Indirect Translation Explained

Description

Indirect Translation Explained is the first comprehensive, user-friendly book on the practice of translating indirectly in today’s world. Unlike previous scholarly approaches, which have traditionally focused on translating from the original, this textbook offers practical advice on how to efficiently translate from an already translated text and for the specific purpose of further translation. Written by key specialists in this area of research and drawing on many years of translation teaching and practice, this process-focused textbook covers a range of languages, geographical settings and types of translation, including audiovisual, literary, news, and scientific-technical translation, as well as localization and interpreting. Since this topic addresses the concerns and practices of both more peripheral and more dominant languages, this textbook is usable by all, regardless of the language combinations they work with. Featuring theoretical considerations, tasks for hands-on practice, suggestions for further discussion and diverse, real-world examples, this is the essential textbook for all students and autodidacts learning how to translate via a third language. Cover Half Title Endorsement Series Information Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Table of Contents Figures Tables About this Book Acknowledgements 1 Introduction Introduction Learning Outcomes What Is Indirect Translation? When Does Indirect Translation Happen? Where Do You Translate Indirectly? How Do You Translate Indirectly? Who Are the Main Stakeholders in Indirect Translation? Why Translate Indirectly? What Are the Consequences of Translating Indirectly? Indirect Translation in the Foreseeable Future Practice Research Training Activities Activity 1 Problematize the Concept of Indirect Translation, Using Appropriate Terminology Activity 1.1 Reflect On the Terminology Activity 1.2 Indirect Translation Around Us Activity 1.3 Indirect Translation Awareness Activity 1.4 Indirectness in MT Activity 2 Discuss Common Misconceptions Associated With this Practice Activity 2.1 Rates and Availability Activity 2.2 Professional Associations Activity 2.3 Training References 2 Interpreting Introduction Learning Outcomes Relay in the History of Interpreting Relay Interpreting Today Working Modes and Settings Languages Technology Challenges Incomplete Multimodal Perception Increased Time Lag Increased Time in Consecutive Hybrid Audience Retour Positioning and Turn-Taking A Sense of Disconnect From the Original Culture Silver Linings Tips On How to Deal With Pivot Interpreting Situations Guidelines for Relayers in Simultaneous Interpreting Share the Speaker’s Text Ask for an Extra Pair of Ears Get Familiar With the Technology Articulate Clearly Always Keep an Eye On the Time (Aim for Synchrony) Know When to Compress Or Gist Condense Judiciously Prioritize Clarity Context Is Everything Indicate Any Change of Speakers Guidelines for Relay-Takers in Simultaneous Interpreting Get Familiar With the Technology Build Trust With Your Pivot Choose the Pivot Language Judiciously (Know Your Language Preferences) Be Mindful of the Directionality Ask the Relay for a Pre-Event Brief Be Quicker Than Usual Be Constructive and Appreciative (Debrief) Guidelines for Consecutive Interpreters Plan Ahead Explain the Situation Clearly to All the Parties Positioning Turn-taking and Strategic Mediation Handling Documents and Forms Debrief Activities Activity 1 Analyse an Already Translated Source Text to Identify Potential Translation Difficulties, Such as the Presence of Domesticated Cultural Items (Measurements, Currencies, Historical References, Legal Terms, Names of Places, Reference Titles, Etc. Activity 1.1 Identifying Potential Difficulties (Textual Vs. Oral) Activity 1.2 Identifying Potential Difficulties (Content Vs. Context) Activity 1.3 Identifying Potential Difficulties (Direct Vs. Relay) Activity 2 Summarize, Rephrase, Restructure, Adapt and Shorten Rapidly and Accurately in at Least One Target Language, Using Written And/or Spoken Communication, and Keeping the Most Relevant Features Activity 2.1 Summary as Documentation of Interpreting Activity 2.2 Sight Translation From a Summarized Translated Text Activity 3 Process Multimodality Activity 3.1 Multimodality and Relay Interpreting (Conference Setting) Activity 3.2 Multimodality and Remote Consecutive Interpreting References 3 Scientific-Technical Translation Introduction Learning Outcomes Indirect Translation in Scientific-Technical Translation Quality Control and Quality Assurance and How They Relate to Indirect Translation Indirect Translation in International Patenting Activity Usefulness of Machine Translation Concepts Without an Equivalent in the Ultimate Target Language Mistakes in the Mediating Text Indirect Translation as Part of Instructional Text Production Global English (Mind Your Language!) Use of Technical Terminology Ambiguity in Sentence Structure Lengthy Combinations of Nouns Active Voice Vs. Passive Voice Nouns Vs. Personal Pronouns Multimodality and Culture (Mind Your Images!) Indirect Translation in International Scientific Publishing Status of English as the Language of Science Quotations From Already Translated Texts Indirect Translation in Popularizing Science Characteristics of a Scientific Text for Non-Specialist Readers Open Access: Curating Content Through Indirect Translation Health Crisis: Science Must Reach the Population Activities Activity 1 Developing and Implementing Quality Assessment Strategies to Produce Indirect Translations Using Appropriate Tools and Techniques Activity 2. Developing and Implementing Quality Control and Quality Assurance Strategies to Produce a Mediating Text Using Appropriate Tools and Techniques Activity 3. Check, Revise And/or Review Your Own Work and That of Others (Including Machine Translation) According to Standard Or Work-Specific Quality Objectives to Mitigate the Chances of Errors Reaching the TT Activity 4. Culturemes References 4 Localization Introduction Learning Outcomes Indirect Translation and Localization Indirect Translation in the History of Localization