Nutrition and Psychiatric Disorders (Nutritional Neurosciences)

Description

The book comprehensively reviews the role of nutrition in psychiatric disorders. It provides mechanistic insights into the effects of nutrition on metabolic pathways, mitochondrial nutrients, neurodegeneration and CNS disorders, cell signaling, and neuronal functions.  The book further highlights the role of diet in preventing and treating mental health and modifying drug treatment effects. Further, it explores the relationship between nutrition and psychiatric disorders, including depression, autism, anxiety, Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder, and OCD. The book further explores the recent advancements in understanding the important role of nutrients as therapeutics in various psychiatric disorders. Lastly, it presents an overview of nutrients as neuroprotective agents along with the main principles of nutrigenomics. The book is essential reading for neuroscientists interested interest in food therapeutic strategies. Foreword Preface Acknowledgments Contents Editors and Contributors Part I: Food, Brain Functions, and Behavior Chapter 1: Nutrition and Brain Functions in Health and Disease 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Macronutrients and Brain Functions 1.2.1 Amino Acids and Brain Functions 1.2.2 Fatty Acids and Brain Functions 1.2.2.1 Short-Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs) 1.2.2.2 Medium-Chain Fatty Acids (MCFAs) 1.2.2.3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids 1.3 Micronutrients and Brain Functions 1.3.1 Vitamins 1.3.1.1 Vitamin A 1.3.1.2 B Vitamins 1.3.1.3 Vitamin D 1.3.1.4 Vitamin C 1.3.1.5 Vitamin E 1.3.2 Minerals and Brain Functions 1.3.2.1 Zinc 1.3.2.2 Magnesium (Mg2+) 1.3.2.3 Iron (Fe3+) 1.3.2.4 Calcium (Ca2+) 1.3.2.5 Copper (Cu2+) 1.3.2.6 Iodine 1.3.2.7 Manganese 1.4 Summary and Conclusion References Chapter 2: Nutrition, Cognitive Functions, and Emotions 2.1 Nutrition and Cognition: A Two-Way Street 2.2 Macronutrients 2.2.1 Carbohydrates 2.2.2 Dietary Fatty Acids 2.2.3 Proteins 2.3 Micronutrients 2.3.1 Polyphenols 2.3.2 Vitamins and Minerals 2.3.3 Vitamin B Family 2.3.4 Antioxidant Vitamins (Vitamins E and C) 2.3.5 Vitamin D 2.3.6 Minerals 2.4 Bad Nutrition as an Underpinning Factor in Cognitive/Mood Disorders 2.5 Summary and Conclusions References Chapter 3: Ketogenic Diet: Implications for Treatment and Injury in Neuropsychiatry and Motor Functioning 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Ketone Body Metabolism 3.3 KD Neuroprotection Mechanisms 3.3.1 Energy Supplementation 3.3.2 Reduction of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress 3.3.3 Gut Microbiome Interaction 3.3.4 Epigenetic Regulation 3.4 KD Effects on Neuropsychiatric Disorders 3.4.1 Anxiety and Depression 3.4.2 Addiction 3.4.3 Other Psychiatric Diseases 3.5 Evidence for KD Effects in Diseases Associated with Motor Dysfunction 3.5.1 Findings from Preclinical Studies 3.5.2 Evidence from Clinical Evaluations 3.6 Adverse Effects of the Ketogenic Diet 3.6.1 Hyperlipidemia 3.6.2 Cardiac Disease 3.6.3 Linear Growth Failure 3.6.4 Gastrointestinal Disorders 3.6.5 Kidney Stones 3.6.6 Compromised Bone Density 3.7 Future Research Directions References Chapter 4: Effects of Malnutrition on Brain Development 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Various Macronutrients in the Brain Development 4.2.1 Role of Proteins and Brain Development 4.2.2 Role of Carbohydrates and Brain Development 4.2.3 Role of Fats and Brain Development 4.3 Various Micronutrients in the Brain Development 4.3.1 Role of Vitamins and Brain Development 4.3.1.1 Vitamin B12 4.3.1.2 Vitamin D 4.3.2 Role of Minerals and Brain Development References Chapter 5: Nutrition, Neurotransmitters, and Behavior 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Role of Some Basic Nutrients 5.2.1 Vitamins 5.2.2 Minerals 5.2.3 Trace Elements 5.3 Link Between Nutrition, Neurotransmitters, and Brain Functions 5.3.1 GABA 5.3.2 Serotonin: 5HT 5.3.3 Dopamine 5.3.4 Glutamate 5.3.5 Acetylcholine 5.3.6 Glycine 5.4 Conclusion References Chapter 6: OMICS in Schizophrenia and Alzheimer´s Disease 6.1 Introduction 6.2 OMICS and Schizophrenia 6.3 OMICS and Alzheimer´s Disease (AD) 6.4 Conclusion References Part II: Psychiatric Disorders Related to Nutrition: Deficiency or Overload Chapter 7: Effects of Depression and Antidepressant