Nanotechnology in Paper and Wood Engineering: Fundamentals, Challenges and Applications

Description

Nanotechnology in Paper and Wood Engineering: Fundamentals, Challenges and Applications describes recent advances made in the use of nanotechnology in the paper and pulp industry. Various types of nano-additives commonly used in the paper industry for modification of raw material to enhance final products are included, with other sections covering the imaging applications of nano-papers and nano-woods in pharmaceuticals, biocatalysis, photocatalysis and energy storage. This book is an important reference source for materials scientists and engineers who are looking to understand how nanotechnology is being used to create more efficient manufacturing processes in for the paper and wood industries. Front Cover Nanotechnology in Paper and Wood Engineering Copyright Page Contents List of contributors Preface I. Fundamentals 1 Nanotechnology in paper and wood engineering: an introduction 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Applications of nanotechnology in the paper and pulp industry 1.3 Applications of nanotechnology in the wood industry 1.4 Conclusion References 2 Nanofibers for the paper industry 2.1 Paper industry: challenges 2.2 Nanofibers: characteristics 2.3 Cellulose nanofibers 2.3.1 Types of CNF in paper manufacturing 2.3.2 The mechanism of CNF strengthening properties 2.3.3 CNF as an additive in paper industry 2.3.4 CNF as coating material in papermaking 2.4 Lignocellulosic nanofibers 2.5 Conclusions and future prospective References 3 Role of laccase in the pulp and paper industry 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Laccases, redox potential, and delignification 3.3 Laccases-assisted biobleaching/delignification of pulps 3.4 Laccase mediators 3.4.1 Natural mediators 3.4.2 Artificial mediators 3.5 Lignin degradation by laccase-mediator system 3.6 Biobleaching by laccase-mediator system 3.7 Effect of laccase and xylanase on biobleaching 3.8 Laccase utilization for pulp biografting 3.9 Pitch control by laccases 3.10 Deinking of waste papers by LMS 3.11 Laccase-mediated treatment of pulp and paper industry effluents 3.12 Lignin transformation by laccases 3.13 Recovery of lignin byproducts 3.14 Laccase for biofuels synthesis 3.15 Oxygen role in biobleaching of pulp 3.16 Challenges to implement laccase at industrial level 3.17 Recombinant laccases in biobleaching of pulps 3.18 Conclusion and perspectives Acknowledgment Conflict of interests References 4 Nanotechnology for waste wood recycling 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Wood waste materials 4.3 Nanotechnology 4.3.1 Nanographene 4.3.2 Nanotitanium dioxide 4.3.3 Nanosilicon dioxide 4.3.4 Nano ZnO2 4.3.5 Carbon nanotube 4.4 W@W-based nanocomposites 4.5 Summary References 5 Synthesis and characterization of biodegradable cellulose-based polymer hydrogel 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Materials and methods 5.2.1 Materials 5.2.2 Sample preparation 5.2.3 Characterization of water hyacinth 5.2.4 Isolation of cellulose from water hyacinth 5.2.5 Synthesis of water hyacinth cellulose-g-poly(ammonium acrylate-co-acrylic acid) polymer hydrogel 5.2.5.1 Partial neutralization of acrylic acid 5.2.5.2 Heterogeneous grafting of partially neutralized acrylic acid monomer onto cellulose fibers 5.2.5.3 Extraction of homopolymer 5.2.6 Structural and morphological characterization 5.2.6.1 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy 5.2.6.2 Transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis 5.2.6.3 X-ray diffraction analysis 5.2.7 Evaluating the swelling of polymer hydrogel 5.2.7.1 Swelling of polymer hydrogel in water 5.2.7.2 Swelling of polymer hydrogel in salt solution 5.2.7.3 Influence of the pH on swelling of polymer hydrogel 5.2.7.4 Influence of polymer hydrogel on water holding capacity in soil 5.2.8 Biodegradation test 5.2.8.1 Biodegradation of polymer hydrogel in soil 5.2.8.2 Microbial culture and degradation test of the copolymer by soil microbial isolate 5.2.9 Preparation of nanocomposite polymer hydrogel 5.2.9.1 Synthesis of nanohydroxyapatite 5.2.9.2 Preparation of cellulose-g-poly(ammonium acrylate-co-acrylic acid)/nano-HA composite hydrogel 5.2.10 Statistical data analysis 5.3 Results and discussion 5.3.1 Composition of water hyacinth 5.3.2 Mechanism of graft polymerization and extraction