Advances in Judo Biomechanics research

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The first complete book of judo Biomechanics, with analysis of Olympic this sport in every aspect with collection of many data from the world. 5 Table of Contents Aknowledgments pag 8 Foreword By Dr Matteo Pellicone President of the Italian Judo Federation FIJLKAM pag 9 Foreword By Mr Sergey Soloveychik President of the European JudoUnion EJU pag 10 Foreword By Mr Marius L. Vizer President of the International Judo Federation IJF pag 11 Introduction to the English Edition 2009 “Very strong roots for a big tree”. pag 12 Introduction to the Italian Edition 1988 Zen, Physics and Judo. pag13 Part One Biomechanics for modern Sport Chapter 1 Biomechanics 1.1 Classical Biomechanics pag 17 1.1.1 Biomechanical Athlete pag 18 1.1.2 Warm up and Biomechanics of Muscular System pag 19 1.1.3 Deformation of Biomechanical Athlete, Energy, and Fatigue 1.1.4 Biomechanics of Motor Actions 1.1.5 Human Body Equilibrium and Stability 1.1.6 Human Body Centre of Mass 1.1.7 On Site Body’s Rotation (Tai Sabaki) 1.1.8 Locomotion (Ayumi Ashi, Tsugi Ashi ) 1.1.9 Reflexes and Motor Control 1.1.10 Biomechanical Classification of Sports 1.1.11 How to find a good Judoka? With a multiregression equation! 1.2 Advances in Biomechanics 1.2.1 Astonishing Information on Muscular Contraction 1.2.2 Fractals in Heart Rate 1.2.3 Fractals in Breathing Patterns 1.2.4 Multifractals in Human Gait 6 Part Two Judo Chapter 2 Three basic Judo Principles 2.1 Straight line unbalances (Happo No Kuzushi) 2.2 Abdominal Energy Exploitation (Hara gei) 2.3 Placement and basic grips (Shizen on Tai; Kihon Kumi Kata) Chapter 3 Three advanced Judo Principles 3.1 Static and Dynamic Rotational Unbalances (Tai Sabaki) 3.2 Initiative as exploitation of kinetic energy and angular momentum (Sen [ Renzoku and Renraku Waza]) (Go no Sen [Bogyo Waza]) (Sen no Sen [Kaeshi Waza]) The Russian approach to Initiative 3.3 Relative Range, Grips, and Timing (Mai Ai, Kumi Kata, Kobo Ichi) The Japanese way The Russian way Chapter 4 Biomechanical principles of Judo Training 4.1 Conditioning: Classical linear approximation Some special advanced methods 4.1.1 Advances in linear conditioning: software help 4.1.2 Advances in linear conditioning: Special Biomechanical Instruments 4.2 Conditioning: New Trends non linear approximation 4.3 Technical training 4.3.1 Technical teaching methods historical Analysis (Go Kyo and Others) 4.3.1.1 Cognitive classifications, 4.3.1.2 Cognitive motor lernings arrangments 4.3.1.2.1 Children area 4.3.1.2.2 Adult area 4.3.2 Technical teaching methods for elite athletes’ modern biomechanical approach Chapter 5 Biomechanics of Throwing Techniques. (Tachi waza) 5.1 Biomechanics of Falls Control (Ukemi) 5.1.1 Non Orthodox Falling Techniques (Agonistic Ukemi) 5.1.2.1 Turnouts: In search of new way 5.2 Biomechanical classification of judo throwing Techniques 5.2.1 Biomechanical Analysis of some selected researches on Throws a. Kinematic and Kinetic Parameters b. Energy Cost 7 . Chapter 6 Biomechanics of Groundwork Techniques. (Ne Waza) 6.1 Holds Physical principle and Classification (Osae Waza) 6.2 Choking Physical Principle and Classification (Shime Waza) 6.2.1 Physiological effects. 6.3 Joint Locks Physical Principle and Classification (Kansetsu Waza) 6.3.1 Physiological effects. Chapter 7 Competition (Shiai) 7.1 Competition Classical Approach for Coaches and Athletes Competition: classical evaluation for Coaches a. Energy Consumption b. Athletes motion pattern c. Grips (for Interaction) Competition: classical Athletes approach a. Study of the starting phase b. Connecting grips with throwing c. Tricks and New techniques d. Shortening attack time e. Skill techniques evolution f. Connection Tachi Waza-Ne Waza 7.2 Initiative as Psychological tool, Strategy and Tactics 7.3 Scientific Studies on Competition a Survey a. Competition statistical study b. Male Athletes c. Female vs. Male Athletes d. Female Athletes e. Studies on Dynamics of competition (Kalina Method) f. Conclusion about competition scientific studies 7.4 Competition at light of Advanced Biomechanics. a. Basic Biomechanical parameters able to obtain the most effective performance a.1 Shifting Velocity a.2 Attack Speed against Reaction Capability a.3 Bodies’ Relative Positioning Management b. Biomechanics of competition: some classical remarks. c. Acting External forces on the Couple of Athlete System d. Couple of Athlete System internal forces, motion analysis 8 e. Interaction (Throws) Connection on Shifting Velocity f. Athletes’ Interaction Chapter 8 Advanced Coaching -Match Analysis in Judo 8.1 First Step in Match Analysis: Physiological data for training 8.2 Second level in Match Analysis: Technical biomechanical Improvement, Action Invariants and Competition Invariants. 8.3 Third Step in Match Analysis: Local and Whole Fight Strategies 8.4 Main Use of Judo Match Analysis: Adversary’s scouting. 