Nanomaterials for air remediation

Description

Nanomaterials for Air Remediation provides a comprehensive description of basic knowledge and current research progress in the field of air treatment using nanomaterials. The book explores how nanomaterials are used in various air remediation techniques, including advanced oxidation processes, biological processes, and filtration. It also covers their combined use as nanocatalysts, nanoantibiotics, nanoadsorbents, nanocontainers, nanofiltrations and nanosensors. Major challenges to using nanomaterials for improving air quality on a mass scale, both practical and regulatory, are also presented. This is an important resource for materials scientists and environmental engineers who are looking to understand how nanotechnology is used to enhance air quality. Cover Nanomaterials for Air Remediation Copyright Contents List of contributors 1 Nanomaterial for air remediation: an introduction References 2 Air quality monitoring using nanosensors 2.1 Air quality 2.2 Nanosensors 2.2.1 Zero-dimensional (0D) nanomaterials 2.2.2 One-dimensional (1D) nanomaterials 2.2.3 Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials 2.2.4 Three-dimensional (3D) nanomaterials 2.3 Applications 2.4 Perspectives References 3 Smart nanosensors and methods for detection of nanoparticles and their potential toxicity in air 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Detection of nanoparticles 3.2.1 Nanoparticles in matrix 3.2.2 Sample preparation and pretreatment 3.2.2.1 Digestion 3.2.2.2 Separation/preconcentration 3.2.3 Detection techniques 3.2.3.1 Microscopic techniques 3.2.3.2 Spectroscopic techniques 3.2.3.3 Ensemble particle detection 3.2.3.4 Hyphenated or miscellaneous techniques 3.2.3.5 Electroanalytical techniques 3.2.3.6 Sensors 3.3 Toxicity of nanoparticles in air 3.4 Conclusion References 4 Nanobiosensors for virus detection in the environment 4.1 Methods for identification of viruses 4.2 Methods for detection of virus in humans 4.2.1 Microscopy 4.2.2 Immunofluorescence assay 4.2.3 Molecular methods of detection 4.2.4 Immunoprecipitation 4.2.5 ELISA 4.3 Principle of nano-biosensors 4.4 Types of nano-biosensors 4.4.1 Magnetic biosensors 4.4.2 Nanotube based biosensors 4.4.3 Optical biosensors 4.4.4 Electrochemical biosensors 4.5 Advantages and disadvantages of nano-biosensors 4.6 Nano-biosensors for detection of human virus 4.6.1 Influenza virus 4.6.2 Zika virus 4.6.3 Dengue virus 4.6.4 Rota virus 4.7 Nano-biosensors for detection of animal virus 4.7.1 Detection of avian influenza virus 4.7.2 Detection of bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus 4.7.3 Detection of bovine respiratory syncytial viruses 4.8 Nano-biosensors for detection of environmental virus 4.8.1 Airborne viruses 4.8.2 Waterborne viruses 4.9 Feasibility of nano-biosensor application 4.9.1 Specificity 4.9.2 Sensitivity 4.9.3 Dynamic range 4.9.4 Integration 4.10 Nanomaterials for inactivation of airborne virus 4.11 Conclusion and future scope References Further reading 5 Toxicity/risk assessment of nanomaterials when used in air/gas treatment 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Route of exposure 5.2.1 Inhalation 5.2.2 Ingestion 5.2.3 Skin 5.3 Biodistribution 5.4 Biotransformation 5.5 Excretion 5.6 Risk assessment 5.7 Conclusion References 6 Nanosensors for gas sensing applications 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Basics of a gas sensor 6.2.1 Figures-of-merits of a gas sensor 6.2.1.1 Sensitivity (%) 6.2.1.2 Response and recovery time 6.2.1.3 Cyclability 6.2.1.4 Selectivity 6.2.2 Influencing parameters 6.2.2.1 Humidity 6.2.2.2 Temperature 6.2.2.3 Total gas flow rate 6.3 Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMD) as gas sensing materials 6.4 Hydrogen gas sensor 6.4.1 MoS2 film based H2 sensor 6.4.2 Vertical MoS2 based H2 sensor 6.4.3 Hybrid MoS2 based H2 sensor 6.5 NO2 gas sensor based On MoS2 6.5.1 In-plane MoS2 based NO2 gas sensor 6.5.2 Vertically aligned MoS2 based NO2 gas sensor 6.6 MOS as gas sensing material 6.6.1 Doped ZnO nanostructures based gas sensing 6.6.2 ZnO/graphene nanocomposites based gas sensing 6.6.3 ZnO/organic nanocomposites based gas sensing 6.7 Future prospects Reference 7 Nanocatalyst-based catalytic oxidation processes 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Major type of VOCs 7.3 General mechanism of VOC