of homopolymer 5.3.3 Structural and morphological characteristics of water hyacinth, isolated cellulose, and cellulose-grafted copolymer 5.3.3.1 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy 5.3.3.2 X-ray diffraction analysis 5.3.3.3 Transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy 5.3.4 Evaluation of the factors influencing the swelling of cellulose-grafted polymer hydrogel 5.3.4.1 Influence of salt solutions on water absorbency 5.3.4.2 Influence of pH on water absorbency 5.3.4.3 Water holding capacity of polymer hydrogel amended soil 5.3.5 Biodegradation of cellulose-grafted copolymer 5.3.5.1 Biodegradation of cellulose-grafted copolymer in soil 5.3.5.2 Microbial culture and degradation of cellulose-grafted copolymer by soil microbial isolates 5.3.6 Water absorbency of cellulose-g-poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid)/nano-HA composite hydrogel 5.3.7 Structural and morphological characteristics of cellulose-grafted nanocomposite polymer hydrogel 5.3.7.1 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy 5.3.7.2 Transmission electron microscopy 5.3.7.3 Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy 5.3.7.4 X-ray diffraction analysis 5.4 Conclusion Acknowledgments References 6 Fabrication of nanowoods and nanopapers 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Cellulose and nanocellulose 6.3 Isolation and fabrication of nanocellulose fibrils 6.4 Products of nanocellulose: nanowood and nanopaper 6.4.1 Nanowood 6.4.1.1 Fabrication of nanowood 6.4.1.2 Properties of nanowood 6.4.1.3 Applications of nanowood 6.4.2 Nanopaper 6.4.2.1 Evolution of paper to nanopaper: an insight 6.4.2.2 Fabrication of nanopaper 6.4.2.3 Properties of nanopaper 6.4.2.4 Applications of nanopaper 6.5 Conclusion References 7 Pulp and paper industry-based pollutants, and their adverse impacts 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Waste effluents from the pulp and paper industry 7.3 Pollutants from pulp and paper industry: categories and characteristics 7.4 Adverse health impacts of pulp and paper industry pollutants 7.5 Environmental implications regarding pulp and paper industry waste 7.6 Techniques for wastewater treatment 7.7 Waste to value aspects 7.8 Conclusion Acknowledgment Conflict of interests References Further reading II. Applications 8 Pharmaceutical applications of nanocellulose 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Methods of preparation 8.2.1 Acid hydrolysis for nanocellulose preparation 8.2.1.1 Step I (Alkali treatment) 8.2.1.2 Step II (Bleaching process) 8.2.1.3 Step III (Hydrolysis treatment) 8.3 Application of NCC 8.4 Conclusion References 9 Nano-biodegradation of plastic materials 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Applications 9.3 Nanocellulose 9.3.1 Cellulose nanofibers 9.3.2 Cellulose nanocrystals 9.4 Degradability 9.4.1 Degradation 9.4.2 Biodegradation 9.5 Nonbiodegradable polymers 9.6 Bioplastics 9.7 Biodegradable polymers 9.8 Effect of nanocellulose on biodegradability 9.9 Conclusions References 10 Production of microfibrillated cellulose fibers and their application in polymeric composites 10.1 Microfibrillated cellulose fiber production 10.1.1 Microstructure of microfibrillated cellulose 10.1.2 Chemical composition of microfibrillated cellulose 10.1.3 Techniques for microfibrillated cellulose fiber production 10.2 Microfibrillated cellulose application in polymeric composites 10.2.1 Microfibrillated cellulose in natural polymers 10.2.1.1 Pure MFC films/nanopapers 10.2.1.2 Pure MFC boards 10.2.1.3 MFC in other natural oligomers and polymers 10.2.2 Microfibrillated cellulose in thermoplastics 10.2.3 Microfibrillated cellulose in thermosets 10.2.4 Microfibrillated cellulose in elastomers 10.3 Future perspectives References 11 Nanotechnology: application and potentials for heterogeneous catalysis 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Dehalogenation and hydrogenation reactions 11.2.1 Catalytic application of biogenic platinum nanoparticles for hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde to cinnamyl alcohol 11.2.2 Excellent catalytic properties over nanocomposite catalysts for selective hydrogenation of halnitrobenzenes 11.2.3 An efficient and reusable heterogeneous catalyst for dehalogenation reaction 11.2.4 Looking to the future 11.3 Hydrosilylation reactions 11.3.1 Advancement over the years: platinum-based