8.5 JUDO:The Next Generation (virtual training) Bibliography Appendices Judo beyond Legend Man and Judo Scientific Complexities Appendix I A Physical Complex System Biomechanical theory of judo competition Appendix II Non Linearity in Human Body Movement and Man at the end of the random walk Appendix III How Athletes shift during fights Competitions’ Judo Patterns in Computational Biomechanics and fighting strategy indication In fact at every shifting pace linked, in competition, to the Couple System; it is possible to apply a specific technique (cfr.Gleeson 5; Sacripanti 8.3). It is interesting to remember that, during fight, two very different facets are connected without solution of continuity: Psychological facet and technical facet. The “Optimum” athlete’s fighting skill (cfr. Biomeccanica del Judo ) could be defined as a variable combination of previous facets, respect to the specific fighting situation. Then it is possible to write the following formula: S (p, T) = Fighting Skill; S (p) = inner or/and outer Psychological facet; S (T) = Technical facet. Fig.7.2.a Fighting skill as function of psychology and technics If we analyze the psychological facet during fight, it is necessary to review from the Technical –Psychological point of view, a very important aspect previously analyzed from the Technical Biomechanical point of view ( cfr. Biomeccanica del Judo) thi... The Initiative: in that meaning: The Psychological-Technical dominance of one component of the “Couple System” over the other component. In the fighting dynamics the Initiative is basic, if we must develop active attack plans. It is also clear that its preservation should be connected to execution speed, muscular strength, technical skill and psychological pressure. Sometimes it is possible to permit accordance in psychological facet to earn a gain in biomechanical initiative or vice versa. The judo champion is a man which faces, solves and masters all the competition aspects. The aspects of every competition can be grouped in three classes. Pure psychological aspects. Psycho-Technical aspects. Pure technical aspects. For example some aspects are presented in the following indicative list: Psychological factors Public, Referees, Coach, Opponent, Anxiety, Negative Mood, Overestimation, Underestimation, Poor Concentration. Technical –Psychological factors Combination techniques (chap), feints (chap), jamming grips (Kumi Kata) (chap), right exploitation of fighting time, right exploitation of penalties, active obstructionism in competition, competition right pace variation, tricking techniques (chap ), ... Technical factors Rotational Unbalances (Chap), Kinetic energy exploitation ( cfr), Angular Momentum exploitation (cfr), relative distance (cfr), grips ( Kumi Kata ) (cfr), shifting direction, attack direction (cfr), body weight balance, muscular conditioning, right ex... Strategy and Tactics Judo competition is a fight under referee regulations, between two athletes who aim a same goal: to grasp the victory. Normally when the grips (kumi kata) are caught the fight start, with all possible attacks, defensive actions and counter blows which flow till to the final victory. Generally the actions developed are grounded, both on the competition regulations and on the fight specific situations. These opportunities come from the athletes’ personality and technical capability. A thousand of competitions showed the experimental soundness of these concepts, while the biomechanical analysis shows us their scientific soundness. Every fight has his specific way to the victory, grounded on athletes’ technical and psychical capabilities. A good athlete understands that basic notions like: unbalance, combination techniques (Renzoku and Renraku Waza), or timeliness, are variable concepts that depend on a lot of parameters as: his own actions, opponent actions, shifting speed of the coup... Competition Strategy is interested in coordinating the external and internal forces, or the strains balanced with the relative motions, till to catch the victory. Strategy gives general concepts to the athletes to rule the fight till to the victory. Tactics is based on the capability to rule and hold the transitory action. Then we define Strategy: the plan or the flexible connection of more plans based on the coordination of physical efforts, harmonized with relative movement finalized to the fight victory instead we define Tactics: the capability to utilize the transit... Tactics is connected to do technical actions naturally, as natural perception of the actual situation like the Zen mystic status called Satori ( cfr Introduction of first edition). Tactics, in our advice, can be connected not only to specific attack motion on a transitory fight situation, but also to Kaeshi Waza as solution of transitory situation like improvise attack applied by the competitors. In the next figures we can see ... Fig.7.2.f.g.h.i. -Tactic for throwing (Mae Mawari by Kokga) to overcome defense on Seoi (Finch) Fig.7.2. j.k.m.n- Tactic for throwing (Mae Mawari by Ciano) to overcome defense on Tama Guruma (Zahonyi) 7.3 Scientific Studies on Competition: a Survey Conclusion about competition scientific studies Naturally the historical data analysis about competition, times, techniques and kind of competitions statistically evaluated, could be source of very important information, starting from judo competition tendential evolution, until to the accurate kno... If we only think at the statistic as a kind of photograph of the past, they will give us the past situation and nothing else. But if the measurable output of a system is viewed as data that include a patterns and