The Phonological Structure of the Verbal Roots in Arabic and Hebrew

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THE PHONOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF THE VERBAL ROOTS IN ARABIC AND HEBREW......Page 2 CONTENTS......Page 4 Acknowledgements......Page 12 Abbreviations for the languages. Explanation of technical terms......Page 14 1.1 General Introduction......Page 16 1.2 Purpose and scope of this study......Page 17 1.3 Accidental absence or presence......Page 19 1.4 Outline and Organization of the Presentation......Page 21 2.1 Aspects of the phonology of Arabic and Hebrew......Page 23 2.1.2 The consonant phonemes of Hebrew......Page 24 2.2 Types of verbal roots......Page 27 2.3.1 Autosegmental representation of tonal features......Page 31 2.3.2 Autosegmental representation of the Arabic verb......Page 33 2.3.3. Autosegmental representation of the Hebrew verb......Page 37 2.3.4 Further developments and criticisms of McCarthy’s model......Page 38 3.1 Phonological constraints on pairs of consonants......Page 40 3.2.1 The work of Cantineau on Classical Arabic......Page 41 3.2.2 The work of Greenberg on Classical Arabic......Page 42 3.2.3 The work of Koskinen on Biblical Hebrew......Page 46 3.2.4 The work of Reiner on Akkadian......Page 47 3.2.5 The work of Kurylowicz work on Classical Arabic and Biblical Hebrew......Page 49 3.2.6 The work of Morgenbrod and Serifi on HEB......Page 50 3.2.7 The work of Weitzman on Biblical Hebrew and Classical Arabic......Page 53 3.2.8 The work of Tobin on Modern Israeli Hebrew......Page 55 3.3.1 The work of Yip on Modern Standard Arabic......Page 56 3.3.2 The work of McCarthy on Modern Standard Arabic......Page 58 3.3.3 A gradient model of OCP-Place......Page 60 3.4.1 Some general remarks......Page 61 3.4.2.1. The structuralist approach......Page 62 3.4.2.2. The generative approach......Page 63 4.1 The files of verbal roots......Page 66 4.2 Method of calculation for the triliterals......Page 67 4.3 Method of calculation for the quadriliterals......Page 71 4.4 Possible effects of low frequencies of occurrence......Page 72 4.5 The two approaches used in this study......Page 73 5.1 Introductory remarks......Page 76 5.2 Types of phonological constraints which can cause co-occurrence restrictions......Page 77 5.3.1 Positional constraints......Page 78 5.3.2 Positional preferences......Page 79 5.4.1 Absolute combinatory and ordering constraints......Page 80 5.4.2.1 Relative combinatory constraints on consonants from the same group......Page 81 5.4.2.2 Relative combinatory constraints on consonants from different groups......Page 82 5.6.1 The labials and the coronal sonorants......Page 83 5.6.1.2. Root patterns with a labial or a coronal sonorant and one of the consonant groups......Page 84 5.6.2. The status of the fa' and the jim in Arabic and of the sade in Hebrew......Page 85 5.6.3 The status of the uvular stop /q/......Page 86 5.8 Co-occurrence restrictions on the quadriliterals......Page 87 5.8.1 Combinatory constraints......Page 88 5.9 Co-occurrence restrictions on root patterns of the type C1C2C1C2......Page 89 5.10 Co-occurrence restrictions on triliteral root patterns with three specified root positions......Page 90 5.10.1 Root patterns with three specific consonant groups......Page 91 5.10.2 Root patterns with two specified consonant groups and a labial or coronal sonorant......Page 94 6.2 Co-occurrence preferences for triliteral root patterns with two specified consonant groups......Page 95 6.2.1 Combinatory preferences for consonant pairs from different groups......Page 96 6.2.2 Ordering preferences for consonant pairs from different groups......Page 98 6.2.3 Summary of combinatory and ordering preferences for the triliterals......Page 102 6.3.1. Combinatory preferences......Page 103 6.3.2. Ordering preferences......Page 104 6.3.3 Summary of the findings......Page 108 6.5. Co-occurrence preferences for consonant pairs in the quadriliterals......Page 109 6.6 Co-occurrence preferences for consonant pairs in the root patterns of the type C1C2C1C2......Page 112 6.7.1 Consonant groups