Advanced Applications of Biobased Materials: Food, Biomedical, and Environmental Applications

Description

Advanced Applications of Biobased Materials: Food, Biomedical, and Environmental Applications brings together cutting-edge developments in the preparation and application of biobased materials. This book begins by providing an overview of biobased materials, their classification, and their physical and chemical modifications. This is followed by a section covering the latest techniques in fabrication, processing, and characterization. Subsequent chapters are grouped by application area, offering insights into advanced and emerging utilizations of biobased materials in food, biomedical, environmental, and other industrial applications. The final part of the book highlights other key considerations, including life cycle assessment, circular economy, sustainability, and future potential. Cover Advanced Applications of Biobased Materials Copyright Contributors Preface Biopolymers: An overview Introduction Classification of biopolymers and their structures Polynucleotides Polypeptides/proteins Polysaccharides Synthetic biopolymers (bioplastics) Biopolymer-based composites and their applications Conclusions References Chemical modification of protein-based biopolymers for application in food packaging Introduction Chemical structure, functional groups, and properties of proteins Plasticization Cross-linking Acylation Succinylation Acetylation Grafting polymerization Compatibilization Conclusions References From waste to resource: Methods for vegetable waste transformation into sustainable plant-based bioplastics Introduction Definition and classification of bioplastics The value hidden in the vegetable waste Traditional methods for the preparation of bioplastics from plant biomass Extractive methods for obtaining natural biopolymers and their bioplastics Extraction of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin biopolymers Pectin Starch Extraction of vegetable proteins Biotechnological methods for the production of bioplastics Advanced methods for the preparation of plant-based bioplastics Dissolution of biomass Acid hydrolysis of biomass Extrusion of biomass Challenges and significance of the conversion of vegetable wastes into bioplastics Conclusions Acknowledgment Acknowledgment References Characterization of biobased materials Introduction Physicochemical analysis Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Size exclusion chromatography/gel permeation chromatography Scanning electron microscopy Thermal analysis Thermogravimetric analysis Differential scanning calorimetry Dynamic mechanical analysis Mechanical analysis Tensile testing Tensile testing in biobased polymers Tensile testing in composites Flexural tests Impact tests Creep Conclusions References Biobased materials in food packaging Introduction The general properties of biobased materials Biobased materials used in food packaging Materials extracted from natural resources Polysaccharides Starch Cellulose Chitin Alginates Carrageenans Pectin Pullalan Proteins Animal proteins Casein Collagen Plant proteins Gluten Zein Materials produced by chemical synthesis of renewable bioderived monomers Polylactic acid (PLA) Polyethylene furanoate (PEF) Polybutylene succinate (PBS) Materials produced by microorganisms or genetically transformed bacteria Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) Exopolysaccharides (EPSs) Blends of biobased polymers used in food packaging Polylactic acid and polybutylene succinate blends Polylactic acid and polycaprolactone blends Cellulose-based blends Reinforcement of biobased polymers Forms of biodegradable packaging Bags Films Containers Foamed products Preparation of biobased films Properties of biobased packages for different food products Properties of packaging materials for dairy products Properties of packaging materials for animal-derived products Egg products Fresh meat Sea foods Properties of packaging materials for fruits and vegetables Properties of packaging materials for dry products Properties of packaging materials for bakery products Properties of packaging materials for frozen foods Properties of packaging materials for ready-to-eat foods Advances in food packaging Antimicrobial food packaging Increased shelf life and safety of packed foods Active packaging Smart packaging Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) Edible food packaging Waste management Conclusions References Use of biobased materials from agro-industrial residues in food packaging Introduction Agro-industrial residues with