Therapy on Serum Zinc Levels 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Potential Antidepressant Mechanisms of Zinc 7.3 Experimental Animal Studies 7.4 Clinical Studies 7.5 Conclusions References Chapter 8: Nutrition and Depression 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Epidemiology 8.2.1 Dietary Patterns 8.2.1.1 Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) 8.2.2 Epidemiological Evidence Relating Dietary Patterns to Depression 8.2.2.1 Mediterranean Diet 8.2.2.2 Dietary Inflammatory Index/Alternative Dietary Inflammatory Index 8.2.2.3 ``Healthy´´ Diet 8.2.2.4 High-Fat/Sugar Diet 8.2.2.5 Other Dietary Patterns 8.2.2.6 Specific Food Components 8.2.2.7 Red Meat and Processed Meat 8.2.2.8 Other Food Types Tea Coffee and Caffeine Grain Others 8.2.2.9 Nutrients 8.2.2.10 Macronutrients (Fig. 8.1) Proteins Fat Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid (PUFA) Carbohydrate 8.2.2.11 Micronutrients 8.2.2.12 B Vitamins 8.2.2.13 Antioxidants Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) Vitamin E Selenium (Se) 8.2.2.14 Vitamin D 8.2.2.15 Magnesium 8.2.2.16 Oxidant and Antioxidant 8.2.2.17 Gut Microbiota 8.2.2.18 Trace Minerals Iron Zinc (Zn) Selenium (Se) 8.3 Potential Mechanism 8.4 Preventive, Protective, and Therapeutic Role of Diet in Depression 8.4.1 Dietary Pattern 8.4.2 Macronutrients 8.4.2.1 Proteins 8.4.2.2 Fats 8.4.2.3 Carbohydrates 8.4.3 Vitamins and Trace Elements 8.4.3.1 Vitamins 8.4.3.2 Trace Elements 8.5 Depressive Disorders Among Other Groups 8.5.1 Geriatric Depression and Nutrition 8.5.2 Child and Adolescent Depression and Nutrition 8.5.3 Postpartum Depression and Nutrition 8.6 Limitations of Existing Evidence on Nutrition and Depression 8.7 Future Directions 8.8 Conclusion References Chapter 9: Nutritional Deficiencies in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Possible Treatment Interventions 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Obsessions and Compulsions 9.3 Nutritional Deficiencies and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder 9.3.1 Amino Acids and Derivatives 9.3.1.1 Glutamate 9.3.1.2 Glycine 9.3.1.3 N-acetyl Cysteine 9.3.2 Plants and Derivatives 9.3.2.1 Borage 9.3.2.2 Curcumin 9.3.2.3 Milk Thistle 9.3.2.4 St. John´s Wort 9.3.2.5 Valerian Root 9.3.3 Vitamins 9.3.3.1 Vitamin B9 9.3.3.2 Vitamin B12 9.3.3.3 Vitamin C 9.3.3.4 Vitamin D 9.3.3.5 Vitamin E 9.3.4 Trace Minerals 9.3.4.1 Zinc 9.3.4.2 Selenium 9.3.5 Others 9.3.5.1 Myoinositol 9.3.5.2 Omega-3 Fatty Acids 9.4 Conclusions References Chapter 10: Caffeine, Mental Well-Being, and Psychiatric Disorders 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Caffeine Pharmacodynamic 10.2.1 Caffeine Pharmacokinetics 10.3 Caffeine and Addiction 10.4 Caffeine and Sleep Disorder 10.5 Caffeine and Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) 10.6 Caffeine and Anxiety Disorders 10.7 Caffeine and Alzheimer´s Disease 10.8 Caffeine and Parkinson´s Disease 10.9 Caffeine and Mood Disorder 10.9.1 Bipolar Related Disorder 10.9.2 Depressive Disorder 10.9.3 Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) 10.10 Caffeine and Psychotic Disorder 10.11 Caffeine and Psychiatric Medication Interactions 10.12 Conclusions References Chapter 11: Biopsychology of Chocolate Craving 11.1 Background 11.2 Chocolate Composition and Psychopharmacologic Active Components 11.2.1 Overview 11.2.2 Polyphenols 11.2.3 Biogenic Amines 11.2.4 Methylxanthines 11.2.5 Cannabinoid-Like Fatty Acids 11.2.6 Magnesium 11.2.7 Concluding Remarks 11.3 Chocolate Intake Patterns 11.3.1 Chocolate Addiction 11.3.2 Assessing Chocolate Craving: How to Discriminate Between Chocolate Cravers and Non-cravers? 11.4 Chocolate as Social Drug 11.5 The Effects of Chocolate on Mood 11.6 Is Chocolate Craving Gender Driven? 11.7 Concluding Remarks Appendix 11.1 Attitudes to Chocolate Questionnaire (ACQ) (Benton et al. 1998) Appendix 11.2 Orientation to Chocolate Questionnaire (OCQ) (Cartwright and Stritzke 2008) References Chapter 12: Food Addiction 12.1 Introduction to Food Addiction: Is Food Addiction a True Medical Disorder? 12.2 Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Food Addiction 12.3 Neurobiology of Food Addiction 12.4 Food Addiction Conceptualized from a Substance-Use Disorder Perspective 12.5 Food Addiction and DSM-5-TR Criteria 12.6 Signs and Symptoms of Food Addiction 12.7 Food Addiction Scales 12.8 Food Addiction and Impact on Physical Health 12.9 Food Addiction and Mental Health 12.10 Mindful Eating Amid Fast Food Availability 12.11 Evidence-Based Treatment Interventions for Food Addiction 12.12 Conclusions References Chapter 13: Nutrition and Anxiety Disorders 13.1 Introduction 13.1.1 What Are Anxiety Disorders? 