and Today Localization Processes Pre-translation Phase Or Pre-Localization Phase Market Analysis Language Tiering Internationalization Controlled Language Pre-editing Testing Internationalization Localization Kit Brainstorming Session Translation Phase Or Localization Phase Translatable Elements Degrees of Localization A Constantly Evolving Original Tools Translatable Strings Parallel Work Revision Post-translation Phase Or Post-Localization Phase Multiprofessional Cooperation Challenges Brought About By Localization Processes and Ways to Go About Them Product Names Changing Size Mind the Images Mind the Colours Strings Mind the Reading Conventions Mind the Numbers Constant Modifications to the Original and Pivot Versions Blindfolded Translation Silver Linings Activities Activity 1. Work in a Multiprofessional and Plurilingual Team Where the Translators Are Not Competent in All the Working Languages and Collaborate to Produce a Translation Via a Third Common Language SITUATION 1 SITUATION 2 SITUATION 3 SITUATION 4 SITUATION 5 SITUATION 6 SITUATION 7 Activity 2. Use the Most Relevant Software to Translate From Multiple Source Texts and Languages Activity 3. Pre-Edit Source Material for the Purpose of Potentially Improving Further Translation Using Appropriate Pre-Editing Techniques References 5 Literary Translation Introduction Learning Outcomes Indirect Translation and Cultural Awareness Issues Ethical Challenges Legal Challenges Who Retains the Copyright? Forms of Compensation How to Prevent a Breach of Relay Rights Activities Activity 1. Assessing the Relevance and Accuracy of Intermediary Versions of a Source Text Activity 2 Using Previous Corresponding Translations in an Ethical and Constructive Way Activity 2.1 Creative Process Activity 2.2 Intellectual Property Activity 2.3 Copyright Activity 2.4 Support Translation Activity 3. Take Into Account the Potential Risk of Central Mediating Languages Having a Domesticating Effect References 6 Audiovisual Translation Introduction Learning Outcomes Indirect Translation in the History of Audiovisual Translation Indirect Translation in AVT Today Pivot Language Templates in Professional Subtitling Main Challenges Brought About By Pivot Templates Structural Differences Between the Original, Pivot and Final Languages Condensations Missing Cultural Background Domestication Mistranslations in the English Pivot Unhelpful Annotations Locked Templates Mismatch Between the Original Audio and the Template Templates Created for Other Purposes Silver Linings Tips On How to Create a Fit-For-Purpose Pivot Template Mind the Reading Speed and the Readability (But Only If Necessary) Always Mind the Rhythm If Possible, Go Literal Avoid Domesticating Make Plenty of Use of the Annotation Field Be Ready to Translate Out of Your Mother Tongue Tips On How to Translate From a Pivot Template Know How to Use Automatic Transcription Tools Have Expert Advice at Your Fingertips Consider Specializing in Pivot Subtitling Do Not Be Afraid of Editing the Spotting Communicate With Various Stakeholders at Every Stage of the Process Activities Activity 1. Translate General and Domain-Specific Material From an Already Translated Text in One Or Several Source Languages Into Their Target Language(s), Producing a “fit-For-Purpose” Translation Activity 2. Translate for Further Translation, I.e., Produce a Translator-Friendly Text (A Pivot Template) That Can Be Conveniently Used as a Pivot Text for Subsequent Translations Into a Third Language References 7 News Translation Introduction Learning Outcomes Indirect Translation in the History of News Translation Indirect Translation in News Translation Today Translation Agencies Newspapers Indirect Translation and Fact-Checking Challenges in News Translation (And Some Ways to Go About Them) KISSER: Keep It Short, Simple and Easy to Relay Compare Parallel Source Texts Be Extra Careful With Quotations Prepare for Changes in Context, Textual Genre and Allocated Space Be Responsible and Aware of Ideological Manipulation Activities Activity 1 Produce a Translator-Friendly Text That Can Be Conveniently Used as a Pivot Text for Subsequent Translations Into a Third Language Activity 1.1 Analyse Published News Activity 1.2 Controversies Activity 2 Assess the Relevance and Accuracy of the Intermediary Versions of a Source Text Activity 2.1 Global News Agencies Activity 2.2 Local News Agencies Activity 2.3 Newspapers in Your Country Activity 2.4 Quotations Activity 3 Summarize, Rephrase, Restructure, Adapt Rapidly and Accurately Using Already Translated Written And/or Spoken Communication, Keeping the Most Relevant Features Activity 3.1 Textual Adaptations Activity 3.2 Opinion Pieces References 8 Project Management Introduction Learning Outcomes What Does a PM Do? Facing Multilingualism and Diversity Technology and Project Management Tools Communication Project Management in Interpreting Conference Interpreting Consecutive Interpreting Project Management in Scientific-Technical Translation Project Management in Localization Human Resources Testing Internationalization Translation Quality Assurance Monitoring Project Management in Literary Translation Project Management in AVT Project Management in News Translation Activities Activity 1 Be Aware of and Comply With the Current Market Demands and Conditions for Translating for and From a Translation in Different Fields Activity 1.1 Rates By Field Activity 1.2 Rates for Relay Activity 2 Take Account of and Adapt the Organizational and Physical Ergonomics of Specific Working Environments Activity 3 Organize, Budget and Manage Translation Projects That Make Use of Previous Translations Or Produce Texts to Be Used for Further Translations SITUATION 1 SITUATION 2 SITUATION 3 SITUATION 4 SITUATION 5 Activity 4 Critically Approach the Use of Mediating Languages in Online Translation Tools References 9 Conclusions Introduction Bringing It All Together Activities Activity 1 Past Facts and Myths About Indirect Translation Activity 2 Is Indirect Translation a Niche Nowadays? Activity 2.1 Activity 2.2 Activity 3 The Foreseeable Future of Indirect Translation References Glossary References Index