Sperm Sexing and its Role in Livestock Production

Description

This book presents basic principles and discusses the state-of-the-art methods of sperm sexing in livestock. It reviews the challenges and critical opinions on the conventional sperm sexing methods and characteristic features of spermatozoa of farm animals which could help to develop novel methods of sperm sexing. The book also presents principles and applications of flow cytometry for sperm separation. The chapters of the book elucidate methods and difficulties in developing sperm sexing methods. Notably, it covers recent research on immunological and nanotechnology-based sperm sexing methods. The book also provides information on the development of semen extenders. Towards the end, the book examines ethical and commercial aspects of sperm sexing. It is an ideal reference book for students, researchers and professionals working towards improving livestock production. ​ Foreword Preface Acknowledgments Contents About the Author 1: Introduction to Sperm Sexing 1.1 Introduction 1.2 History of Sperm Sexing 1.3 Methods of Sperm Sexing 1.4 Validation of Sperm Sexing 1.5 Importance of Sperm Sexing in Farm Animals 1.5.1 Cattle 1.5.2 Sheep 1.5.3 Pigs 1.5.4 Horses 1.6 Advances in Sperm Sexing 1.7 Conclusions References 2: Semen and Sperm Characteristics of Farm Animals 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Semen Evaluation Parameters 2.2.1 Color 2.2.2 Volume 2.2.3 pH 2.2.4 Sperm Motility and Concentration 2.2.5 Morphology 2.2.6 Rheology 2.3 Differences in the X and Y Chromosome-Bearing Spermatozoa 2.3.1 Size and Shape 2.3.2 Motility and Swimming Pattern 2.3.3 DNA Content 2.3.4 Immunological Markers 2.3.5 Charge 2.4 Conclusions References 3: Conventional Methods of Sperm Sexing 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Conventional Methods of Sperm Sexing 3.2.1 Gradient Centrifugation Method 3.2.1.1 Mice 3.2.1.2 Ongole Cattle 3.2.1.3 Holstein Friesian Cattle 3.2.1.4 Small Ruminants (Goats and Sheep) 3.2.1.5 Other Animals 3.3 Swim Up Method 3.4 Y-Chromosomal Histocompatibility (HY) Antigen 3.5 Conclusions References 4: Sperm Sexing Using Flow Cytometry: Principles and Applications 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Basis of FACS-Based Sperms Sexing 4.3 DNA Content Measurements in the X and Y Chromosome-Bearing Spermatozoa 4.4 Milestones in the Development of FACS-Based Sperm Sexing 4.5 Evaluation of Sperm Sexing in In Vitro and In Vivo Models 4.6 Applications of Sexed Semen Sorted by FACS 4.6.1 Cattle 4.6.2 Pigs 4.6.3 Sheep 4.6.4 Horses 4.6.5 Buffalo 4.7 Limitations of FACS-Based Sperms Sexing 4.8 Conclusions References 5: Recent Advances and Challenges in the Development of Novel Sperm Sexing Methods 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Novel Methods of Sperm Sexing 5.2.1 Immuno-Sexing 5.2.2 Genome Editing 5.2.3 Nanotechnology 5.2.4 Sex-Specific Alteration of Sperm Motility 5.2.5 Microfluidics for Sperm Sexing 5.2.6 Raman Spectroscopy in Sperm Sexing 5.3 Conclusions and Future Outlook References 6: Semen Extenders for Preservation of Sorted Semen 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Additives in Semen Extenders 6.2.1 Antioxidants 6.2.2 Cryoprotectants 6.2.3 Sugars 6.2.4 Egg Yolk 6.2.5 Antimicrobials 6.2.6 Other Additives 6.3 Conclusions References 7: Commercial and Ethical Aspects of Sperm Sexing 7.1 Introduction 7.2 History and Commercialization of Sexed Semen Technology 7.3 Sperm Sexing and Development of Flow Cytometry 7.4 Safety Concerns 7.5 Intellectual Property Issues 7.6 Ethical Aspects of Sperm Sexing 7.7 Conclusions References