13.1.2 How Does Anxiety Could Be Related to Nutrition? 13.1.3 Food and Brain Functions 13.1.4 Can Diet Modification or Healthy Diet Improve the Anxiety? 13.2 Food Improving Anxiety 13.3 Dietary Patterns Causing Anxiety 13.4 Food Causing Anxiety 13.4.1 Relationships Between Caffeine and Anxiety 13.4.2 Other Types of Food Related to Anxiety 13.5 New Food Dimension 13.6 Anxiety, Stress, and Inflammation 13.7 Microbiome and Mental Health 13.8 Conclusion References Chapter 14: Nutrition and Substance-Use Disorder 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Types and Mechanisms of SUDs 14.2.1 Stimulant-Use Disorder 14.2.2 Opioid-Use Disorder 14.2.3 Alcohol-Use Disorder 14.2.4 Sedative-Use Disorder 14.2.5 Cannabis-Use Disorder 14.3 Nutrition and SUD 14.3.1 Malnutrition and Substance-Use Disorders 14.3.2 Etiology of Malnutrition in SUD 14.3.3 Nutritional Deficiencies and SUD 14.3.4 The Psychology Behind Malnutrition and Appetite Alteration in SUD 14.3.5 Nutrition and Recovery of SUD 14.3.6 Role of Hormones in Appetite Regulation and SUD 14.3.6.1 Ghrelin 14.3.6.2 Leptin 14.3.7 Dietary Intervention to Regulate Mood Disorders in SUD 14.3.8 Dietary Intervention to Reduce SUD Relapse 14.4 Concluding Remarks References Chapter 15: Nutrition and Psychiatric Disorders: Focus on Schizophrenia 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Common Culprits of Psychiatric Diseases 15.2.1 Neuroinflammation 15.2.2 Oxidative Stress 15.2.3 Mitochondrial Dysfunction 15.2.4 Kynurenine Pathway 15.3 Mechanisms Linking Nutrition and Psychiatric Diseases 15.3.1 Metabolic Regulation and Psychiatric Diseases 15.3.2 Nutrigenomics and Psychiatric Disorders 15.3.3 Nutrition and Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis 15.4 Schizophrenia (SCZ) 15.4.1 Role of Amino Acids in Schizophrenia 15.4.2 Role of Fatty Acids in Schizophrenia 15.4.3 Role of Vitamins in Schizophrenia 15.4.4 Role of Minerals in Schizophrenia 15.5 Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) 15.5.1 Effect of Peptides and Amino Acids in Autism Spectrum Disorder 15.5.2 Fatty Acids and Autism Spectrum Disorder 15.5.3 Therapeutic Potential of Vitamins in Autism Spectrum Disorder 15.5.4 Therapeutic Potential of Minerals in Autism Spectrum Disorder 15.6 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) 15.6.1 Role of Amino Acids in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder 15.6.2 Role of Fatty Acids in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder 15.6.3 Role of Vitamins in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder 15.6.4 Role of Minerals in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder 15.7 Anxiety Disorders 15.7.1 Role of Amino Acids in Anxiety 15.7.2 Role of Fatty Acids in Anxiety 15.7.3 Role of Vitamins in Anxiety 15.7.4 Role of Minerals in Anxiety 15.8 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) 15.8.1 Role of Amino Acids in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder 15.8.2 Role of Vitamins in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder 15.8.3 Role of Minerals in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder 15.9 Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) 15.9.1 Role of Amino acids in Depression 15.9.2 Role of Fatty Acids in Depression 15.9.3 Role of Vitamins in Depression 15.9.4 Role of Minerals in Depression 15.10 Bipolar Depression (BPD) 15.10.1 Role of Amino Acids in Bipolar Depression 15.10.2 Role of Fatty Acids in Bipolar Depression 15.10.3 Role of Vitamins in Bipolar Depression 15.10.4 Role of Minerals in Bipolar Depression 15.11 Summary and Conclusion References Chapter 16: High-Fat Diet and Psychiatric Disorders: What Is the Interplay? 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Involvement of KD in Neuroprotection 16.3 Neuroprotective Role of Ketogenic Diet in Various Neuropsychiatric Disorders 16.3.1 Anxiety and Depression 16.3.2 Autism 16.3.3 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) 16.3.4 Schizophrenia 16.3.5 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder 16.3.6 Bipolar Disorder 16.4 Conclusion References