and Antenna Arrays......Page 328 Optics and Nature......Page 331 Diffraction and Electrical Size......Page 333 Huygens' Principle......Page 335 Babinet's Principle......Page 336 Fraunhofer and Fresnel Diffraction......Page 337 Radio Propagation......Page 338 Continuous Media......Page 339 Frequency Dependence of Materials......Page 342 Heat Radiation......Page 349 Conventional and Microwave Ovens......Page 354 B......Page 363 C......Page 364 D......Page 365 E......Page 366 H......Page 368 L......Page 369 M......Page 370 P......Page 371 R......Page 372 S......Page 373 T......Page 375 W......Page 376 Z......Page 377