some error, a major consideration in forecasting is to identify and fit the most appropriate pattern. The critical task in forecasting is to separate the pattern from the error (random) component so that the former can be used for forecasting. The general procedure for estimating the pattern of a relationship is through fitting some functional form in such a way as to minimize the error component. One form of this estimation is the mean squared errors. A major consideration in the selection of forecasting method for judo is the type of patterns in the data. These patterns may represent characteristics that repeat themselves with time, or they may represent turning points that are not periodic in nat... In general a data series can be described as consisting of two elements the pattern and the randomness. The objective of forecasting is to distinguish between those two elements using the forecasting method that can most appropriately do so. It is also possible that pattern to be thought of as consisting of sub patterns, or components, each of which can be considered separately. The components most frequently used in describing elements of pattern are normally described in scientific literature as: Trend; seasonality and cycle. Knowledge of the type of sub-patterns included in the data can be very useful in selecting the most appropriate forecasting method. As previously seen the data can be fractioned for team, weights, sex and more subtle fragmentations, doing so the use of data forecasting flows into scouting and spying the adversaries. (cfr Chapter 8.4) 7.3.1 Competition at light of Classical and Advanced Biomechanics. The Study of the motion of the Couple of Athletes Systems on the mat, during competition, could be solved by the application of statistical mechanics. The analysis of the Couple system singles out that this system is in stable equilibrium, if still it is isolated, when it goes the only force applied is ( by friction) the ground reaction force, but this force for the third principle of Newtonian mech... Then if we analyze the system inside the force flows from the grips to the mat, and becomes attacking effective, flowing from the mat to the points of application (grips) to the adversary body. The Couple system achieves "random" shifting by changing couple velocity direction in push/pull forces produced by Athletes themselves to generate specific "situation" in order to apply winning techniques. In this case "random" means that statistically there is not a preferential shifting direction. The motion can be accomplished by friction between soles and mat on the base of the III principle of Dynamics; the general equation describing the situation is the II Newton's Law F =ma. In the generalized force F will appear both friction and push/pull contribution. The friction component is proportional to the velocity Fa = -μν. The changing in velocity and direction produced by push/pulls are created by resultant of force developed by the two Athletes themselves. They are, with regard to the whole contest time, acting impulses in very short intervals of time. Then the generalized force is F = Fa + F' and the general equation of the motion has the well-known structure of Langevin's Equation: Because time average of ; the “Couple of Athletes System” does move of Brownian Motion. (See Appendix I) Fig.7.3.1.aa.bb.cc, Timing Japanese Application Fig.7.3.1.dd.ee.ff.gg.hh.ii.Powerful Russian Application Chapter 8 Advanced Coaching Match Analysis in Judo. In these years, with the rapid evolution of science and technology in the human life, with the growing of telematics and complementary technologies also the world of Sports undergoes slow but irreversible modifications into the way of more wide applic... How to define Match Analysis? Remembering the previous definition of Judo competition, we can answer: Match Analysis is the study of a clash of interests, based on the utility theory. Match Analysis could be seen as the master key in all situation sports (dual or team) like Judo, to help in useful way the difficult task of coach or better of National or Olympic coaching equips. The birth of Match Analysis may refer to the single Athlete performance study for simple cyclic Sports. It can be considered as extension from the “simple” before described case to two interacting athletes’ complex field, or again to more complex syst... For many years Match Analysis in Wrestling or Judo or also in team Sports, was only some data sheets compiled by a technical observer, with special symbols, or specific information on the Athlete or on the adversaries. (see Fig…. ) Fig.8.a, Judo Notational Analysis data sheet from The Judo Textbook- Hayward Nishioka & James West; Edit. Black Belt Communication 1979 ISBN 08975500636-9780897500630. For example into the book Modern Judo of Koblev, Rubanov and Nevzerov it is possible to find the very interesting Russian Stenographic system of fight registration. This registration system was utilized by Russian coaches during the sixty and seventy years to collect informations on adversaries and athletes of the Soviet Uninon team. Fig.8.b, The meanings of these symbols are the following: up to down from left to right respectively Throws with grips to one leg, Throws with grips to two legs, Overturn from the knees, Fore