Introducing Phonetics and Phonology

Description

This book examines some of the ways in which linguists can express what native speakers know about the sound system of their language. Intended for the absolute beginner, it requires no previous background in linguistics, phonetics or phonology. Starting with a grounding in phonetics and phonological theory, the book provides a base from which more advanced treatments may be approached. It begins with an examination of the foundations of articulatory and acoustic phonetics, moves on to the basic principles of phonology, and ends with an outline of some further issues within contemporary phonology. Varieties of English, particularly Received Pronunciation and General American, form the focus of consideration, but aspects of the phonetics and phonology of other languages are discussed as well. This new edition includes more discussion of Optimality Theory and a new glossary of terms. It has been updated throughout to take account of the latest developments in phonological theory, but without sacrificing the book's ease of use for beginners. Cover Book title Contents List of tables List of figures Preface Preface to the second edition Preface to the third edition The International Phonetic Alphabet 1 Introduction 1.1 Phonetics and phonology 1.2 The generative enterprise Further reading 2 Introduction to articulatory phonetics 2.1 Overview 2.2 Speech sound classification 2.3 Supra-segmental structure 2.4 Consonants vs. vowels Further reading Exercises 3 Consonants 3.1 Stops 3.2 Affricates 3.3 Fricatives 3.4 Nasals 3.5 Liquids 3.6 Glides 3.7 An inventory of English consonants Further reading Exercises 4 Vowels 4.1 Vowel classification 4.2 The vowel space and Cardinal Vowels 4.3 Further classifications 4.4 The vowels of English 4.5 Some vowel systems of English Further reading Exercises 5 Acoustic phonetics 5.1 Fundamentals 5.2 Speech sounds 5.3 Cross-linguistic values Further reading Exercises 6 Above the segment 6.1 The syllable 6.2 Stress 6.3 Tone and intonation Further reading Exercises 7 Features 7.1 Segmental composition 7.2 Phonetic vs. phonological features 7.3 Charting the features 7.4 Conclusion Further reading Exercises 8 Phonemic analysis 8.1 Sounds that are the same but different 8.2 Finding phonemes and allophones 8.3 Linking levels: rules 8.4 Choosing the underlying form 8.5 Summary Further reading Exercises 9 Phonological alternations, processes and rules 9.1 Alternations vs. processes vs. rules 9.2 Alternation types 9.3 Formal rules and rule writing 9.4 Overview of phonological operations and rules 9.5 Summary Further reading Exercises 10 Phonological structure 10.1 The need for richer phonological representation 10.2 Segment internal structure: feature geometry, underspecification and unary features 10.3 Autosegmental phonology 10.4 Suprasegmental structure 10.5 Conclusion Further reading Exercises 11 Derivational analysis 11.1 The aims of analysis 11.2 A derivational analysis of English noun plural formation 11.3 Extrinsic vs. intrinsic rule ordering 11.4 Evaluating competing analyses: evidence, economy and plausibility 11.5 Conclusion Further reading Exercises 12 Constraint-based analysis 12.1 Introduction to optimality theory 12.2 The aims of analysis 12.3 Modelling phonological processes in OT 12.4 English noun plural formation: an OT account 12.5 Competing analyses 12.6 Conclusion Further reading Exercises 13 Constraining the model 13.1 Constraining derivational phonology: abstractness 13.2 Constraining the power of the phonological component 13.3 Constraining the power of OT 13.4 Conclusion Further reading Glossary A B C D E F G H I L M N O P R S T U V W References Subject index A B C D E F G H I L M N O P R S T U V W Varieties of English index Language index