Bioethanol Production: Past and Present

Description

This book provides the latest research on bioethanol production from first- and second- generation feedstock. Bioethanol has emerged as one of the main alternative biofuels in recent years. The book provides a perspective on the chemistry, sources and production of bioethanol highlighting the recent developments in the field. Through this book readers will learn basic and advanced bioethanol production technologies under one roof, including resource management and environmental and economic impacts. The topics discussed in the book will attract researchers and scholars focusing in this field as well as anyone who is interested in green and sustainable energy resources. Preface Contents About the Authors 1 Bioethanol: An Overview of Current Status and Future Direction 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Global Trends 1.3 Bioethanol Production 1.3.1 1G Bioethanol 1.3.2 2G Bioethanol 1.3.3 3G Bioethanol 1.4 Industrial Scenario of Bioethanol-Based Sanitizers 1.5 Use of Bioethanol as Transport Fuel and Challenges 1.6 Biorefinery with Bioethanol Production: Beyond Fuel 1.6.1 Value-Added Chemicals 1.6.2 Nanomaterials 1.6.3 Weed Biomass 1.6.4 Municipal Solid Waste 1.6.5 Agricultural Biomass 1.7 Summary References 2 Understanding of Different Processing Technologies for Bioethanol Production 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Feedstocks for the Production of Bioethanol 2.3 Different Processing Technologies for Bioethanol Production 2.3.1 Concept of Separate Hydrolysis and Fermentation (SHF) Process 2.3.2 Concept of Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) Process 2.3.3 Concept of Simultaneous Saccharification and Co-fermentation (SSCF) Process 2.3.4 CBP (Consolidated Bioprocessing) 2.4 Summary References 3 Current Trends in Pretreatment Technologies for Bioethanol Production: Biorefinery Concept 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Composition of Lignocellulosic Biomass 3.3 Pretreatment: A Necessity 3.4 Types of Pretreatment 3.4.1 Conventional Pretreatments 3.4.2 Advanced Pretreatments 3.5 Recent Studies on Different Pretreatment Methods 3.5.1 Physical Pretreatment 3.5.2 Chemical Pretreatment 3.5.3 Physical–Chemical Methods 3.5.4 Biological Methods 3.6 Estimation of the Cost of Several Pretreatment Processes for a Biorefinery Based on Lignocellulosic Feedstock 3.7 Pretreatment Technology Bottlenecks and Future Prospects References 4 A Feasible Approach for Bioethanol Production Using Conventional and New Feedstocks 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Conventional Feedstocks for Production of Bioethanol 4.2.1 Cereal Based Substrates for Synthesis of Bioethanol 4.2.2 Cereal Based Substrates Derived from Agro-residues for Synthesis of Ethanol 4.3 An Account of New Feedstocks for Production of Bioethanol 4.3.1 Utilization of Energy Crops 4.3.2 Exploitation of Forest Biomass 4.3.3 Utilization of Agricultural Residues 4.3.4 Use of Industrial Waste 4.3.5 Municipal Waste Utilization 4.4 Genetic Engineering for Enhancing the Production Yield of Bioethanol 4.5 Aquatic Weeds: Novel Substrate for Production of Bioethanol 4.6 Role of Nanotechnology for Advanced Ethanol Production 4.7 Global Scenario for Production of Ethanol in Coming Future References 5 Potential of Weed Biomass for Bioethanol Production 5.1 Introduction 5.2 The Chemical Makeup of Lignocellulosic Weeds Biomass 5.3 Enzymatic Hydrolysis 5.4 Fermentation 5.5 Summary References 6 Valorization of Organic Fraction of MSW for Bioethanol Production 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Current Status of MSW 6.3 Importance of Liquid Biofuels 6.4 Production of Bioethanol from Organic Fraction of MSW 6.4.1 Pretreatment 6.4.2 Enzymatic Hydrolysis 6.4.3 Fermentation 6.4.4 Recovery of Ethanol 6.5 Role of Circular Economy 6.6 Techno-economic Challenges in the Production of Fuel from OFMSW 6.7 Utilization of MSW for Commercial Scale 6.8 Impact on Environmental Aspect 