sweep, Side sweep, Internal heel sweep, Fore trip, Back trip, Internal cross-buttock, Cross-buttock to two legs, External hook foot, Leg lever, Legs scissor, ... Starting the computer era the first Match Analysis advanced utilizations was simply the same data sheets treated by more powerful statistical methods. From year to year, in connection with the advance in technology: like very small and portable high speed digital camera recording, at first with the only slow motion, now equipped with specific analysis software, with the terrific increase in power an... The most sophisticated software is based on the HHMM (Hidden Hierarchical Markov’s Models). However normally until today, in judo world, match analysis considered as motion analysis was a powerful tool to gather data for scientific studies, mainly statistical or biomechanical ones. A lot of studies results analyzed in this book come back from match analysis in the meaning of motion analysis. Fig.8.c.d, Infrared camera for motion analysis and markers on the subject From one other way, these systems are utilized to obtain very useful data for coach, like real time feedback of special action, or special data base on technical skill of his own athletes or about the adversaries; with a more defined capability to fin... For Coaches in general it is possible to utilize the Match Analysis systems at three different useful levels: First Level to obtain physiological data about the energy consumption in competition to specialize ever better conditioning methods for competition. Second Level to obtain data for Technical Biomechanical improvement and Competition Invariants. Third Level to obtain data about Local and Whole Fight Strategies. In general performance is skill connected, but situation sports must be considered interactive processes between two opponents (dual or team). The behaviour in dual situation Sports like Judo depends from athletes’ skill level, from the changing situations, and from random events that can happen during fight. A correct Biomechanical model of Judo fight must be able to describe both the interaction between athletes (throwing or control techniques see Chapter 5 and 6) and the dynamic evolution on the mat (motion equation see Appendix I and III). The two Physical-Biomechanical principles of Throwing Techniques (Chapter 5) were single out from the static position of the athletes but, because the motion on the mat is pseudo-uniform it is possible to apply the Galilean Relativity Principle to the... Match Analysis is strictly based on video analysis both in real time and off line, in many team sports real time match analysis is performed with fruitful application, see Volley, Hockey, Football, some Soccer teams and so on, but in fighting sports, ... Perhaps, in a next time will be possible to develop real time match analysis with the match analyst help, as support of the coach also in judo competition. Team Sports match Analysis software utilize, for off line data base evaluation, many advanced mathematical instruments, from Data Mining algorithms to the Hierarchical Hidden Markov Models algorithms that are able to single out automatically hidden s... For the Judo fights these algorithms must be focalized on very specific particulars of the images, like grips, competitive invariants, direction of the techique application, or specific techniques linked together. If we ask to the advanced mathematical methods Judo fights must be included into the theory of adaptive complex systems, such systems are made by interactive agents ( the Athletes ) which continuously fit oneself to the changing situation ( Strategy... Normally dual situation sports must be analyzed, biomechanically speaking, studying both motion and interaction. Match Analysis can be able to give sound information’s about these specific fight aspects. The previous competition definition accounts us, which it is not possible to use the Newtonian physics to study such complex systems, like fight. To do that, we need not only of more advanced technologies, but also of more advanced Biomechanical and Physical methodologies. Among others we single out , Statistical Mechanics, Games Theory, Stochastic System Analysis, and Chaos Theory. The advanced Biomechanical study of dual situation sports is able to give us a unified vision of such sports linked together by the motion class. The Brownian class of motion (see Appendix I , II and III), in every application like classic, active, fractional and so on. The differences must be found in the interaction phase which is different in each sport. This chapter will deepen the most important aspect of match analysis for coaches and the present main use worldwide applied the adversaries scouting. First level in Match Analysis: Physiological data for Conditioning As already said, the first goal of the match analysis is to obtain from the motion analysis data to evaluate the relative energy system contribution during judo fight. Through this approach, more fitted conditioning programs will be able to be individualized for each athlete, prescribing ideal duration and intensity of conditioning judo activity. The second utilization of these data is connected to the right nutrition diet because to perform a good high level performance, it must be able to activate different