Nutraceuticals: Sources, Processing Methods, Properties, and Applications

Description

Nutraceuticals: Sources, Processing Methods, Properties, and Applications explores the impact of nutraceutical compounds on human health and their main pharmacological contributions. Organized into three parts, this book addresses nutraceutical production, applications for disease prevention and treatment, and current trends, especially the role of nutraceuticals in cosmeceutical. Nutraceuticals are a class of products that can help people improve their health, reduce the risk of disease, extend their lives, and control the structure and functioning of their bodies. However, due to multiple hurdles that prevent nutraceuticals from circulating in an active form in the body, their use is associated with diminished therapeutic efficacy. Recognizing this problem, the book explores the root of the nutraceutical delivery system and its codelivery methods with a focus on medicines. With contributions from experienced nutraceutical experts, this book serves as a valuable reference for nutrition researchers, food scientists, pharmacologists, and those who are researching and studying in related areas. Front Cover Nutraceuticals: Sources, Processing Methods, Properties, and Applications Copyright Contents Contributors Chapter 1: Nanotechnology based delivery of nutraceuticals 1. Introduction of nanotechnology 2. Nutraceuticals 2.1. Significance (health benefits/medical applications) 3. Challenges of nutraceuticals/problems associated with nutraceuticals 4. Bioavailability enhancement of nanoparticles 5. Nanoscale systems for delivery of nutraceuticals 5.1. Organic nanoparticles 5.1.1. Liposomes Preparation methods Preparative techniques with a drug loading of liposomes Advantages and disadvantages Advantages of liposomes Disadvantages of liposomes Examples 5.1.2. Solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers (SLNs and NLCs) Method of preparation Method of preparation of NLC Advantages of SLNs and NLCs Disadvantages of SLNs and NLCs Polymeric micelles (PMs) Method of preparation of micelles Advantages and disadvantages Advantages Disadvantages 5.2. Inorganic nanoparticles 5.2.1. Metallic nanoparticles Preparation methods Physical method Plasma method Physical vapor deposition (PVD) Microwave irradiation Pulsed laser method Sonochemical reduction Gamma radiation Chemical methods Polyol method Microemulsion method Biological methods Advantages [71,85,86] Range of surface modification strategies Biocompatibility High stability Strong plasma absorption Biological system imaging Disadvantages [71] Difficulty in scaling up the synthesis process Cytotoxicity Examples 5.2.2. Quantum dots Preparation methods Formation of nano-sized semiconductor particles Epitaxial growth-lithography Advantages Disadvantages Examples 5.2.3. Nanocomposite Preparation methods Melt intercalation (melt blending) Exfoliation adsorption (solvent casting) In situ polymerization Template synthesis Advantages Disadvantages Examples 6. Physicochemical properties and characterization of nanoparticles 7. Combination of nutraceuticals along with chemotherapeutic drugs using nanocarriers 8. Conclusion and future scope References Further reading Chapter 2: Applications of nutraceuticals for disease prevention and treatment 1. Introduction 2. Types of nutraceuticals 2.1. Chemical constituent-based nutraceuticals 2.1.1. Nutrients 2.1.2. Herbals 2.1.3. Dietary supplement 2.2. Traditional nutraceuticals 2.3. Nonconventional nutraceuticals 3. Application of nutraceuticals in therapeutics 3.1. Nutraceuticals as anticancer agents 3.2. Antiviral nutraceuticals 3.3. Nutraceuticals for gastrointestinal disorders 3.4. Antiinflammatory activity 3.5. Antidiabetic nutraceuticals 3.6. Nutraceuticals for thyroid disease 4. Conclusion References Chapter 3: Use of