Sustainable Agriculture Reviews 59: Animal Biotechnology for Livestock Production 3

Description

The dependency on animal biotechnology in livestock industries has been increased in the recent past. The livestock production research has witnessed remarkable developments on biotechnological methods to produce the elite animal breeds. The global animal food requirement has been steadily increasing, and animal production needs to be increased as per the global needs. This book covers various aspects of animal biotechnology such as, reproductive biotechnologies in sheep and goats, oogenesis and folliculogenesis and ovarian disorders. This book focusses the discussion on proteomics and metabolomics, and separate chapters were dedicated to discuss these topics. The proteomics studies of animal viruses were discussed in this book, and this would be helpful to understand animal viral pathogenesis. The applications of metabolomics in livestock were discussed with focus on data analysis, identification of unknown compounds. The purpose of this book is to provide the recent research trends, and convert all this information to usable guide to professionals, researchers and students who are working the research area of animal biotechnology.  Preface Contents About the Editors Contributors Chapter 1: Reproductive Biotechnologies Applied to the Female Sheep and Goat 1.1 Introduction 1.2 In Vivo Embryo Production 1.2.1 Donor Selection 1.2.2 Superovulation Therapy 1.2.2.1 Hormonal Protocols for Controlling the Estrous Cycle 1.2.2.2 Gonadotropin Treatment 1.2.3 Donor Breeding 1.2.4 Embryo Recovery 1.2.5 Achievements of In Vivo Embryo Production 1.3 In Vitro Embryo Production 1.3.1 Cumulus-Oocyte Complexes Collection and Selection 1.3.2 Cumulus-Oocyte Complexes Selection and In Vitro Maturation 1.3.3 In Vitro Fertilization 1.3.4 In Vitro Development 1.3.5 Achievements of In Vitro Embryo Production 1.4 Working with Embryos 1.4.1 Assessment of Embryonic Quality 1.4.2 Embryo Transfer 1.4.3 Embryo Cryopreservation 1.4.3.1 Cryopreservation Techniques 1.4.3.2 Effects of Cryopreservation on Embryos 1.4.4 Embryonic Biopsy: Gender and Diseases Diagnosis 1.4.5 Transcriptomics and Embryo Production 1.4.6 Achievements of Working with Embryos 1.5 Cloning 1.5.1 Preparation and Culture of Oocytes 1.5.2 Preparation and Culture of the Nuclear Donor Cell 1.5.3 Handling and Micromanipulation Techniques 1.5.3.1 Enucleation 1.5.3.2 Nuclear Transfer, Fusion, and Activation 1.5.4 Embryonic, Fetal, and Postnatal Development 1.5.5 Factors Affecting the Cloning Efficiency 1.5.6 Achievements and Challenges of Cloning 1.6 Transgenesis 1.6.1 DNA Pronuclear Microinjection 1.6.2 Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer 1.6.3 Lentiviral Vectors 1.6.4 Endonucleases 1.6.5 Achievements of Transgenesis 1.7 Conclusion References Chapter 2: Oogenesis and Folliculogenesis 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Oogenesis and Folliculogenesis 2.3 Ovarian Follicular Population 2.4 Ovarian Follicles 2.4.1 Preantral Follicles 2.4.1.1 Primordial Follicles 2.4.1.2 Primary Follicles 2.4.1.3 Secondary Follicles 2.4.2 Antral Follicles 2.4.3 Follicular Atresia 2.5 Antral Follicle Count 2.5.1 Antral Follicle Count, A Reproductive Characteristic with High Repeatability 2.5.2 Antral Follicle Count and Embryo Production 2.5.3 Antral Follicle Count and Fertility to Timed Artificial Insemination 2.6 Epigenetics and New Concepts – Neo-Folliculogenesis 2.6.1 Continued Oocyte Production? 2.6.2 Epigenetics and Folliculogenesis 2.6.3 Multi-oocyte Follicles in Adult Mammalian Ovaries 2.7 Conclusion References Chapter 3: Proteomics of Animal Viruses 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomics 3.2.1 Separation of Proteins 3.2.2 Protein Identification and Quantification by Mass Spectrometry 3.2.2.1 Overview of Mass Spectrometry 3.2.2.2 Ion Source Electron Impact Ionization Chemical Ionization Electrospray Ionization Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization 3.2.2.3 Analyzers Quadrupole Analyzer Ion Trap Analyzer Time-of-Flight Analyzer Orbitrap Analyzer 3.2.2.4 Detector 3.2.3 Combinations of Commonly Used Mass Spectrometer 3.2.3.1 Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometer Triple-Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer Quadrupole-Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer Quadrupole-Orbitrap Mass Spectrometer Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time-of-Flight/Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer 3.3 Proteomics Approaches 3.3.1 Gel-Based Label-Free Proteomics Approaches 3.3.1.1 One-Dimensional Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis 3.3.1.2 Two-Dimensional Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis 3.3.2 Gel-Based Label Proteomics