Pullulan: Processing, Properties, and Applications

Description

Pullulan is a polysaccharide produced by the fungus Aureobasidium pullulans and possesses some distinct properties such as excellent transparent film–forming ability, moisture absorptivity, water solubility, non-toxicity, and adhesivity. These properties allow pullulan to find potential applications in various industries such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, food, and health care. This book presents the chemistry and properties of pullulan, along with the method of its production at the laboratory level. It discusses the structural engineering, processing methods, and versatile applications of pullulan, as well as highlights the challenges that still have to be overcome for its large-scale production. This unique book comprehensively summarizes many of the recent research findings on pullulan, contributed by leading experts in this research domain. It is a useful reference book for scientists, academicians, researchers, chemists, technologists, graduate and postgraduate students, and general readers who are interested in pullulan. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents Preface Chapter 1: Polysaccharides: An Overview 1.1: Introduction 1.2: Types of Polysaccharides 1.2.1: Plant Polysaccharides 1.2.1.1: Cellulose 1.2.1.2: Hemicellulose 1.2.1.3: Fructans 1.2.1.4: Pectin 1.2.2: Seaweed Polysaccharide 1.2.2.1: Alginate 1.2.2.2: Carrageenans 1.2.2.3: Fucans 1.2.2.4: Ulvans 1.2.3: Microbial Polysaccharides 1.2.3.1: Pullulan 1.2.3.2: Xanthan gum 1.2.3.3: Gellan gum 1.2.4: Animal Polysaccharide 1.2.4.1: Chitin and chitosan 1.3 Conclusion Chapter 2: Pullulan: Recent Progress and Technological Prospects 2.1: Introduction 2.2: Historical Outline 2.3: Pullulan Biosynthesis 2.3.1: Mechanism of Pullulan Biosynthesis 2.4: Products 2.4.1: Antimicrobials 2.4.2: Enzymes 2.4.3: Pullulan and Other Polysaccharides 2.4.4: PMA 2.4.5: Liamocins 2.4.6: Siderophores 2.4.7: Agro-industrial Wastes 2.5: Disadvantages of Pullulan 2.6: Aromatic Features 2.7: Factors 2.8: Semi-synthetic Derivatives 2.8.1: Chemical Modification 2.8.1.1: Carboxymethyl pullulan 2.8.1.2: Sulfation 2.9: Applications 2.9.1: Food 2.9.2: Biomedicine 2.9.3: Water Remediation 2.10: Conclusion Chapter 3: Synthesis of Pullulan 3.1: Introduction 3.2: Synthesis of Pullulan 3.2.1: Role of A. pullulans in the Synthesis of Pullulan 3.2.2: Isolation of A. pullulans from Different Sources to Synthesize Pullulan 3.2.2.1: Isolation process of A. pullulans 3.2.3: Recovery of Pullulans 3.3: Factors Affecting Production of Pullulan 3.3.1: Influence of Concentration of Dissolved Oxygen on Production of Pullulan 3.3.2: Effect of pH and Pullulan Synthesis 3.3.3: Effect of Fermentation Time on Biosynthesis of Pullulan 3.3.4: Effect of Nitrogen Source on Pullulan Synthesis 3.4: Conclusion Chapter 4: Factors Affecting Pullulan Production 4.1: Introduction 4.2: Medium for Pullulan Production 4.3: Factors Affecting Pullulan Production 4.3.1: Carbon Source 4.3.2: Nitrogen Source 4.3.3: pH 4.3.4: Temperature 4.3.5: Other Factors 4.4: Conclusion Chapter 5: Pullulan: Properties and Applications 5.1: Introduction 5.2: Structure of Pullulan 5.3: Properties of Pullulan 5.3.1: Physical Properties of Pullulan 5.3.2: Chemical Properties of Pullulan 5.3.3: Biochemical Properties 5.4: Applications of Pullulan 5.4.1: Pullulan in Cosmetics 5.4.2: Food-Related Applications of Pullulan 5.4.3: Biomedical Applications of Pullulan 5.4.3.1: Pullulan in drug-delivery systems 5.4.3.2: Pullulan in gene-delivery systems 5.4.3.3: Pullulan in cell/tissue engineering 5.4.3.4: Pullulan in antibacterial release for wound-dressing applications 5.4.3.5: Anticancer applications of pullulan 5.4.3.6: Application of pullulan in bioimaging system 5.4.4: Environmental Applications of Pullulan 5.4.4.1: Environmental remediation 5.4.4.2: Filtration and chromatography 5.5: Challenges and Future Perspectives Chapter 6: Functional Characteristics of Pullulan: Its Physicochemical and Physiological Properties 6.1: Introduction 6.2: Physical and Chemical