potential use in film packaging production Lignocellulosic biomass Fruit and vegetable residues Animal origin residues Biopackaging from renewable sources Biodegradable film preparation methods Solvent casting/wet method Thermoforming and extrusion method Properties of biodegradable films Active biodegradable films Smart packaging Biodegradable films containing agro-industrial residues Nanocomposite biodegradable films Nanocomposites obtained using nanocellulose extracted from agro-industrial residues Nanocomposites obtained using other nanoparticles extracted from agro-industrial residues Conclusions Acknowledgments References Biobased materials for increasing the shelf life of food products Introduction Use of biobased and biodegradable materials for increasing the shelf life of food Synthetic polymers for food packaging Polylactic acid (PLA) Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) Polybutylene succinate and polybutylene succinate adipate Natural biobased, biodegradable polymers for food packaging Cellulose-based polymers Pure cellulosic polymers Cellulose acetate Cellophane Starch-based polymers Biobased primitive plastics Bio-PET polymers Bio-PE polymers Conclusions Acknowledgments References Biobased materials in nutraceuticals Introduction Classification of nutraceuticals Protein- and peptide-based nutraceuticals Lipid-based nutraceuticals Carbohydrate-based nutraceuticals Other nutraceuticals Vitamins Herbal nutraceuticals Anthraquinones Flavonoids Formulation and design of delivery systems for nutraceuticals Desirable characteristics of delivery systems Food grade status Protection of the encapsulated matrix Compatibility with the food matrix Controlled release capacity High loading capacity Bioavailability Encapsulation materials Delivery system design Emulsions Liposomes Solid lipid particles (SLPs) Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) Self-dispersing lipid formulations (SDLFs) Biopolymer-based delivery systems Nanolaminated systems Evaluation of the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of nutraceuticals A glimpse of the recent patents granted on nutraceuticals Conclusions References Biobased edible food coatings for food applications Introduction The functional composition of biobased edible coatings Proteins Polysaccharides Lipids Additives Methods of edible coating formation Dipping Spraying method Fluidized bed processing Panning Functions of edible film coating Physical and mechanical functions Barrier functions Quality preservation Shelf life enhancer Active carriers Applications of edible coatings Fruits and vegetables Meat and seafood Eggs and dairy products Roasted products and pastries Probiotic coatings Nanostructured edible coatings Need for validation of edible coatings Conclusions References Biobased nanomaterials as functional food ingredients Introduction Nanotechnology in food industry applications The concept of nutraceuticals and nanofoods Types of nanomaterials and nanostructures Biobased materials as functional food ingredients Nanoemulsions Nanosized self-assembled structures Nanoencapsulation Bioactive polymeric nanoparticles Edible nanocoatings Some important functional food derivatives Vitamins Minerals Essential oils Polyphenols Flavor and aroma additives Carotenoids Essential fatty acids Probiotics Nanotechnology versus other food innovations Regulatory considerations Conclusions and the way forward References Biobased materials in dentistry Introduction Biobased materials Chitosan and chitin Properties and applications of chitosan in dentistry Preventive dentistry Restorative and prosthodontic dentistry Periodontal treatment Oral surgery Implant dentistry Hydroxyapatite Conservative and preventive dentistry Implant and restorative dentistry Periodontology and maxillofacial surgery Conclusions Acknowledgment References Further reading Chitin as a biobased material in osteoporosis The bone Biology of the bone structure Chemical composition of bones Bone histology Bone remodeling process The prevalence and pathogenesis of osteoporosis Common risk factors, types, and drugs Chitin Extraction of chitin Chitin derivatives and bone health Chitosan and bone health Chitooligosaccharides and bone health Chitin nanowhiskers and bone health Nanofibers of chitin and bone health Nanoparticles of chitin nanofibril-hyaluronic acid composites Hydrogels comprising calcium phosphate/chitin nanofibers Nanofibers of chitin/hydroxyapatite composites Chitin alkyl Chitin carboxymethyl Hydrogels of chitin Nanochitin composites Conclusions and future prospective References