classified on the basis of Manner......Page 113 6.7.2 Consonant groups classified on the basis of Place......Page 116 6.7.3 Summary of the findings for the preferred root patterns with three specified consonant groups......Page 120 6.8.1 Consonant groups classified on the basis of Manner......Page 121 6.8.2 Consonant groups classified on the basis of Place......Page 123 6.9 Co-occurrence preferences among the quadriliterals of the type C1C2C3C3......Page 125 7.2.1 Restrictions on pairs of consonant groups......Page 127 7.2.1.1.1 Pairs of consonant groups classified on the basis of Manner......Page 128 7.2.1.2.1 Pairs of consonant groups classified on the basis of Place......Page 129 7.2.1.2.2 Pairs of individual labial or coronal sonorants and consonant groups classified on the basis of Place......Page 130 7.2.1.2.3. Pairs consisting of individual labial and coronal sonorants......Page 131 7.3.1.1. Preferences on the basis of Manner......Page 132 7.3.1.2.2 Root patterns with coronal obstruents as a group and other consonant groups......Page 133 7.3.1.2.3 Triliteral root patterns with an individual labial or coronal sonorant and one of the consonant groups......Page 134 7.4.1 Quadriliterals different from C1C2C1C2 or C1C2C3C3......Page 135 7.4.2. Quadriliterals of the type C1C2C1C2......Page 137 7.5.1.1.1 Root patterns with stops or fricatives in two positions......Page 138 7.5.1.1.2. Root patterns with both stops and fricatives......Page 139 7.5.1.1.3. Root patterns with nasals or liquids adjacent to stops or fricatives......Page 140 7.5.1.2 Root patterns with an individual labial or coronal sonorant and stops and/or fricatives......Page 141 7.5.2.1 Root patterns with three specified consonants groups......Page 142 7.5.2.1.2 Root patterns with various consonant groups......Page 143 7.5.2.2 Root patterns with an individual labial or a coronal sonorant and two specific consonant groups......Page 148 7.6 Comparison of the Mediae Geminatae and the triliterals with three specified positions......Page 149 8.1 Introduction......Page 150 8.2 Co-occurrence restrictions, the OCP and the NBC......Page 151 8.3 The co-occurrence relationships of the uvular stop /q/......Page 152 8.4.1 Root patterns classified on the basis of Manner......Page 158 8.4.2 Root patterns classified on the basis of Place......Page 160 8.5.1 Can Sonority be defined phonologically?......Page 162 8.5.2 Sonority and Manner features in feature geometry......Page 164 8.6 The co-occurrence relationships of nasals, liquids and coronal sonorants......Page 168 8.7.1 Root patterns with expected frequencies......Page 170 8.7.2 Preferred root patterns......Page 171 8.8 Quadriliterals and triliterals. Similarities and differences in their co-occurrence relationships......Page 172 8.9.1 Intersyllabic consonant clusters......Page 173 8.9.2 Verbal roots are an abstraction and the OCP is not needed......Page 175 8.9.3 Unknown morphological processes in unwritten precursor languages......Page 179 8.9.4 The OCP acts on biconsonantal precursors of the roots......Page 182 8.10 Co-occurrence restrictions and co-occurrence preferences. Rules and exceptions......Page 185 8.10.1 Explaining the fairly large number of roots of the type C1C1X in MIH......Page 186 8.10.2 Reasons why the co-occurrence restrictions are relative (statistical) and notabsolute......Page 187 8.10.3.1 Root patterns classified on the basis of Manner......Page 189 8.10.3.2 Root patterns classified on the basis of Place......Page 190 8.10.3.3 The lack of proper accoustic and perceptual features......Page 191 8.11 Comparison of the co-occurrence relationships of the consonants in the verbal roots of AR, BH and HEB......Page 192 8.12 Reasons for the differences between AR, BH and HEB......Page 196 Summary......Page 198 References......Page 204 Explanation for the symbols in the tables......Page 210 chapter 2......Page 212 chapter 3......Page 215 chapter 4......Page 220 chapter 5......Page 236 chapter 6......Page 264 chapter 7......Page 286 chapter 8......Page 335 Index......Page 342 STUDIES IN SEMITIC LANGUAGES AND LINGUISTICS......Page 344