Plant Molecular Farming: Applications and New Directions

Description

Molecular farming is a biotechnological approach that includes the genetic adjustment of agricultural products to create proteins and chemicals for profitable and pharmaceutical purposes. Plant molecular farming describes the manufacture of recombinant proteins and other biologically active product in plants. This approach depends on a genetic transformation of plants that can be accomplished by the methods of stable gene transfer, such as gene transfer to nuclei and chloroplasts, and unstable transfer methods like viral vectors. The requirement for recombinant proteins in terms of quality, quantity, and diversity is increasing exponentially This demand is traditionally met by recombinant protein construction technologies and the engineering of orthodox expression systems based on bacteria or mammalian cell cultures. However, majority of developing countries cannot afford the high costs of medicine derived from such existing methods. Hence, we need to produce not only the new drugs but also the cheaper versions of those already present in the market. Plant molecular farming is considered as a cost-effective technology that has grown and advanced tremendously over the past two decades. This book summarizes the advances and challenges of plant molecular farming for all those who are working on or have an interest in this rapidly emerging area of research. Preface Contents Chapter 1: Molecular Farming in Plants: Introduction and Applications 1 Introduction 2 Different Generations of Genetically Modified Plants 3 Molecular Farming: Definitions and Applications References Chapter 2: Tools and Techniques Used in Plant Molecular Farming 1 Expression Types 1.1 Nuclear Expression 1.1.1 Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation 1.1.2 Biolistic/Particle-Mediated Transformation 1.2 Chloroplast Expression 1.3 Transient Expression System 1.3.1 Agrobacterium-Mediated Transient Expression 1.3.2 Virus Mediated Transient Expression 1.3.3 Magnifection: Hybrid Vector-Mediated Transient Expression 1.4 Leaf Based Versus Seed Based Expression 1.5 Plant Cell Suspension Culture 1.6 Hairy Root Based Expression 1.7 Moss Based Expression 2 Optimization of Protein Expression Levels 3 Downstream Processing: Steps Involved and Challenges 3.1 Protein Extraction 3.2 Clarification 3.3 Flocculation 3.4 Protein Purification References Chapter 3: Production of Plant Natural Products in Heterologous Microbial Species 1 Introduction 2 Selection of Suitable Host 3 Mining Biosynthetic Processes of Plant Natural Products 4 Optimization of Microbial Cells for Production of Plant Natural Products 4.1 Modulating Metabolic Flux for Adequate Precursor Supply 4.2 Enzyme Engineering 4.3 Transporter Engineering: Avoiding Toxicity and Feedback Inhibition 5 Artemisinin and Resveratrol: Heterologous Production in Microbial Hosts 5.1 Artemisinin 5.2 Resveratrol References Chapter 4: Sustainable Manufacturing of Vaccines, Antibodies, and Other Pharmaceuticals 1 Plant-Based Vaccines 1.1 Routes of Vaccine Administration 1.2 Edible Vaccines 1.3 Vaccine Production in Different Plants 2 Plant-Based Antibodies 2.1 Production of mAbs in Plants 3 Replacement Human Proteins References Chapter 5: Limitations, Biosafety, Ethics, Regulatory Issues in Molecular Farming in Plants 1 Limitations, Biosafety, and Regulatory Issues of Molecular Forming 1.1 Environmental Risk Management 1.2 Waste Management 1.3 Contamination of the Food/Feed Chain 1.4 Containment Glasshouse Facilities 1.5 Containment Laboratory Facilities 1.6 Gene Transmission and Unexpected Exposures 1.7 Horizontal Gene Transmission 2 Alternative Approaches Used to Reduce the Potential Risk of Plant Molecular Farming 2.1 Physical Containment 2.2 Spatial Containment 2.3 Contained Field Trials 2.4 Targeted Expression 2.5 Transient Expression 2.5.1 Transient Expression via Virus Infection 2.5.2 Agroinfiltration Method 2.5.3 Magnifection Technology 2.6 Chloroplast Transformation 3 Ethical Issues 3.1 Ethical Implications of Hype 3.2 Inflicting or Exposing to Harm 3.3 Cost-Benefit Analysis: The Importance of Alternatives and Efficiency Improvements 3.4 Hubris, Irresponsibility, and Wisdom 4 Conclusion References Chapter 6: Conclusion and Perspectives 1 Conclusion 2 Perspectives and Future Opportunities References