Role of Micronutrients in Brain Health (Nutritional Neurosciences)

Description

This book comprehensively reviews the relationship between micronutrients and brain in health and diseases. It explains the relationship between micronutrients and brain functions, neurogenesis, and cognitive functions. The book also explores the relationship between micronutrients and brain disorders including depression, epilepsy, PD, and Autism. It further explores the recent advancements in understanding the important role of micronutrients as therapeutics in various brain disorders like TBI and AD. Lastly, it presents an overview of micronutrients as neuroprotective agents along with the main principles of nutrigenomics. Foreword Preface Acknowledgments Contents Editors and Contributors Part I: Micronutrients and Brain Functions Chapter 1: Micronutrients and Neurogenesis 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Neurogenesis in Early Development of CNS 1.3 Neurogenesis in the Adult Brain 1.4 The Role of Micronutrients in Neurogenesis 1.5 Copper 1.6 Iodine 1.7 Iron 1.8 Zinc 1.9 Vitamin D 1.10 Conclusion References Chapter 2: Vitamin E and Cognitive Functions: What Is the Interplay? 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Animal Studies and Vitamin E 2.3 Human Studies and Vitamin E 2.3.1 Epidemiological Studies 2.3.2 Clinical Trials 2.4 Critical Analysis and Reflection on Vitamin E Neuroprotective Effects 2.5 Conclusion References Chapter 3: Gut-Brain Cross Talk: Microbiome and Micronutrients 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Human Gut Microbiome 3.3 Diet, Micronutrient, and Immune Function 3.4 Gut-Brain Axis 3.4.1 How Gut Microbiota Can Influence the Brain? 3.4.2 How Can the Brain Influence the Gut Microbiota? 3.5 Neurodevelopmental Disorder 3.6 Parkinson Disease 3.7 Conclusion References Chapter 4: Iodine: A Critical Micronutrient in Brain Development 4.1 Background 4.2 Effect of Iodine on Brain Function Across the Lifespan 4.3 Mechanism of Action and Interaction of Iodine, Thyroid Hormone, and the Brain 4.3.1 Hippocampus 4.3.2 Myelin 4.3.3 Neurotransmitters 4.4 Conclusion References Chapter 5: Tocotrienols: Mother Nature´s Gift to the Brain 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Tocopherols and Tocotrienols 5.3 Neurology 5.4 Alzheimer´s Disease 5.5 Parkinson´s Disease 5.6 Stroke 5.7 Brain Cancer 5.8 Traumatic Brain Injury 5.9 Conclusion References Part II: Micronutrients and Brain Disorders Chapter 6: Micronutrients and Depression: Is There Any Association? 6.1 Nutrition and its Association with Depression 6.2 Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Dietary Elements and Contribution to Depression 6.2.1 Serotonin 6.2.2 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids 6.2.3 Monosaturated Fatty Acids 6.2.4 Saturated Fatty Acids 6.2.5 Trans Fatty Acids 6.2.6 Refined Sugars 6.2.7 Gut Microbiome 6.2.8 Micronutrients 6.3 Dietary Pattern and Depression 6.4 Conclusion References Chapter 7: Micronutrients and Epilepsy 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Vitamins 7.2.1 Vitamin B 7.2.1.1 Vitamin B6 7.2.1.2 Vitamin B9 7.2.1.3 Vitamin B1, B7, and B12 7.2.2 Vitamin D 7.2.3 Vitamin E 7.2.4 Vitamin K 7.2.5 Vitamin C 7.2.6 Vitamin A 7.2.7 Coenzyme Q10 7.3 Minerals 7.3.1 Calcium 7.3.2 Magnesium 7.4 Trace Elements 7.4.1 Manganese 7.4.2 Iron 7.4.3 Zinc 7.4.4 Copper 7.4.5 Selenium 7.5 Conclusion References Chapter 8: Cognitive and Behavioral Consequences of Brain Iron Deficiency 8.1 Background 8.2 Brain Iron: Homeostasis and Function 8.3 Effect of Iron Deficiency on Cognitive Development 8.4 Early-Life Iron Deficiency: Pathological Brain Changes 8.5 Effects of Iron Deficiency on Cognitive Performance in School 8.6 Does Iron Supplementation in School Children Improve Cognitive Performance? 