vitamins and minerals as dietary supplements for better health and cancer prevention 1. Introduction 2. Vitamin A 2.1. Vitamin A metabolism 2.2. Anticancer role 2.3. Mechanism of anticancer action 3. Vitamin C 3.1. Bioavailability 3.2. Anticarcinogenic actions of vitamin C 3.3. Current studies and trials 4. Vitamin D 4.1. CYP27B1 4.2. CYP24A1 4.3. VDR 4.4. Anticancer effects of calcitriol 4.5. Calcitriol-mediated transcriptional regulation 4.6. Antiproliferative action 4.7. Apoptosis 4.8. Autophagic induction 4.9. Angiogenesis 4.10. Immune modulation 4.11. Inflammation 4.12. Altered cell metabolism 4.13. MicroRNA 5. Vitamin E 5.1. Anticancer mechanisms 5.2. Inflammation 5.3. Immune modulation 5.4. Antiproliferative action 5.5. Epigenetic modulation 5.6. Cancer stem cell targeting 5.7. γTE, an adjuvant in radiation therapy 5.8. Clinical trials using tocopherols and tocotrienols for cancer prevention 6. Minerals 6.1. Selenium 6.1.1. Selenium metabolism 6.1.2. Anticancer role Immune modulation Anticancer role Cancer therapeutics DNA repair Nrf2 as a selenium target 6.2. Zinc 6.2.1. Zinc absorption 6.2.2. Anticancer role Immune modulation Zn inhibits NF-κB Zinc as an antioxidant Apoptosis and autophagy 7. Conclusion/future perspectives References Chapter 4: Nutraceuticals and cosmeceuticals: An overview 1. Introduction 2. Nutrition representing their therapeutic activities 2.1. Based on the chemical nature 2.1.1. Lipids 2.1.2. Proteins 2.1.3. Secondary metabolites 2.1.4. Plant-based nutraceuticals for cancer treatments Camellia sinensis (green tea) Capsicum annum (chili pepper) Crocus sativus (saffron) Piper nigrum (black pepper) Syzygium aromaticum (cloves) 2.1.5. Vitamins 2.1.6. Probiotics and prebiotics 2.2. Based on the functional role 2.2.1. Skin rejuvenation and rehydration Bioactive peptides Bioactive polysaccharides Botanical bioactive extracts 2.2.2. Antiinflammation 2.2.3. Antioxidants 2.2.4. Antiacne activity 2.2.5. UV protection 2.2.6. Antiaging Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri) Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) Emblica officinalis (amla) Curcuma longa (curcumin) Ginseng (Panax ginseng) 3. Sources of nutricosmeceuticals 3.1. Plant resources 3.1.1. Horsetail plant 3.1.2. Aloe vera 3.1.3. Pine bark 3.1.4. Citrus paradisi and Rosmarinus officinalis extracts 3.1.5. Extract of Polypodium leucotomos 3.2. Microbial resources 3.2.1. Probiotics 3.2.2. Mushroom 3.3. Marine sources 4. Applications of nutricosmeceuticals 4.1. Hair care 4.2. Skin care 4.3. Nail care 5. Hurdles in nutricosmetics 6. Cutting-edge technologies in nutricosmetic applications 7. Consumer safety regulations 8. Conclusion References Chapter 5: Review of methods for encapsulation of nutraceutical compounds 1. Introduction 2. Nutraceuticals in food biotechnology 2.1. Definition and types 2.2. Classification 2.2.1. Traditional nutraceuticals Chemical constituents Herbal Nutrients Phytochemicals Probiotic microorganism Nutraceutical enzymes 2.2.2. Non-traditional nutraceuticals Fortified nutraceuticals Recombinant nutraceuticals 2.3. Nutraceuticals as therapeutics 2.3.1. Cancer 2.3.2. Diabetes 2.3.3. Parkinson's disease 3. Materials used for encapsulation 3.1. What are the important criteria for the selection of the material? 