Approaches 3.3.2.1 Two-Dimensional Differential Gel Electrophoresis 3.3.3 Non-Gel-Based Label Proteomics Approaches 3.3.3.1 Isotope-Coded Affinity Tag 3.3.3.2 Stable Isotope Labeling with Amino Acids in Cell Cultures 3.3.3.3 Tandem Mass Tag 3.3.3.4 Isobaric Tag for Relative and Absolute Quantitation 3.3.4 Non-Gel-Based Label-Free Proteomics Approaches 3.3.4.1 Absolute Quantification 3.3.4.2 Multiple Reaction Monitoring 3.3.4.3 Sequential Window Acquisition of All Theoretical Mass Spectra 3.4 Proteomics of Animal Viruses 3.4.1 Animal Viruses 3.4.1.1 Classical Swine Fever Virus 3.4.1.2 Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus 3.4.1.3 Bovine Herpesvirus 1 3.4.1.4 Murine Herpesvirus 3.4.1.5 Murine Cytomegalovirus 3.4.1.6 Pseudorabies Virus 3.4.1.7 Porcine Circovirus 3.4.2 Human Viruses 3.4.2.1 Influenza Virus 3.4.2.2 Human Immunodeficiency Virus 3.4.2.3 Japanese Encephalitis Virus 3.4.2.4 Dengue Virus 3.4.3 Chikungunya Virus 3.4.3.1 Epstein-Barr Virus 3.4.3.2 Herpes Simplex Virus 1 3.4.3.3 Human Cytomegalovirus 3.4.4 Zoonotic Viruses 3.4.4.1 Rabies Virus 3.4.4.2 Ebola Virus 3.4.4.3 Marburg Virus 3.4.4.4 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 3.5 Conclusion References Chapter 4: Influence of the Ovarian Reserve and Oocyte Quality on Livestock Fertility 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Genesis and Development of Primary Oocytes 4.3 Influence of Ovarian Reserves on Female Fertility 4.4 Causes of Oocyte Atresia 4.4.1 Early Oocyte Atresia 4.4.2 Late Oocyte Atresia 4.5 Quality Control Mechanisms in Oocyte Atresia 4.5.1 Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Dependent Oocyte Activation 4.5.2 TAp63α Guardian of Female Reproduction 4.6 Death Mechanisms During Oocyte Atresia 4.7 Biotechnological or Pharmacological Interventions to Delay the Ovarian Aging 4.7.1 Quantification of Ovarian Reserves 4.7.2 Suppression of Oocyte Death and Activation to Increase the Follicular Reserve 4.7.3 Reactive Oxygen Species Increase Because of the Oxidative Stress 4.8 Quality Control During Oocyte Maturation 4.8.1 Chromatin Configuration During the Oocyte Development 4.8.2 Cumulus Cells 4.8.3 Mitochondria 4.8.4 Biotechnological Interventions in Oocyte Maturation 4.9 Impact of Ovarian Disorders on Livestock Follicle Reserve and Quality 4.9.1 Biotechnological Interventions in Ovarian Disorders References Chapter 5: Metabolomics of Food Systems 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Metabolomics Analysis 5.2.1 Study Design 5.2.2 Sample Collection, Quenching, and Storage 5.2.3 Workflow 5.3 Food Metabolomics 5.3.1 Soil Quality 5.3.2 Food Resources 5.3.2.1 Metabolomics to Screen Geographic Origin 5.3.2.2 Metabolomics for Organic Food Authentication 5.3.2.3 Metabolomics to Screen Genetically Modified (GM) Crops 5.3.2.4 Metabolomics to Elucidate Environmental Stress Feedback in Food Resources 5.3.2.5 Metabolomics in Livestock Research 5.3.3 Food Processing 5.3.4 Human Nutrition 5.4 Challenges in Food Metabolomics 5.5 Conclusion 5.6 Perspective References Chapter 6: Phytobioactive Compounds on Ovarian Functions in Mammals 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Effective Bioactive Compounds on the Mammalian Ovarian Function 6.2.1 Kaempferol 6.2.1.1 Structure 6.2.1.2 Molecular Targets 6.2.1.3 Effect on In-Vitro Folliculogenesis and Oocyte Culture 6.2.2 Quercetin 6.2.2.1 Structure 6.2.2.2 Molecular Targets of Quercetin 6.2.2.3 Effect of QUE on Angiogenesis and Steroidogenesis 6.2.2.4 Effect of QUE on Hormones 6.2.2.5 Effect of QUE on Invitro Assays 6.2.2.6 QUE as an Antioxidant 6.2.3 Myricetin 6.2.3.1 Structure 6.2.3.2 Molecular Targets 6.2.4 Curcumin 6.2.4.1 Structure 6.2.4.2 Molecular Targets of Curcumin 6.2.4.3 Effects of Curcumin on Ovarian Functions 6.2.5 Resveratrol 6.2.5.1 Structure 6.2.5.2 Molecular Targets of Resveratrol Inhibition of thePI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway Inhibition of Nuclear Factor- B Activation of Sirtuins 6.2.5.3 Phytoestrogenic Actions 6.2.5.4 Effects of Resveratrol 6.3 Conclusion References Chapter 7: Buffalo Embryo Production 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Influence of Seasonality on Buffalo Embryo Reproduction 7.3 Multiple Ovulation and Embryo Transfer 7.4 In Vitro Embryo Production 7.4.1 Collection of Oocytes 7.4.2 In Vitro Maturation 7.4.3 In Vitro Fertilization 7.4.4 In Vitro Culture 7.5 Establishment of Serum-Free Culture Media 7.6 Cryopreservation of Embryos 7.7 Pregnancy Rate Following Transfer of In Vitro Fertilization Embryos in Buffalo 7.8 Parthenogenetic Activation of Buffalo Oocytes 7.9 Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer 7.10 Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection 7.11 Proteomics 7.12 Transcriptomics 7.13 Conclusion References Index