Properties of Pullulan 6.3: Biological and Physiological Properties of Pullulan 6.4: Biodegradable Polymers for Pullulan-Based Composite Film Preparation 6.5: Physicochemical Characterization of Pullulan Biofilm 6.5.1: Film Thickness 6.5.2: Film Color 6.5.3: Water Vapor Permeability and Water Vapor Transmission Rate 6.5.4: Moisture Content 6.5.5: Water Solubility 6.5.6: Mechanical Properties 6.5.7: Surface Morphology 6.5.8: Transparency 6.5.9: Mass Transfer Flask 6.5.10: Surface Topography 6.5.11: Oxygen Permeability 6.6: Conclusion Chapter 7: Pullulan-Degrading Enzymes and Their Biochemical Features 7.1: Introduction 7.2: Enzyme Activity of Pullulanase on Other Polysaccharides 7.3: Crystal Structure of Pullulanase 7.4: Mechanism of Glycosidic Linkage Hydrolysis 7.5: Enzymatic Properties of Pullulanase 7.6: Industrial Application of Pullulanase 7.7: Other Applications 7.8: Conclusion Chapter 8: Microbial Pullulan: Properties, Bioprocess Engineering, and Applications 8.1: Introduction 8.2: Properties 8.2.1: Physical Properties 8.2.1.1: Film formation 8.2.1.2: Structural properties 8.2.1.3: Molecular mass and rheological properties 8.2.1.4: Thermal and mechanical properties 8.2.2: Chemical Properties 8.2.3: Biochemical Properties 8.3: Biosynthesis of Pullulan 8.3.1: Factors Influencing the Production of Pullulan in Biosynthesis 8.3.1.1: C-source 8.3.1.2: N-source 8.3.1.3: Medium pH 8.3.1.4: Temperature 8.3.1.5: Aeration and agitation 8.3.2: Purification of Pullulan 8.4: Applications of Pullulan 8.4.1: Pullulan Acetate 8.4.2: Carboxymethyl Pullulan 8.4.3: Cholesterol-Bearing Pullulan 8.4.4: Pullulan–Polyetheramine 8.4.5: Polyethyleneimine Pullulan 8.4.6: Folate-Decorated Maleilated Pullulan 8.5: Conclusion and Future Prospects Chapter 9: Transformation of an Aureobasidium Pullulan Synthetase Gene into Saccharomyces cerevisiae 9.1: Introduction 9.2: Strains and Growth Conditions 9.2.1: Aureobasidium pullulans 9.2.2: Gamma-Irradiated Mutants and OMP Decarboxylase 9.3: DNA Amplification and Gel Electrophoresis 9.3.1: Plasmid Vectors 9.3.2: Novozyme DNA Transformation 9.3.3: B40203 Protoplast Transformation 9.4: Photography 9.5: Southern Hybridization 9.6: Recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae Strains 9.7: Electroporation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae 9.8: Reverse Transcriptase PCR 9.9: Pullulan Quantification 9.9.1: Filter Weights 9.9.2: Neocuproine and Pullulanase 9.10: Results 9.10.1: Pullulanase Assay 9.10.2: Electroporation 9.10.3: Filter Weights 9.10.4: Reverse Transcriptase PCR 9.10.5: Microscopy 9.10.6: Statistical Analysis 9.10.7: DNA Sequencing 9.11: Discussion 9.11.1: Pullulan Secretion 9.11.2: Genetic Analysis 9.11.3: Transformants 9.12: Conclusion Chapter 10: Role of Pullulans in Cosmetics 10.1: Introduction 10.2: Chemistry of Pullulan 10.3: Solubility of Pullulan 10.4: Different Physicochemical Characteristics of Pullulan Useful in Imparting Cosmetic Properties 10.5: Cosmetics Products Containing Pullulan 10.5.1: Antipollution Agents 10.5.1.1: Depolluphane as an antipollution agent 10.5.1.2: Depolluphane EpiPlus as an antipollution agent 10.5.1.3: PatcH2O™ as an antipollution agent 10.5.2: Antiwrinkle Agents 10.5.2.1: LIFTONIN®-XPRESS as an antiwrinkle agent 10.5.3: Antioxidant 10.5.4: Binders 10.5.5: Emulsifier 10.5.5.1: JD Jojoba Aqua Cream Base 10.5.5.2: ECOGEL™ 10.5.5.2: SILIGEL™ 10.5.6: Haircare 10.5.6.1: PatcH2O in haircare 10.5.7: Perfumes and Fragrances 10.6: Toxicity Profile and Safety Considerations of Pullulan 10.7: Future Challenges and Overcoming Strategies Chapter 11: Biomedical Applications of Pullulan 11.1: Introduction 11.2: Microbial Sources of Pullulan Production 11.3: Properties of Pullulan 11.3.1: Physicochemical Properties of Pullulan 11.3.2: Biological Properties of Pullulan 11.4: Biomedical Applications of Pullulan 11.4.1: Drug Delivery 11.4.2: Gene Delivery 11.4.3: Tissue Engineering 11.4.4: Vaccination 11.4.5: Medical Imaging 11.4.6: Plasma Expander 11.4.7: Film-Forming Agent 11.4.8: Molecular Chaperones 11.4.9: Insulinotropic Activity 11.5: Conclusion Index