energy sources, (rightly restored by a correct diet) in the Athlete’s body. Obviously if we would obtain a high level performance, we must condition the energy sources more activated during the competition. The goal is to warrant the right energy contribution during performance. In general for judo the most important energy source is the anaerobic system, this means to be able to mobilize many times, the sufficient energy for strong and fast contractions, in short times. These kind of energetic sources are well known ATP and CP. In addiction during the fight, for the athlete is also necessary to realize very strong contractions based on other sources, glycogen depletion with simultaneous increasing in lactate. The aerobic metabolism affects different aspect of the performance. It affects better economy of muscular contraction in fight, the fast catabolises and the fast rebuilding of performance capability both during fight and rest. It is interesting to consider that more work for conditioning purpose is today performed by weightlifting programs, this is a more speedy conditioning system, but very often because these programs, taken by other non complex cyclic Sports, fall in the... Perhaps, at high level, it will be more time consuming but more effective for nonlinear conditioning point of view, to use varied and right judo activity like old Japanese Dojo, with modern specific ergometers. I agree with the very beautiful book of Mr Pulkkinen that physiological data and energy cost taken by free wrestling style fights, could be similar to judo, but only in first approximation and those data can be used only in lack of judo data, because ... Normally it is a very hard problem, to take useful measurement of physiological parameters during competition; because it is not possible to take blood samples during official fight, but only before and after the competition. The first difficulty arises from the high variety of very different physiological indicators that are connected to the Human body complex system. Other difficulties arise from the non linearity of the human body responses, it should be considered as property of this complexity, the large number of internal body structures and processes which interact non-linearly each others, with the possible ... The third difficulty is the basic linear approach that, as underlined assumption, is connected till now to the physiological indicators. In one word it is very difficult to connect, unambiguously the physiological linear parameters to the “real state” of nonlinear human body. Probably the best approach, for Elite Athletes, could be to have for each athlete a data base with relative energy consumption both on personal throwing and on specific ground work taken in similar fight condition. These data could be used as referrin... For a better evaluation it must be added and considered: the mean displacement speed of couple of athletes (motion), each single attack velocity (interaction), and the stops during the fight. All that could be evaluated by digital data obtained by the fight movie, (for the evaluation of physical parameters like speed in term of oxygen it is possible referring to the appendix I; and for the attack cost to the Franchini approximation see Ene... Tab.8.1.a defences applied in Nage Waza ( Matsumoto & c.) in term of Oxygen consumption few data can be collected on this argument , peraphs the most indicative one are the old data from Matsumoto ( see Table 5.2.1 energy cost) In formula it is possible to write: Normally the metabolic data for situation Sports like Judo are taken or from literature or from indirect evaluation. However advanced technologies could be able to take direct data on mean metabolic consumption in competition. Following up, we show s... Thermograms of a judo technique: Koshi Guruma. The equation utilized. The results obtained in term of Energy evolution in time diagrams. Fig.8.1.a, Thermograms of a judo technique: Koshi Guruma (Sacripanti equation) S= Athlete’s body surface Ts = mean skin surface temperature Ta = mean environment temperature σ = Stefan-Boltzmann constant ε = skin emissivity k = thermal conductivity of air Sp = lungs effective surface Re = Reynolds number. Pr = Prandtl number l = thoracic dimension of athlete h=athlete height P= Athlete weight Sc= Sherwood number D=molecular diffusity in air λ=latent heat of vaporization es= skin water vapour partial pressure ea= environment water vapour partial pressure Ms,a=water vapour mass R= gas constant Tva,vs= virtual temperature of skin and environment Fig.8.1.b Energy consumption recovered by thermal emission ( Sacripanti) 8.2 Second level in Match Analysis: Technical biomechanical Improvement, Action Invariants and Competition Invariants. Other important data could be singled out from tape, first about biomechanical quality of athlete’s techniques and second statistics and frequency that can be useful for coach to evaluate the performance capability with some “ad hoc” indexes. Other special indexes are able to find into the fight’s structure some special situations more frequently happened, which we call for convention “Fight Invariants” and “Competitive Invariants”. These special situations must be studied and repeated during the specific post fight technical training. These repetitions should