catalysts 11.3.2 Recent breakthroughs in platinum catalysts 11.3.3 Heterogeneous versus homogeneous catalysts in hydrosilylation: nanotechnology applications 11.3.4 Platinum-supported nanoparticles 11.3.5 Leach-proof and sinter-proof catalysts 11.3.6 A look into the future of heterogeneous catalysts in hydrosilylation 11.4 C–C coupling reactions 11.4.1 Catalysts 11.4.2 Nanoparticles as catalysts 11.4.3 Use of nanoparticles in Heck reaction 11.4.4 Use of nanoparticles in Sonogashira reaction 11.4.5 Use of nanoparticles in the Stille reaction 11.5 Fuel cell technology 11.6 Platinum catalysts 11.6.1 Platinum nanoparticles 11.6.2 Alternative catalysts material 11.6.3 Supporting materials 11.6.4 Fuel cell outlook 11.7 Heavy oil technology 11.7.1 Heavy oil recovery methods 11.7.2 Nanotechnology application 11.8 Supercritical water gasification 11.9 Magnetic nanoparticles 11.9.1 Nanoscale magnetic stirring bars for heterogeneous catalysis 11.9.2 Nanoscale magnetic catalyst for biodiesel production 11.10 Conclusion References 12 Lignin removal from pulp and paper industry waste streams and its application 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Lignin: biosynthesis to utilization 12.2.1 Nature of lignin 12.2.2 Overview of lignin: biosynthesis and distribution 12.2.3 Sources of lignin waste generation 12.2.4 Industrial sources of lignin 12.2.4.1 Kraft lignin 12.2.4.2 Soda lignin 12.2.4.3 Organosolv lignins 12.2.4.4 Lignosulphonates/sulfite lignin 12.3 Techniques for lignin removal 12.3.1 Physicochemical processes 12.3.1.1 Coagulation and precipitation 12.3.1.2 Adsorption 12.3.1.3 Membrane technologies 12.3.1.4 Ozonation 12.3.1.5 Advanced oxidation processes 12.3.2 Removal of lignin by biological means 12.4 Gainful utilization of lignin 12.5 Conclusion References Further reading 13 Nanotechnology in packaging of food and drugs 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Nanocellulose for reinforcement of nanocomposites 13.3 Active packaging 13.4 Intelligent packaging 13.4.1 Gas indicator/sensor 13.4.2 Time–temperature indicators/sensors 13.5 Conclusion References 14 Enzyme cocktail: a greener approach for biobleaching in paper and pulp industry 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Microbial enzyme applications in biobleaching 14.2.1 Laccases 14.2.2 Lignin and manganese peroxidases (heme peroxidase) 14.2.3 Cellulase 14.2.4 Xylanase 14.2.5 Lipases 14.2.6 Protease 14.2.7 Amylase 14.3 Pulp and papermaking processes 14.3.1 Use of enzyme in pulping 14.3.2 Enzyme use in bleaching 14.3.3 Enzyme use in modifications and fiber recycling 14.3.4 Refining and drainage 14.3.5 Microbial enzyme-assisted deinking specific 14.3.5.1 Enzymatic deinking and paper characteristics 14.3.5.2 Advantages of biodeinking 14.3.5.3 Challenges of biological deinking 14.3.5.4 Future directions in deinking research 14.3.6 Removal of pitch 14.3.7 Removal of slime 14.3.8 Removal of shives 14.3.9 Debarking 14.3.10 Retting of flax fibers 14.3.11 Reduction of vessel picking 14.3.12 Cellulose-binding domains 14.4 Modifying enzymes to attain activity under specific conditions 14.5 Environmental and manufacturing benefits 14.6 Innovation and implementation 14.7 Conclusion Acknowledgments References 15 Electrospun cellulose composite nanofibers and their biotechnological applications 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Electrospinning 15.3 Electrospinning of cellulose composite nanofibers 15.4 Applications of electrospun cellulose composite nanofibers 15.4.1 Electrospun cellulose composite nanofibers as sensors 15.4.2 Electrospun cellulose composite nanofibers in drug delivery 15.4.3 Electrospun cellulose composite nanofibers in environmental remediation 15.4.4 Electrospun cellulose composite nanofibers in tissue engineering 15.5 Conclusion Conflict of interests References 16 Treatment of pulp and paper industry waste effluents and contaminants 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Processing of paper and pulp industry 16.3 Types of pollutants and their characteristics 16.3.1 Gaseous effluents emissions into the air 16.3.2 Solid wastes emitted in the wastewater 16.3.3 Liquid wastes emitted as wastewater 16.4 Environmental impact of effluents 16.5 Treatment of paper and pulp industry contaminants 16.5.1 Removal of contaminants through primary treatment 16.5.2 Removal of contaminants through secondary treatment 