8.7 Conclusion References Chapter 9: Micronutrients and Parkinson´s Disease 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Oxidative Stress in Parkinson´s Disease 9.3 Gut Dysbiosis in Parkinson´s Disease 9.4 Nutrients and its Protective Effects in Parkinson´s Disease 9.4.1 Micronutrients 9.4.1.1 Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) 9.4.1.2 Vitamin B6, B12, and Folate 9.4.1.3 Niacin (Vitamin B3) 9.4.1.4 Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) 9.4.1.5 Vitamin C 9.4.1.6 Vitamin D 9.4.1.7 Vitamin E 9.4.1.8 Coenzyme Q10 9.4.1.9 Fish Oils (ω-3 Fatty Acids) 9.4.2 Phytochemicals 9.4.2.1 Caffeine 9.4.2.2 Mediterranean Diet 9.4.3 Other Nutrients 9.4.3.1 Probiotics 9.4.3.2 Prebiotics and Synbiotics 9.4.3.3 Dairy Products 9.5 Nutritional Aspects of Parkinson´s Disease 9.5.1 Nutritional Evaluation 9.5.2 Managing Nutritional Issues in PD 9.6 Conclusion References Chapter 10: Malnutrition of Micronutrients and Brain Disorders 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Gut Microbiota 10.3 Nutrition and Malnutrition Definitions 10.4 Micronutrients 10.4.1 Food Guides History 10.4.2 Food Guides Groups 10.4.3 Food Groups Serving Sizes 10.5 The Prevalence of Malnutrition Diseases 10.6 Factors Affecting the Malnutrition State 10.7 The Nutritional Assessments Process 10.8 Malnutrition and the Brain Disorders 10.8.1 Dietary Intervention and Parkinson Disease (PD) References Chapter 11: Connections Between Micronutrients, Cerebral Monoamines and Related Brain Disorders 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Overview: Synthesis, Activity, and Metabolism of Serotonin and Histamine 11.2.1 Serotonin 11.2.2 Histamine 11.3 Effects of Dietary Micronutrients on Cerebral Biogenic Amine Levels: Serotonin and Histamine 11.3.1 Substrates (Tryptophan for Serotonin and Histidine for Histamine) 11.3.1.1 Tryptophan 11.3.1.2 Histidine 11.3.2 Vitamins and Cofactors 11.3.2.1 Thiamine (Vitamin B1) 11.3.2.2 Niacinamide/Niacin (Vitamin B3) 11.3.2.3 Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) / Pyridoxal L-Phosphate (PLP) 11.3.2.4 Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) 11.3.2.5 Calcitrol (Vitamin D Hormone) 11.3.3 Cofactors 11.3.3.1 Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) 11.3.3.2 Copper 11.3.3.3 Zinc 11.4 Cerebral Serotonin, Cerebral Histamine and Associated Brain Disorders 11.4.1 Addiction/Compulsion and Pain 11.4.2 Autism 11.4.3 Dementia / Neurodegenerative Diseases 11.4.4 Depression 11.4.5 Eating Disorders and Metabolic Syndrome 11.4.6 Epilepsy 11.4.7 Schizophrenia 11.4.8 Sleep 11.4.9 Stress 11.4.10 Vestibular Deficits 11.5 Concluding Remarks on Cross Talk between Cerebral Histamine and Serotonin References Chapter 12: Micronutrients and Autism Spectrum Disorder 12.1 Background and Significance 12.2 Incidence and Prevalence of ASD 12.3 Micronutrients and ASD: What Is the Interplay? 12.3.1 Maternal Diet Condition 12.3.2 Dietary Intake of Children with ASD 12.3.3 Breastfeeding 12.4 The Gut-Brain Axis and its Role to ASD 12.5 Dietary Approach for ASD 12.6 Conclusions and Recommendations References Part III: Micronutrients as Therapeutics Chapter 13: Edible Bird´s Nest as Brain Food 13.1 Introduction and Historical Background of EBN 13.2 Preparation and Extraction of EBN 13.3 Active Compounds in Edible Bird´s Nest 13.4 Pharmacological Effect of Edible Bird´s Nest 13.4.1 Antiviral Effect of EBN 13.4.2 Effect of EBN on Cell Proliferation 13.4.3 Antioxidant Effect of EBN 13.4.4 Bone Regeneration Effect of EBN 13.5 Effects of EBN on Learning and Memory 13.6 EBN and AD Rat Model 13.7 Conclusions and Recommendations References Chapter 14: Phytochemicals as Micronutrients: What Is their Therapeutic Promise in the Management of Traumatic Brain Injury? 14.1 Traumatic Brain Injury 14.2 Conventional Management of Traumatic Brain Injury 14.3 Phytochemicals as Alternative Therapeutic Interventions 14.4 Phytochemicals in TBI Management 14.4.1 Ginseng 14.4.2 Curcumin 14.4.3 Baicalein 14.4.4 Apocynin 14.4.5 Genistein 14.4.6 Coumarin 14.5 Conclusion References Chapter 15: Phytochemicals as Micronutrients: What Is their Therapeutic Promise in the Management of Alzheimer´s Disease? 15.1 Alzheimer´s Disease 15.2 Conventional Management of Alzheimer´s Disease 15.3 Phytochemicals as Alternative Therapeutic Interventions 15.4 Phytochemicals in Neurological Disorders 15.5 Phytochemicals in AD Management 15.6 Ginkgo Biloba 15.7 Piper Nigrum 15.8 Ficus Carica 15.9 Withania Somnifera 15.10 Olea Europaea 15.11 Lavandula Angustofolia 15.12 Curcumin Longa 15.13 Nigella Sativa 15.14 Panax Ginseng 15.15 Conclusion References