Liquid Dielectrics in an Inhomogeneous Pulsed Electric Field

Description

Written by leading experts in the field, the first edition of this textbook was the first of its kind to address numerous potential applications such as the technology of high-voltage insulation in pulsed inhomogeneous fields, and applications related to cavitation development in liquid dielectrics, treatment of different materials and plasma medicine. This second edition addresses the development of the theory over the past few years and features extensive revisions, as well as some expanded chapters. A new inclusion is an explanation of how the critical pressure at which cavitation is initiated is determined according to the surface tension coefficient at the boundary of small nanovoids and microbubbles. Discussion of the quantum mechanical nature of the cavitation inception in liquid helium is also provided, along with the derived values of critical negative pressure for the appearance of cavitation, and its characteristics at low temperatures. PRELIMS.pdf Preface to 2nd edition (2019) Preface to the 1st edition (2016) References Author biographies M N Shneider M Pekker Nomenclature CH001.pdf Chapter 1 Introductory description of processes related to the negative pressure in liquids 1.1 A qualitative picture of the formation of discontinuities in a liquid 1.2 Negative pressure 1.3 Rayleigh bubble 1.4 Viscosity accounting in Rayleigh’s equation for a bubble in a liquid 1.5 Dynamics of a bubble in the liquid 1.6 Zel’dovich–Fisher nucleation 1.7 Qualitative description of the processes in a liquid dielectric in a non-uniform pulsed electric field 1.8 Flat capacitor dipped in a dielectric fluid 1.9 The polarization (Maxwell) time 1.10 The flow induced in the vicinity of a needle-like electrode: a hydrostatic pressure References CH002.pdf Chapter 2 Classic cavitation 2.1 Definition of cavitation and formulation of the basic problem 2.2 Cavitation in the subsonic flow of fluid in a pipe 2.3 Condition for cavitation bubble formation near propeller blades 2.4 Cavitation generated by acoustic and shock waves 2.5 Surface tension of a curvilinear surface with a small radius of curvature 2.5.1 The interaction of molecules in water 2.5.2 The surface tension coefficient estimate at a planar interface 2.5.3 Surface tension of a bubble interface 2.5.4 The surface tension coefficient at the boundary of a droplet in a gas 2.6 A new look at nucleation References CH003.pdf Chapter 3 The physical properties of liquid dielectrics 3.1 Water 3.1.1 Equation of state 3.1.2 Dielectric constant of water 3.1.3 Surface tension of water 3.2 Experimental data related to oil and some other liquid dielectrics 3.2.1 Speed of sound and equation of state 3.2.2 Dielectric constant 3.2.3 Surface tension 3.3 Liquid helium 3.3.1 Equation of state 3.3.2 Dielectric constant 3.3.3 Surface tension References CH004.pdf Chapter 4 A liquid dielectric in an electric field 4.1 Dielectric as a system of dipoles 4.2 The potential of a system of dipoles 4.3 The dielectric constant 4.4 The energy of the electric field 4.5 Energy of a dielectric in an external electric field 4.6 Dielectric ball in a homogeneous dielectric medium in an external constant electric field 4.7 Polarizability of atoms and molecules 4.7.1 Non-polar dielectrics (Clausius–Mossotti relation) 4.7.2 The dielectric constant of dense non-polar dielectric media 4.7.3 The dipole moment of polar molecules 4.8 Ponderomotive forces in liquid dielectrics 4.9 Forces acting on the boundary between two dielectrics 4.10 Forces acting on a boundary of a dielectric sphere References CH005.pdf Chapter 5 Dynamics of a dielectric liquid in a non-uniform pulsed electric field 5.1 System of equations and boundary conditions in prolate spheroidal coordinates 5.2 Numerical results and discussions 5.3 Flow arising at adiabatic switching of voltage and its rapid shutdown 5.4 Linearized equations and example results 5.5 Comparison of numerical results with measurements 5.6 Initiation of cavitation and nanosecond breakdown in oil on water micro-droplets 5.7 Qualitative analysis of a drop deformation in the pulsed electric field References CH006.pdf Chapter 6 Cavitation in inhomogeneous pulsed electric fields 6.1 Ponderomotive forces in the vicinity of a nanopore 6.2 Nucleation in inhomogeneous pulsed electric fields 6.3 Expansion of nanopores in an inhomogeneous pulsed electric field 6.4 Concluding remarks for chapter 6 Reference CH007.pdf Chapter 7 Liquid helium in a non-uniform pulsed electric field 7.1 Dynamics of liquid helium in a non-uniform pulsed electric field 7.1.1 Conditions for the discontinuity formation in helium-3 and -4 in an inhomogeneous pulsed electric field 7.2 Regimes of cavitation inception in liquid helium 7.3 Tunnel effect in liquid helium at negative pressure 7.3.1 Statement of the problem 7.3.2 Eigenvalues and eigenfunctions 7.3.3 Nucleation probability 7.4 Possible limitations associated with the dielectric strength of liquid helium 7.5 Conclusions to chapter 7 References CH008.pdf Chapter 8 Optical diagnostics in dielectric liquids in inhomogeneous pulsed fields 8.1 Shadowgraph and Schlieren methods 8.2 Rayleigh scattering on the cavitation region emerging in liquids 8.3 Optical emission spectroscopy of nano- and sub-nanosecond discharge in liquids References CH009.pdf Chapter 9 Breakdown in liquid in pulsed electric fields 9.1 Brief overview of the experimental data 9.1.1 Microsecond breakdown in liquid 9.1.2 Nanosecond and sub-nanosecond breakdown in liquid 9.2 Problems of the ionization model of the breakdown development in liquid 9.3 Problems of the bubble breakdown model 9.4 The cavitation discharge model and analysis of experimental data 9.5 Qualitative picture of the nanosecond breakdown in liquids 9.6 The area of breakdown initiation at a nanosecond voltage pulse in the vicinity of a needle-like electrode 9.7 The problem of primary electrons References