Tourism Before, During and After Corona: Economic and Social Perspectives

Description

International and domestic tourism changed not only as a result of the Corona pandemic, but even before. As a result of Covid-19, international and global tourism has temporarily collapsed in most countries, but in many countries - such as Austria or Switzerland - domestic tourism has increased. The big question is whether the slump in global tourism is temporary or whether an actual trend reversal is on the horizon. In favour of the former is the fact that growing middle classes in Asia, but also Latin America and Africa, have greater financial means and more and more people are vaccinated against Covid-19; in favour of the latter are the many ecological constraints and the fight against climate change, but also the emergence of new mutations in the Corona virus. Based on the development of tourism since the turn of the millennium, these and similar questions about tourism and its short- and medium-term perspectives will be discussed. Preface Contents List of Figures List of Tables 1 Introduction References 2 Tourism—A Short History 2.1 To the Term 2.2 Some Numbers and Facts 2.3 Development 2.4 Reasons to Travel 2.5 Travel Destinations 2.6 Tourist Gaze 2.7 Tourism During and After Corona References 3 Economic Importance of Tourism 3.1 Global 3.2 National 3.3 Local 3.4 Positive and Negative Impacts of Tourism 3.5 Economic Problems in Tourism 3.6 Tourism generates Jobs 3.7 New Ways of Working 3.8 Tourism as a Cause of Dual Markets and Inflation 3.9 Economic Perspectives for Tourism After Corona 3.10 Tourism and the Economic Effects of Crises—An Endless Story? References 4 Ecological Consequences of Tourism 4.1 Mass and Cheap Tourism 4.2 Tourism and Climate Change 4.3 More Environmental Consequences of Tourism 4.4 Tourism and Lifestyle 4.5 Alternative Tourism—Soft Tourism as a Solution? 4.6 Ecotourism 4.7 Away from Gigantism—But Not All Have Noticed it yet 4.8 Community Based Tourism 4.9 Pro-Poor-Tourism 4.10 Corona as the Cause of the Ecological Recovery of Tourist Destinations 4.11 Increasing Tourism or Travel Costs? 4.12 Couchsurfing as a Cheap Accommodation Alternative? References 5 Tourism and Infrastructure 5.1 Event Tourism 5.2 Overtourism 5.3 Urban Living and City Tourism 5.4 Covid-19’s Impact on Tourism Infrastructure References 6 Everyone Wants to Travel—(Almost) No One Wants the Tourists 6.1 Tourism, Security and Political Stability 6.2 What Tourism Policy? 6.3 Crisis Management in Tourism 6.4 Tourism as a Search for Meaning—A New Market Niche? 6.5 Volunteer Tourism 6.6 Global Code of Ethics for Tourism 6.7 Travel in the Corona Era References 7 Anti-Tourism Movements References 8 The Demand for Mobility 8.1 Mobility, Tourism and Spaces 8.2 Tourism as the Production of Resonance 8.3 Covid-19 and Mobility 8.4 Future Developments References 9 Right to Mobility? 9.1 Freedom and Mobility 9.2 Costs of Mobility 9.3 Another Mobility Behavior? 9.4 Changed Mobility Behavior due to Covid-19? References 10 Solution Approaches and New Ideas 10.1 Sustainable Tourism 10.2 Unification of Environmental Labels 10.3 Slow Tourism 10.4 Resilience in Tourism 10.5 Tourism Awareness 10.6 Shift to More Ecological Transport 10.7 Travel or Tourism Quotas? 10.8 Increasing the Cost of Travel? 10.9 Inclusion of Externalized Costs 10.10 Worldwide Tourism Catalog as a Prerequisite for Controlling Tourism 10.11 New Energy Sources in Transport? 10.12 New Living Arrangements 10.13 Creating New, Replicated Originals as an Alternative? 10.14 Space Flights as New Tourism? References 11 Conclusion and Outlook