Chitosan-based biomaterials in biomedical applications Introduction Properties of chitosan Physicochemical properties Antimicrobial properties Antiinflammatory activities Mucoadhesivity Antioxidant activity Antitumor and hemostatic activities Chitosan derivatives Alkylated chitosan Acylated chitosan Carboxylated chitosan Sulfated chitosan Etherified chitosan Quaternization Biomedical applications of chitosan and chitosan-based materials Tissue engineering Cartilage Bone tissue engineering Blood vessels Corneal regeneration Skin tissues Cancer therapy Drug delivery Nucleic acid delivery Chitosan as an antimicrobial agent Antiinflammatory activity and the wound-healing capacity of chitosan Conclusions References Biobased materials in wound dressings Introduction Chitin-based systems for wound healing Alginate-based systems for wound healing Cellulose for wound healing Polyhydroxyalkanoates for wound healing Conclusions Acknowledgments References Biobased materials in tissue engineering Introduction Biobased materials in tissue engineering PHAs Chitosan Collagen Alginate Elastin Gelatin Keratin Polyurethane Application of biobased materials in tissue engineering Conclusions References Biobased materials in drug delivery Introduction Classification of biobased materials Polysaccharides Starch Cellulose Chitosan Hyaluronic acid Pectins Proteins Silk Collagen Zein Lipids Triglycerides Waxes Oils Polyesters Polyhydroxyalkanoates Polylactic acid Polyphenols Lignins Tannins Humic acid Conclusions Acknowledgments References Biobased materials in nano drug delivery Introduction Proteins as biopolymers Human serum albumin Gelatin as a biobased material used in nano drug delivery Polylactic acid Polysaccharides Chitosan Alginate Pullulan Heparin Conclusions References Biobased materials in skin rejuvenation Introduction Structure of the skin Skin aging Intrinsic versus extrinsic aging Intrinsic aging Extrinsic aging Skin rejuvenation products Biobased materials Synthetic biobased materials Natural biobased materials in skincare Collagen Physical properties of collagen Structure of collagen Occurrence of collagen Application of collagen in skin rejuvenation Chitin and chitosan Physical properties Structure of chitin and chitosan Occurrence of chitin and chitosan Applications of chitin and chitosan Hyaluronic acid Properties of hyaluronic acid Structure of hyaluronic acid Application of hyaluronic acid in skin rejuvenation Conclusions Acknowledgment References Impact of biobased materials on drug delivery for improved cancer therapy Introduction Polysaccharides Chitosan Starch Cellulose Protein-based biopolymers Natural biobased materials Hyaluronic acid Glutamic acid Polycaprolactone Multifunctional biopolymers Stimuli-responsive polymers pH-responsive polymers Temperature-sensitive polymers Light-sensitive polymers Important challenges and future perspectives Conclusions References Biobased materials in nerve regeneration Introduction Biobased materials Biobased materials in nerve regeneration Cellular effect mechanism of biobased materials in nerve regeneration Conclusions References Impact of biobased materials on human health Introduction Biobased polymers Classification of biobased polymers Sources and preparation of biobased polymers Commonly studied biobased polymers Cellulose Chitin and chitosan Alginates Polylactic acid Polyhydroxyalkanoates Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate Effect of biobased polymers on human health Biobased plastics Some important biobased plastics Biobased PE (polyethylene) Biobased PP (polypropylene) Biobased PET (polyethylene terephthalate) Biobased PC (polycarbonates) Biobased PU (polyurethanes) Effect of biobased plastics on human health Biobased nanomaterials Cellulose nanomaterials or nanoparticles Effect of biobased nanomaterials on human health Pros and cons of biobased materials Future perspective Conclusions Acknowledgments References Cytotoxicity and biocompatibility of biobased materials Introduction Cytotoxicity assays Biobased materials Cellulose based materials Chitosan based materials Starch based materials Alginate based materials Lignin based materials Conclusions Acknowledgment References Biobased materials in removing heavy metals from water Introduction Heavy metals and its toxicity Heavy metal removal technologies Types of biobased materials Naturally derived biomaterials Industrial by-products as biomaterials Biological waste and agricultural waste Modified biopolymers and hydrogels Economic analysis Future perspectives Conclusions Acknowledgments References Biobased materials in