be utilized by the athletes for learning the better way of governing such situations ( interaction) that are the most imp... Biomechanical Improvement and Action Invariants With the slow motion of the fight can be understood the state of athlete’s technical preparation and to take data for his technical improvement.This aspect of Judo Match Analysis is worldwide part of the today technical training and improvement. The b... Tobi Komi (jumping in ) Mawarikomi (spinning in) Hikidashi (pulling out) Oikomi (dashing in) Daki (to hug holding) Debana (Thwarting the opponent) Nidan Biki ( two stage pull) Ashimoki (leg grab) Sutemi ( body drop) All these biomechanical actions are suitable to improve the Kuzushi -Tsukuri phase in real competitive positioning. But today with the grow of scientific studies in the world, these old (already useful qualitative approach), are ousted from very updat... Fig.8.2.a Biogesta –Saga 3D system Fig.8.2.b Advanced biomechanical researches onSuwari Seoi by Saga system ( Poitiers Fr.) Diag.8.2.a, Suwari Seoi “Action Invariants” identified by mechanical analysis from: Blaise & Trilles Comparative mechanical analysis of the same judo throwing : Seoi Nage, realized by five experts of the Judo French Federation - Science & Motricité n 51 —49-68 -2004/1 It is interesting that in advanced biomechanics these Actions Invariants should be traced back to the Hamilton –Lagrange Equation and to the Hamilton Action principle. With S = the Action; and L= the Lagrangian of the system. In fact if we consider in a first approximation constant the external energy of the system (gravitational field) it is possible to write: According to Hamilton's principle, the true evolution of S(q,t) is an evolution for which the action is stationary (a minimum, maximum, or a saddle point). Normally in Judo Action it is asked for the minimum; then this is the called the principle of the minimum action. In Judoistic terms the Action Invariants, should be recognized as the minimum path, in time, of body’s shift to acquire the best Tsukuri-Kuzhshi position for every Judo Throws. This is possible in a conservative field, if we consider a non conservative field, it is necessary to consider for the global balance the heat Q emitted, and in this situation it is not possible to find a minimum of the action. Then in the case where it is possible to find a minimum, the two following biomechanical principles are true: Best is the Judo Technique, minimum is the Athletes’ energy consumption. Best is the Judo Technique, minimum is the Athletes’ motion path. The modern second level of match analysis today tends on deeper the study of the most important competitive aspect of throwing: the Tsukuri-Kuzushi phase. A lot of studies have been developed in the world to understand the best way to achieve the better relative position inside the couple of athletes systems; there are to remember for example: Competitive Invariants The basis of the Match Analysis is the statistical approach to competition data The second important aspect single out by Weer and others coaches was the grip skill study. In classical way it is sufficient to see hands position and power applied on the adversary’ body But there is one other more subtle aspect of the fight, which was singled out in the first edition of this book; but practically this thing has been passed over in silence. If we think deeper, the motion on the mat , it is the results of many pushes and pulls applied by the grips, but it is not possible to apply push or pull without the contact to the mat by the feet. Thinks for example to apply the same push-pull forces in the couple system, wearing roller-skates, then obviously it will be impossible to apply anything! Now after that, it is understandable the meaning of the so called “Biomechanics Grips Paradox”. What is the most important aspect of the Grips (Kumi Kata)? Feet Position is the Grips most important aspect! Arms position is essential only in defining the forces’ directions to throw the adversary, but without a strong support base the arms position is unimportant. This is a new kind of fight vision, not to see simply in short way: or the arms position, or the bodies’ relative position, or the power applied to the adversary. But the advanced way is to approach the system as whole seeing at the Couple of Athletes and not at the single athlete. This new vision is the right biomechanical vision, or in other words the advanced modern vision of the Judo competition. This other aspect, very important, from the strategic point of view, as seen, came from the study not of the single athlete, that coach normally perform during competition, but from the analysis of the whole system “couple of athletes closed”. If the competition is approached in this way many interesting aspects of the adversary, both from the strategic and technical (Throwing) point of view get out from the system observation. The Competitive Invariants singled out by the author are the so called “Guard Position” which are the hold or grip positions that the couple of athletes closed system got during the fights. ( see Biomechanical analysis of competition) These positions could be classified on the basis of two relative ranges: distance between the heads, and distance between feet in two main groups connected