3.1.1. Stability 3.1.2. Easy handling 3.1.3. Controlled delivery 3.1.4. Protection of nutraceuticals 3.2. Substances used for encapsulating 3.2.1. Polysaccharides 3.2.2. Proteins 3.2.3. Lipids 4. Microencapsulation of nutraceuticals 4.1. Microencapsulation techniques 4.2. Need for microencapsulation 5. Techniques used in encapsulation 5.1. Spray drying 5.2. Spray chilling 5.3. Fluidized bed coating 5.4. Coacervation 5.5. Interfacial polymerization 5.6. In situ polymerization 5.7. Emulsification 5.8. Solvent evaporation 5.9. Extrusion 6. Delivery of nutraceuticals 6.1. Delivery systems of nutraceuticals 6.1.1. Lipid- and surfactant-based delivery system 6.1.2. Biopolymer-based delivery system 6.2. Advantages and disadvantages of delivery of nutraceuticals 7. Probiotics encapsulation and nutraceuticals in food matrices 7.1. Probiotics as a vital tool toward human health 7.2. Techniques and materials employed to encapsulate probiotic cells 7.3. Encapsulated probiotics with food products 7.4. Effects of probiotics and nutraceuticals on therapeutics 8. Conclusion Acknowledgment References Chapter 6: Dietary medicine with nutraceutical importance 1. Introduction 2. Nutraceuticals and dietary therapy 3. Dietary constituents and bioactive compounds 4. Selected dietary source from plants and medicinal importance 5. Conclusion References Chapter 7: Overview on nutraceuticals and biotechnology 1. Introduction 2. Essential dietary supplements 3. Herbal nutraceuticals and their properties 3.1. Alkaloids 3.2. Anthraquinones 3.3. Flavonoids 3.4. Saponins 3.5. Essential oils 3.6. Tannins 4. Role of biotechnology in the production of nutraceutical products 4.1. The increased amount of phytosterols (plant sterols) for reduced cholesterol 4.2. Production of increased levels of provitamin-A carotenoids through biotechnological advancements 4.3. Antioxidants 4.4. Production of higher levels of essential fatty acids 4.5. Role of low-linolenic soybean 4.6. Role of high-lysine maize in nutrition 4.7. Probiotics 5. Conclusion Acknowledgments References Chapter 8: Advances in the development of a 3D-printed nutraceutical delivery platform 1. Background 2. Introduction to 3D printing 3. Materials used in 3D printing 3.1. Polymeric fibers 3.2. Powder materials 3.3. Bioinks 4. 3D printing of nutraceuticals 4.1. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing 4.2. Stereolithography 4.3. Selective laser sintering (SLS) 3D printing 4.4. Semisolid extrusion 4.5. Direct ink writing 3D printing process 4.6. 4D printing process 5. Challenges in the fabrication of 3D printed formulations 6. Future perspectives 7. Conclusion References Chapter 9: Nutraceuticals in agriculture 1. Introduction 2. Sources of nutraceuticals References Chapter 10: Nutraceutical and therapeutic importance of clots and their metabolites 1. Introduction 2. Nutraceuticals and functional foods that affect blood circulation and clotting 2.1. Microbial fibrinolytic enzymes from food sources 2.1.1. Kishk 2.1.2. Kimchi 2.1.3. Natto 2.1.4. Shrimp paste 2.1.5. Chungkookjang 2.1.6. Douchi 2.1.7. Tempeh 2.1.8. Doenjang 2.1.9. Jeot-gal 2.1.10. Katsuobushi 2.2. Mushroom fibrinolytic/thrombolytic enzymes 2.3. Minerals (calcium) 2.4. Water-soluble tomato concentrate (WSTC) 2.5. Phytochemicals 2.5.1. Grape seed extract (GSE) 2.5.2. Capsaicin 2.6. Omega fatty acids 2.7. Vitamin K 2.8. Heart-friendly herbs 2.8.1. Dong Quai (Angelica sinensis) 2.8.2. Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) 2.8.3. Garlic (Allium sativum) 2.8.4. Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) 2.8.5. Ginseng (Panax ginseng, P. quinquefolius, P. notoginseng) 2.8.6. Horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) 2.8.7. Turmeric (Curcuma longa) 2.9. Probiotics 2.10. Prebiotics 2.11. Gut microbe-generated metabolites from dietary nutrients 3. Future prospects 4. Conclusion References Chapter 11: Nutraceuticals to prevent and manage cardiovascular diseases 1. Introduction 2. Nutraceuticals 3. Classification of nutraceuticals 3.1. Polyphenols 4. Dietary fibers 5. Polyunsaturated fatty acids 6. Prebiotics and probiotics 7. Spices 8. Extraction of nutraceuticals 9. Bioavailability of nutraceuticals 10. Engineered nanoparticles (ENs) 11. Biopolymer-based nanoparticles 12. Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) 13. Life style 13.1. Diabetes 13.2. Hypertension 13.3. Atherosclerosis 14. Conclusion References Index Back Cover