removing organic dyes from water Introduction Classification of dyes and their toxicity Dyes removal technologies Biobased material Zeolite/clays and their composites Chitosan and its composites Cyclodextrin and its composites Biomass Agricultural waste Industrial by-products and their composites Influencing factors in dye removal Suitability of biomaterials Conclusions Acknowledgments References Biobased materials for wastewater treatment Introduction Fundamentals of biosorption Biobased materials as biosorbents for wastewater treatment Biofibers as biosorbents for wastewater treatment Biopolymers as biosorbents for wastewater treatment Biocomposites as biosorbents for wastewater treatment Biofilms as biosorbents for wastewater treatment Summary and future perspectives References Functionalized electrospun biobased polymeric materials in filtration Introduction Mechanism of electrospinning process Coaxial electrospinning Tri-axial electroplating Electrospinning combined with electro-spraying Melt phase separation Functionalization/modification of electrospun nanofiber and its composite Calcination Calcination associated with rapid heat treatment Coating associated with heating treatment Carbonization and blended electrospinning Application of electrospun nanofiber and its composites for filtration of water Removal of inorganic pollutant from water Removal of organic pollutant from water Removal of oil from water Removal of microbial contaminants from water Application of silver nanoparticles Application of hydroxyapatite (HAP) nanoparticles Application of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) Application of metal oxide (MO) nanoparticles Application of electrospun nanofiber and its composites for fabrication of pressure driven membrane system Microfiltration (MF) Ultrafiltration (UF) Nanofiltration (NF) Reverse osmosis (RO) Disadvantages of electrospun nanofiber and its composites in filtration of water Recent roadmap, challenges and future perspective Conclusions Acknowledgments References Biomaterials toward flexible nanogenerators Introduction Different biomaterials used for flexible nanogenerator Cellulose Chitosan Collagen Silk proteins Hair or keratin Biomaterials-based flexible nanogenerator Biomaterials for piezoelectric nanogenerator Biomaterials for triboelectric nanogenerator Conclusions Acknowledgment References Biobased advanced coating materials Introduction Cashew nut shell liquid Coatings based on CNSL CNSL based polymeric composite and nanocomposite coatings Seed oils Seed oils based polymer coatings Seed oils based composite and nanocomposite coatings Lignin Lignin-based coatings Lignin-based composite and nanocomposite coatings Conclusions Acknowledgment References Biobased materials in sustainable development of catalysis Introduction Synthesis of biobased materials in sustainable catalysis Applications of biobased materials in catalysis Biopolymer-based materials Biochar-based materials Conclusions References Chitosan biobased materials in textile industry Introduction History of chitosan Production and extraction of chitosan Chemical extraction Biological method of chitosan extraction Chemical structure and composition of chitosan Physicochemical properties of chitosan Molecular weight Degree of acetylation Viscosity Solubility Applications of chitin and chitosan Waste water purification Removal of phenols, herbicides and pesticides from contaminated water Removal of dye molecules from contaminated water Removal of inorganic substances and heavy metals from contaminated water Enhanced ultra-filtration of water Biomedical applications Drug delivery applications Food packaging and preservation Antibacterial finishing of textiles Applications in agriculture Conclusions and future outlook References Life cycle assessment of biobased materials Introduction What is life cycle assessment? Cradle to grave Cradle to gate Cradle to cradle Structure of LCA Goal and scope definition Inventory analysis Impact assessment Interpretation Life cycle stages Raw material extraction and production Material and product manufacturing Transport and distribution Use phase End of life Conclusions References Future prospects of biobased materials Introduction Biofibers Recent advances in biofibers Applications and future scope of biofibers Biopolymers Applications and future scope of biopolymers Biofilms Recent advancements and application of biofilms Future scope of biofilms Biocomposites Recent advances and applications of biocomposites Future applications of biocomposite materials Conclusions Acknowledgments References