to the shifting velocity, each group could be divided in three subclasses related form left to ... Fig.8.2.c, Six Classes of Guard Position ( Competition Invariants) related to the couple shifting velocity. (Sacripanti) These positions are strongly connected to the preferred fighting motion pace of each athlete, which reveals a lot of technical information about the fighting preference and the special class of Throwing utilized (Tokui Waza). In particular the author ... Fig.8.2.d.e.f.g.h.i.j,, The Six Classes of Guard Position related to the couple shifting velocity in real competition. (Finch, Zahonyi ) Then if the coach sees at the Guard Position (Competitive Invariant) and understand the pace motion of the adversary he can preview the biomechanical class of his preferred Tokui Waza. Remembering that the biomechanical classes are connected to the shifting speed, (Chapter 3 ) or that is easier to apply Techniques of couple of forces at high shifting speed, than techniques of the physical lever, it will be easier, for example, to re... Today with the fight evolution elite athletes are able to change guard position during fight, by the way the connection speed throws is always valid and useful to contrast the pace motion changed. Obviously in such situation to attempt the victory means to connect all these information in a whole fight approach. Actions Invariants, Competitive Invariants, Renraku Waza, Renzoku Waza, Kaeshi Waza, and various stances, should be carried out under the most different situations every time more fight similar, during training like Yaku Soku Geiko, or Sute Geiko, wer... Through the constant practice afforded by specialized Randori on the previous arguments, it is possible to build a creditable approach to real competition with a complete skill that will function favourably in contest application. 8.3 Third level in Match Analysis: Local and Whole Fight Strategies. The third level in Match analysis is pointed to the Strategic Teaching associated to judo fight. This is the most advanced and complex coaching level, because the strategy is the last goal of teaching it could be useful to define clearly this concept. All people knows about strategy utility the classic definition of Sun Zu, in his book the Art of War: "People should not be unfamiliar with strategy, Those who understand it will survive, Those who do not understand it will perish", but less people kn... Then as Von Noimann teaches; Strategy could be definite as if a player begins to play with a complete plan: a plan which specifies what choices he will make in every possible situation, for every possible actual information which he may possess at tha... Starting from this scientific definition which enables us to understand some factual aspect of strategy, we will give a more “sportive” definition of the strategy connecting also the definition of tactics more often misunderstood. Then we define Strategy the plan or the flexible connection of more plans based on the coordination of physical efforts, harmonized with relative movement finalized to the fight victory instead we define Tactics as the capability to utilizein right w... On the basis of these definitions it is possible to understand the deep difference between these two activities. A strategic plan can be studied and coached in advance, and then it is possible to connect it to the rational analysis of the fight. While tactical capability is essentially founded on instant intuition of technical action, then it is not possible to teach it, in any way (it is a special skill gift of a Champion). Now if we consider the contribution of off line supports, they where able to contribute at study and prepare strategies at two levels of difficulties: Local and Global. A) “Local Strategies”. Local Strategies are founded on the study of special situations that happen in small zones of the mat surface. Also these strategies can be divided in three sub classes: Renzoku waza, Renraku waza, and Standard Strategies. The first two are surface i... The last one is surface dependent and technically less dependent. The first two are already been extensively analyzed in the chapter 3, but only for resuming we speaks a bit again about renzoku and renraku waza. These technical tactical complexes are studied from the old time in Japanese Martial Arts. Referring to judo Renzoku and Renraku Waza are applied in the study of classical initiative (Sen) (see chapter 3). Both these studies are a very advanced proprioceptive training, built by the old Japanese experience, with the study of Renzoku and Re... In the next figure we can see Adams applying his special Renzoku Waza techniques: Ko Uchi Gari-Kuchiki Taoshi . Fig.8.3.a.b.c.d.e , Renzoku Waza applied by Adams against Doherty Today in Elite competitions such Olympics, World Championships, and Continental Championships, the fighting level is so improved that every athlete is able to carry out an all out attack, but also the Uke’s physical and athletically capability are inc... Fig.8.3.f.g.h.i.j.k , Renzoku applied by Inoue However they are more difficult to apply in real competition, one last form of Renzoku as continous attack, still today, is often applied during also high level fights. In the next figure we can see the special Ken Ken Uchi Mata form preferred by