16.5.3 Removal of contaminants through coagulation/flocculation/sedimentation 16.5.4 Sorption/membrane-based removal of contaminants 16.5.5 Advanced oxidation processes and ozonation 16.5.6 Bioremediation of wastewater from the paper and pulp industry 16.6 Conclusion Acknowledgement Conflict of interests References 17 Paper and pulp mill wastewater: characterization, microbial-mediated degradation, and challenges 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Characteristics of paper and pulp industry effluent 17.2.1 Characterization of organic compounds 17.2.2 Environmental impact of paper and pulp industry effluent 17.2.2.1 Phytotoxicity 17.2.2.2 Animal toxicity 17.3 Microbial-mediated degradation 17.3.1 Bacterial-mediated degradation of paper and pulp industry effluent 17.3.2 Fungal-mediated degradation of paper and pulp industry effluent 17.3.3 Benefits of microbial ligninolytic potential on pulp treatment 17.4 Challenges and future expectations 17.5 Conclusion References 18 Nanocellulose: fascinating and sustainable nanomaterial for papermaking 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Chemistry of cellulose 18.3 Source of cellulose 18.4 Nanocellulose 18.4.1 Cellulose nanofibers 18.4.2 Cellulose nanocrystals 18.5 Challenges for nanocellulose in papermaking 18.6 Application of cellulose nanofibers into the papermaking 18.6.1 Direct reinforcement of cellulose nanofibers into the pulp suspension 18.6.2 Multiply strategy 18.6.3 Pure cellulose nanofibers coating 18.6.4 Wet-end optimization (cellulose nanofiber + polyelectrolyte) 18.7 Modification of nanocellulose 18.8 Functional properties of cellulose nanofibers 18.9 Market perspectives of nanocellulose 18.10 Conclusion References 19 Utilization of nanocellulose fibers, nanocrystalline cellulose and bacterial cellulose in biomedical and pharmaceutical ... 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Chemical and physical properties of nanocellulose 19.3 Mechanical and reinforcement properties of nanocellulose in pharmaceutical applications 19.4 Biological properties of nanocellulose (that make it suitable in pharmaceutical applications) 19.5 Biocompatibility and cytotoxicity of nanocellulose 19.6 Nanocellulose-based pharmaceutical applications 19.6.1 Drug delivery 19.6.2 Rapid drug delivery 19.6.3 Controlled and sustained drug delivery 19.6.4 Oral delivery 19.6.5 Ocular delivery 19.6.6 Intratumoral delivery 19.6.7 Topical delivery 19.6.8 Transdermal delivery 19.7 Advanced nanomaterials for tissue engineering, wound healing, repair and regeneration 19.7.1 Diagnostic devices 19.7.1.1 Cellulose nanofibers substrate in paper-based point-of-care immunoassays with metallic nanoparticles conjugated an... 19.7.1.2 Bacterial nanocellulose in biosensing 19.7.1.3 Graphene based nanomaterials in biosensing 19.7.2 Immobilization and recognition of enzyme/protein 19.7.2.1 Methods of enzyme/protein immobilization 19.7.2.2 Physical immobilization methods Entrapment Gel entrapment Fiber entrapment 19.7.2.3 Microencapsulation Chemical binding Crosslinking Ionic binding Metal binding Covalent binding 19.7.3 Antimicrobial nanomaterials 19.8 Conclusions and remarks/prospects References 20 Nano-driven processes toward the treatment of paper and pulp industrial effluent: from the view of resource recovery and... 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Characteristics of paper and pulp industry effluents 20.2.1 Raw material preparation (Barker bearing cooling water) 20.2.2 Pulping (black liquor) 20.2.3 Washing (wash water) 20.2.4 Bleaching (bleach plant wash water) 20.2.5 Paper manufacturing (white water) 20.3 Key challenges in pulp and paper industry 20.4 Nano-driven processes for the remediation of paper and pulp industry effluent 20.4.1 Photocatalysis based treatment of paper and pulp mill effluents 20.4.2 Nanomembrane based treatment of paper and pulp mill effluents 20.4.3 Nanosorption-based treatment of paper and pulp mill effluents 20.4.3.1 Carbon-based nanoadsorbent 20.4.3.2 Metallic and nonmetallic nanoparticles 20.5 Future perspectives 20.6 Conclusion Acknowledgments References 21 Future perspective of pulp and paper industry 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Economic feasibility and environmental regulation 21.3 Challenges, perspectives, and innovations 21.4 Concluding note Acknowledgment Conflict of interest References Index Back Cover