catalytic oxidation 7.4 Type of nanocatalyst for VOC catalytic oxidation 7.4.1 Noble metal nanocatalyst 7.4.1.1 Ag-based nanocatalyst 7.4.1.2 Au-based nanocatalyst 7.4.1.3 Pd-based nanocatalyst 7.4.1.4 Pt-based nanocatalyst 7.4.2 Non-noble metal oxide based nanocatalyst 7.4.2.1 Manganese oxide based nanocatalyst 7.4.2.2 Cobalt oxide based nanocatalyst 7.4.2.3 Cerium oxide based nanocatalyst 7.4.2.4 Iron oxide based nanocatalyst 7.4.2.5 Mixed non-noble metal oxides based nanocatalyst 7.5 Conclusion References 8 Nano-photocatalyst in photocatalytic oxidation processes 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Metal oxide-based nano-photocatalysis 8.2.1 TiO2 based nano-photocatalytic oxidation 8.2.2 Non-TiO2 metal oxide-based nano-photocatalytic oxidation 8.3 Metal-free nano-photocatalytic oxidation 8.4 Conclusion Reference 9 Advanced oxidation processes using catalytic nanomaterials for air and water remediation Abbreviations 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Background theory 9.2.1 Mechanism of photolysis & photochemical degradations 9.2.2 Mechanisms for photocatalysis 9.2.3 Photocatalytic efficiency and enhancements 9.2.4 Fenton-based nanocatalysts 9.2.5 Other chemical oxidation processes 9.3 Nanocatalysts for water treatment applications 9.3.1 Metal-oxide photocatalysts 9.3.2 Fenton-based nanocatalysts 9.3.3 Modifications for improved nanocatalysts 9.3.4 Magnetic nanocatalysts 9.3.5 Plasmonic photocatalysts 9.3.6 Opportunities for AOP applications in water treatment 9.4 Nanocatalysts in air remediation 9.4.1 Nanomaterial immobilization properties 9.4.2 Air purification configurations 9.4.3 Commercialization of nanocatalysts in air purification 9.5 Conclusion References Further reading 10 Environmental remediation using nano-photocatalyst under visible light irradiation: the case of bismuth phosphate 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Methods for synthesis of BiPO4 10.2.1 Solvothermal method 10.2.2 Hydrothermal method 10.2.3 Microwave irradiation method 10.3 Modification of BiPO4 10.3.1 Phase junction 10.3.2 Heterojunction 10.3.2.1 Heterojunction between BiPO4 and TiO2 10.3.2.2 Heterojunction between BiPO4 and Bi2S3 10.3.2.3 Heterojunction between BiPO4 and α-Fe2O3 10.3.2.4 Heterojunction between BiPO4 and Ag 10.3.2.5 Heterojunction between BiPO4 and BiOI 10.3.3 Doping 10.3.3.1 Non-metal doping 10.3.3.2 Metal doping 10.4 Applications and catalytic studies of BiPO4 10.4.1 Photocatalytic water splitting 10.4.2 Photodegradation of organic pollutants 10.4.3 Other applications 10.4.4 Active radicals 10.5 Future perspective 10.6 Conclusion References Further reading 11 Bioremediation of air using microorganisms immobilized in bedding nanomaterials 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Immobilization of microorganisms in nanoporous bioactive coatings and paints for air bioremediation 11.2.1 Overview 11.2.2 Applications 11.2.3 Biocoatings in gas phase applications and air treatment 11.3 Immobilization of microorganisms in silicone oil for air pollution control 11.3.1 Overview 11.3.2 Silicone oil as the non-aqueous phase 11.3.3 Mechanisms of pollutant removal in TPPBs 11.3.4 Cell immobilization in 2G-TPPBs 11.3.5 Performance of 2G-TPPBs References 12 Bio-nanomaterials in the air pollution treatment 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Biomaterials: synthesis, characteristics and classification 12.3 Biomaterial and smart materials for air pollution treatment 12.4 Emerging nanofibrous air filters 12.5 Decontamination of air by bionanomaterials 12.6 Advantages and threats of bionanomaterials for human and environmental health 12.7 Conclusion References Further reading 13 Nanocomposite films for absorption and decomposition of sick-building syndrome gases 13.1 Sick-building syndrome: outline of causes and actions 13.2 Decomposition of causative substances by nanocomposites 13.3 Nanocomposites of photocatalysts 13.4 Nanocomposite films 13.5 Conclusion References 14 Metal organic frameworks-based mixed matrix membranes for gas separation 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) 14.2.1 Structure and chemistry 14.2.2 Synthesis procedures 14.2.3 MOFs as adsorbent 14.2.4 Industrial limitations of MOFs 14.3 Mixed matrix membranes 14.4 MOFs-based MMMs for gas separation 14.4.1 Synthesis of MOFs based MMMs 14.4.1.1 Dense membranes 14.4.1.2 Flat sheet