Ya... Fig.8.3.m.n.o.p.q.r.s.t, Renzoku applied by Yamashita This Renzoku like movement is common legacy in Japanese fighting style, in the next figures it is possible to see a variation on the theme ( the rotation is applied without ken ken to help the sided throwing movement ) Fig.8.3.u.v.x.w, Renzoku like movement Japanese’s legacy (Zahonyi) The other form of Renzoku is today more often applied in real contest, where the Athletes carry “all out” attack, with tenacity, in fact in real competition when the attack is started, there is no “in between” but the action will be a rather complete ... In this optics Athletes prepare Renzoku combination, which for almost every technique can culminate with the strong help of Tori bodyweight falling down, or with a variant of the same technique, or with a special prepared technique on the same directi... Fig.8.3. y.x.z.aa.bb.cc, Renzoku applied by Tanabe Other combinations in front - back -side direction are possible by owaza-owaza. In the next figure we can see a front back combination (O Waza-O Waza) applied by Nomura on Yekutiel. Fig.8.3.dd.ee.,ff.gg.hh.ii, O waza-O waza applied by Nomura If the couple stops his motion Tori can apply until four different techniques mixed among couple of forces and physical lever in the next figure we can see four different attack performed by Angelo Parisi , all attack applied to the same fixed leg. Fig.8.3..jj.kk.ll,mm.nn.oo.pp. Four (!) different attacks applied by Parisi The last type of local strategies born from the analysis both: of fighting surface and competition rules. Then it is possible to deduce as example the following two local strategies: Study of the fight in the corner. Study of the fight along the fighting area limit. B) “Global Strategies” The off line analysis of the fight video could be a very useful source for coaching about Athletes, both: light and heavy weight, fighting style. For example: Elite light weight Athletes generally like renraku waza with different kind of attack. Elite light weight Athletes generally like lever tekniques like kata guruma or suwari seoi Elite medium weight Athletes generally like renraku waza with different direction of attack. Elite heavy weight Athletes generally like to attack with one or two direct techniques. Elite heavy weight Athletes generally like to attack with couple techniques like o uchi, ko uchi. Elite heavy weight Athletes generally use to attack in makikomi variation. With the Athletes’ growing fitness and technical preparedness every more techniques are applied with lateralized direction for throwing (biomechanically speaking in the side directions the human body structure is less able to defend himself than in th... One simple example of general fight strategy is the time evolution of attacks and penalties in series of specific fight. In the next figures there is one example from Calmet “Apport des TICE dans l’observation des gestes sportifs”. 8th JORRESCAMP (J... Fig. 8.3. qq.rr, Example of general competition strategy ( Calmet) From these and other analysis it is possible for coach to build up some global strategies like: Study of kumi kata changing during fight. Study of fight with different relative ranges. Study of special tachi waza-ne waza connection. In equal points condition, study of a right strategy founded on attack changing speed. In leading condition, study of a right defence fighting strategy. In losing condition, study of a right attack strategy founded on technical-psicologial pressure. Fig.8.3.ss.tt, Evolution to dynamics O soto gari Fig.8.3 all. Technical evolution from classic to modern 8.4 Main Use of Judo Match Analysis: Adversary’s scouting. The match analysis can give to coaches and athletes, a lot of useful information but normally his use is only partial and underused. The main use of the match analysis systems, at present, is only restricted to scouting opponent’s capabilities and technical way to fight. The video playback for scouting allows understanding what technique the opponent is using and what weakness he might have. With the analysis of a videotape of an opponent it is possible to see attack pattern and cues, such as personal grips or stance that the adversary can give off just in the time he is about to enter into a throwing technique. The knowledge of the adve... In Rotterdam 2009 the author presented a paper on match analysis and knowledge obtainable by shifting patterns But this very important and complete paper was forgotten and became practically unknown. The following figures, taken by Matsumoto and co workers, show the analysis’ results of the use of the Tatami area, performed by the Japanese experts. Fig8.4.a Use of the “Tatami” area in judo fight ( taken by Matsumoto and co-workers). It is possible to write in mathematical form: The first term is a fractional derivative, the second is connected to the initial condition of the process, and the third is always the random ( push/pull) force acting on the COM. In this case is important to know the mean square displacement of the point: From this expression it is possible to understand that we are in presence of different diffusion processes, identified by the Hurst parameter H. In particular this parameter is time independent and it describes the fractional Brownian motion with anti-correlated samples for 0