Light Driven Micromachines

Description

"Light Driven Micromachines addresses the fundamental characteristics of light activated and optically powered microstructures, simple mechanisms, and complex machines that perform mechanical work at the micro- and nano-scale. It provides a background for how light can initiate physical movement by inducing material or bending or inducing microforces on the surrounding medium. Then, it covers how the forces of light can be harnessed for trapping and manipulating micron-sized mechanical components. Smart materials that exhibit direct optical-to-mechanical energy conversion are examined from the perspective of designing photo-responsive actuators and optically driven systems."--Provided by publisher. Read more... Abstract: "Light Driven Micromachines addresses the fundamental characteristics of light activated and optically powered microstructures, simple mechanisms, and complex machines that perform mechanical work at the micro- and nano-scale. It provides a background for how light can initiate physical movement by inducing material or bending or inducing microforces on the surrounding medium. Then, it covers how the forces of light can be harnessed for trapping and manipulating micron-sized mechanical components. Smart materials that exhibit direct optical-to-mechanical energy conversion are examined from the perspective of designing photo-responsive actuators and optically driven systems."--Provided by publisher Content: Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents Preface Prologue to the Discovery Acknowledgements Nomenclature Authors Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Light-Driven Micromachines 1.2 Brief Review of Light: An Engineer's Perspective 1.2.1 Light as a Wave and Particle 1.2.2 Forces Generated by Light 1.3 Designing Machines for the World of the Very Small 1.3.1 Micromechanical Systems 1.3.2 Microfluidic Systems 1.3.3 Microelectrical Systems 1.3.4 Optical Systems 1.3.5 Nano- and Molecular Machines: How Small Is Small? 1.4 Impact of Scale on Shrinking Systems 1.5 Roadmap for This BookReferences Chapter 2 Mechanical Micromachines and Microsystems 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Very Small Machines 2.2.1 Sensing the Outside World 2.2.2 Moving in the World 2.2.2.1 Electrostatic Actuation 2.2.2.2 Magnetic Actuation 2.2.2.3 Piezoelectric Actuation 2.2.2.4 Thermal Actuation 2.2.3 Structure and Form: Mechanical Micromechanisms 2.3 MEMS Integration 2.3.1 MEMS Microforce Sensor 2.3.2 MEMS Microswitch 2.4 Building Micromachines and Microsystems 2.4.1 Microfabrication 2.4.2 Three-Dimensional Printing Based on Two-Photon Photopolymerization 2.4.3 Assembly of Micromachines2.5 Summary References Chapter 3 Nature of Light 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (Lasers) 3.3 Properties of Laser Beams 3.3.1 Wavelength 3.3.2 Monochromaticity and Line Width 3.3.3 Laser Intensity 3.3.4 Laser Beam Diameter and Mode 3.3.5 Directionality and Beam Divergence 3.3.6 Laser Coherency and Coherence Length 3.3.7 Beam Quality and M2 Factor 3.3.8 Focusing and Depth of Focus 3.3.9 Shaping Laser Beams 3.4 Laser -- Material Interactions 3.4.1 Light Transmission through a Medium 3.4.1.1 Light Refraction3.4.1.2 Optical Waveguides 3.4.2 Surface Reflectivity 3.4.3 Absorption and Depth of Heat Penetration 3.5 Light Interaction with Various Materials 3.5.1 Light Interaction with Conductors 3.5.2 Light Interaction with Semiconductors 3.5.3 Light Interaction with Dielectrics 3.6 Summary References Chapter 4 Manipulating Micromachines in a Light Beam 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Optical Trapping and Tweezing 4.2.1 Principles of Optical Tweezing 4.2.2 Twisting and Turning Objects in a Beam 4.3 Optically-Driven Micromachines 4.3.1 Beam-Driven Microgears 4.3.2 Beam-Driven Micropumps4.3.3 Evanescent-Wave-Driven Microrotor 4.4 Optically Steerable Free-Standing Waveguides 4.5 Light Propulsion Systems 4.5.1 Femto-Satellite with a Solar Sail 4.5.2 SRP and Acceleration of the Femtosat 4.5.3 Impact of Characteristic Size 4.5.4 Orbital Dynamics of a Solar Sail 4.6 Summary References Chapter 5 Advanced Materials That Respond to Light 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Optically-Driven Phase Transition Gels 5.2.1 Volume Phase Transition of Gels 5.2.2 Thermo-Responsive Gels 5.2.3 Light Activated Gel Actuators