6.9 Economics of Conversion from MSW to Energy 6.10 Future Recommendations 6.11 Summary References 7 Algae as Potential Feedstock for Bioethanol Production 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Algal Bioethanol 7.3 Cultivation of Algae 7.3.1 Laboratory Cultivation 7.3.2 Raceway Ponds 7.3.3 Photobioreactor Systems (PBRs) 7.3.4 Wastewater 7.4 Harvesting of Algal Biomass 7.5 Pretreatment and Saccharification of Algal Biomass 7.5.1 Pretreatment and Hydrolysis for Production of Sugar 7.6 Fermentation of Algal Sugars 7.7 Summary References 8 Integrated Biorefinery and Bioethanol Production 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Concept of Biorefinery 8.3 Bioethanol 8.4 Lignocellulosic Biorefinery for Production of Bioethanol 8.4.1 Pretreatment of LCB Feedstock 8.4.2 Enzymatic Hydrolysis 8.4.3 Fermentation 8.5 Summary References 9 Bioethanol: A Fermentation Feedstock for Synthesis of Bulk Chemicals 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Bioethanol as Fermentation Feedstock 9.3 Two-Stage Fermentation 9.4 How Does Ethanol Have Potential to Act as a Fermentation Feedstock? 9.5 Summary References 10 Bioethanol and Biohydrogen Production from Agricultural Waste 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Agricultural Biomass 10.3 Why Agricultural Waste Should Be Used? 10.4 Agricultural Waste for Production of Biohydrogen 10.5 Bioethanol as Sustainable and Eco-friendly Biofuel 10.6 Physicochemical Characteristics of Ethanol 10.7 Ethanol Production from Crop Residues 10.8 Production of Ethanol from Some Promising Agricultural Feedstock (Based on Data) 10.9 Bioconversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Bioethanol 10.9.1 Processing and Pretreatments 10.9.2 Enzymatic Saccharification of Pretreated Biomass 10.9.3 Fermentation and Product Recovery 10.10 Environment Aspects of Bioethanol 10.11 Summary References 11 Ethanogenic Bacteria: Present Status for Bioethanol Production 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Current State of Bacteria Developed for Ethanol Production 11.2.1 E. coli Genetic Engineering for Ethanol Production 11.2.2 Engineering in Z. mobilis for Bioethanol Production 11.2.3 Engineered Klebsilla for Bioethanol Production 11.2.4 Engineering Bacillus for Production of Bioethanol 11.3 Different Methods to Improve Production of Bioethanol 11.3.1 Engineering for Utilization of Lignocellulosic Feedstock 11.3.2 Genetic Engineering 11.3.3 Selection of Microbes and Cultural Conditions 11.3.4 Engineering for Biofuel Tolerance 11.4 Current Status of Production and Future Perspective 11.5 Summary References 12 Ethanol Production from Xylose Through GM Saccharomyces cerevisiae 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Pathways of Xylose Utilization 12.3 Xylose Reductase and Xylitol Dehydrogenase Expression 12.4 XI Expression 12.5 Factors Limiting Xylose Metabolism in S. cerevisiae 12.5.1 Uptake of Xylose 12.5.2 Redox Imbalance from Xylose Reductase and Xylitol Dehydrogenase 12.5.3 Xylulokinase 12.5.4 Non-oxidant Pentose Phosphate Enzymes Transketolase or Transaldolase 12.6 Host Strain Selection for Xylose Metabolized Fermentation 12.7 Modification of Xylose-Efficient S. cerevisiae Strains 12.8 Summary References 13 Prospects of Nanotechnology in Bioethanol Production 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Nanomaterials 13.3 Pretreatment 13.4 Enzymatic Hydrolysis 13.5 Bioethanol Production Using Various Nanomaterials 13.6 Summary References 14 Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) in GHG Emission and Techno-economic Analysis (TEA) of Bioethanol Production 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Life Cycle Analysis for Bioethanol Production 14.3 Techno-economic Analysis of Bioethanol Production References 15 Opportunities and Challenges for Use of Bioethanol as Transport Fuel: A Global Perspective 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Transportation Fuel 15.3 Effect on Engine Performance 15.4 Summary References