asymmetric membranes 14.4.1.3 Thin film composite (TFC) membrane 14.4.2 Transport mechanism in MOFs-based MMMs 14.4.3 Characteristics of MOFs in MMMs 14.5 Key bottlenecks affecting gas separation performance of MOFs-based MMMs 14.5.1 Selection of filler and polymer 14.5.2 Mixing and sonication 14.5.3 Filler shape and size 14.5.4 Surface functionalization of filler 14.5.5 Crosslinking of polymer 14.5.6 Fabrication technique 14.5.7 Addition of third component 14.6 Conclusions and future outlook References Further reading 15 Advanced nanostructured membranes 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Self-assembled gold nanocrystal membrane 15.3 Bio-Ag0/PES nanocomposite membrane 15.4 Zirconium based hollow fiber nanomembrane 15.5 Zinc oxide nanostructure coated membrane 15.6 Fe2O3 nanocomposite PVC membrane 15.7 Polycation–copper (II) antimicrobial nanofiltration membrane 15.8 TiO2@GO nanocomposite membrane 15.9 Concluding remarks References 16 Electrospun filtration membranes for environmental remediation Abbreviations 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Membranes 16.3 Polymer types for nanofiber membranes 16.3.1 Polyacrylonitrile 16.3.2 Polyethersulfone 16.3.3 Poly (vinylidene fluoride) 16.3.4 Polyurethanes 16.3.5 Polyesters 16.3.6 Cellulose acetate 16.3.7 Chitosan 16.3.8 Polyvinyl alcohol 16.4 Fundamentals of electrospinning: concepts and theory 16.4.1 Melt electrospinning 16.4.2 Needleless electrospinning 16.4.3 Multi-spinner electrospinning 16.4.4 Electrospinning nanofibrous membranes 16.5 Mechanisms for purification 16.5.1 Mechanisms of air filtration 16.5.2 Water filtration classification 16.6 Multicomponent electrospun polymer nanofiber membranes 16.6.1 Air stripping and air scrubbing 16.6.2 Graphene and nanotubes 16.6.3 Nanoparticles 16.6.4 Bio-based systems 16.7 Past industrial achievements of electrospun polymeric membranes in environmental remediation 16.8 Current challenges 16.9 Future directions Conclusion References 17 Invisible membrane revolution: shaping the future of air purification 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Atmospheric pollutants 17.2.1 Biological pollutants and its implications 17.2.2 Non-biological pollutants and its implications 17.3 Conventional air purifiers 17.4 Invisible membrane (nanocomposite): an innovative air pollution control technology 17.4.1 Nano-template membranes for aircraft 17.4.2 Nano-template membranes for automobiles 17.4.3 Nano-template membranes for industries 17.4.4 Nano-template membranes for hospitals 17.4.5 Nano-template membranes for power plants 17.5 Societal issues 17.6 Conclusions and outlooks References Further reading 18 Biological and physicochemical combination processes 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Nanotechnology and nanomaterials based physicochemical methods 18.2.1 Adsorption 18.2.2 Catalysts/photocatalysts 18.2.3 Sensing 18.2.4 Disinfectant 18.3 Combination of the nanomaterials based physicochemical techniques and the biological treatment methods 18.3.1 Bio-scrubbers (absorption and bioreactor) 18.3.2 Adsorption and biological method 18.3.3 Combination of advanced oxidation processes and biological processes 18.3.3.1 UV photolysis and biological method 18.3.3.2 Photocatalysis and biological method 18.3.3.3 Catalytic oxidation and bioreactor Conclusions References 19 Photo-plasma catalytic hybrid systems for air treatment: reactor design from laboratory to industrial scales 19.1 Treatment of gaseous effluents 19.2 Cold plasma process 19.3 Photocatalytic process 19.4 Systems studied 19.4.1 Types of discharges used in plasma-photocatalytic hybrid system 19.4.2 Position of the catalyst 19.4.3 Catalyst form 19.4.4 Activation of the catalyst 19.4.5 Mode of operation 19.4.6 Model VOCs 19.5 Plasma discharge and photocatalyst integration: insight to the mechanism 19.5.1 Plasma alone 19.5.2 Interaction of plasma and photocatalyst: absence of external UV light 19.5.3 Interaction of plasma and photocatalyst: activation by an external UV light 19.5.4 Interaction of plasma and photocatalyst: combination of plasma discharge an external UV light 19.6 Influence of key operating parameters on VOCs removal efficiency 19.6.1 Relative humidity 19.6.2 Effect of input energy density 19.6.3 Other key parameters 19.7 Hybrid plasma-photocatalytic reactor design 19.8 Conclusion References Index Back Cover