Elementary Textbook on Physics: Electricity and Magnetism

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Front Cover Front Jacket Title Page Contents From the Preface to the First Russian Edition Chapter 1 Electric Charges 1.1. Electric Interaction 1.2. Conductors and Insulators 1.3. Division of Bodies into Conductors and Insulators 1.4. Positive and Negative Charges 1.5. What Happens During Electrostatic Charging? 1.6. Electron Theory 1.7. Electrostatic Charging by Friction 1.8. Charging by Induction 1.10. Coulomb’s Law 1.11. Unit of Charge Chapter 2 Electric Field 2.1. Effect of Electric Charge on Surrounding Bodies 2.2. The Idea of Electric Field 2.3. Electric Field Strength 2.4. Composition of Fields 2.5. Electric Field in Insulators and Conductors 2.6. Graphic Representation of Fields 2.7. Main Features of Electric Field-Strength Patterns 2.8. Application of the Method of Field Lines to Problems in Electrostatics 2.9. Work Done in Displacing an Electric Charge in an Electric Field 2.10. Potential Difference (Electric Voltage) 2.11. Equipotential Surfaces 2.12. Why Was the Potential Difference Introduced? 2.13. Conditions for Charge Equilibrium in Conductors 2.14. Electrometer 2.15. What Is the Difference Between an Electrometer and an Electroscope? 2.16. Earthing 2.17. Measurement of the Potential Difference in Air. Electric Probe 2.18. Electric Field of the Earth 2.19. Simple Electric Field Configurations 2.20. Charge Distribution in a Conductor. Faraday’s Cage 2.21. Surface Charge Density 2.22. Capacitors 2.23. Types of Capacitors 2.24. Parallel and Series Connection of Capacitors 2.25. Dielectric Permittivity 2.26. Why Is Electric Field Weakened in a Dielectric? Polarization of Dielectrics 2.27. Energy of Charged Bodies. Energy of Electric Field Chapter 3 Direct Current 3.1. Electric Current and Electromotive Force 3.2. Manifestations of Electric Current 3.3. Direction of Current 3.4. Strength of Current 3.5. “Velocity of Electric Current” and Velocity of Charge Carriers 3.6. Galvanometer 3.7. Voltage Distribution in a Current-Carrying Conductor 3.8. Ohm’s Law 3.9 Resistance of Wires 3.10. Temperature Dependence of Resistance 3.11. Superconductivity 3.12. Series and Parallel Connection of Wires 3.13. Rheostats 3.14. Voltage Distribution in a Circuit. “Losses” in Wires 3.15. Voltmeter 3.16. What Must Be the Resistances of a Voltmeter and an Ammeter? 3.17. Shunting of Measuring Instruments Chapter 4 Thermal Effect of Current 4.1. Heating by Current. Joule's Law 4.2. Work Done by Electric Current 4.3. Power of a Current 4.4. Resistance Welding 4.5. Electric Heating Appliances. Electric Furnaces 4.6. Design of Heating Appliances 4.7. Incandescent Lamps 4.8. Short-Circuiting. Fuses 4.9. Electric Wiring Chapter 5 Electric Current in Electrolytes 5.1. Faraday’s First Law of Electrolysis 5.2. Faraday’s Second Law of Electrolysis 5.3. Ionic Conduction in Electrolytes 5.4. Motion o f Ions in Electrolytes 5.5. Elementary Electric Charge 5.6. Primary and Secondary Processes in Electrolysis 5.7. Electrolytic Dissociation 5.8. Graduating Ammeters with the Help of Electrolysis 5.9. Technical Applications of Electrolysis Chapter 6 Chemical and Thermal Generators 6.1. Introduction. Volta’s Discovery 6.2. Volta’s Rule. Galvanic Cell 6.3. Emergence of EMF and Current in a Galvanic Cell 6.4. Polarization of Electrodes 6.5. Depolarization in Galvanic Cells 6.6. Accumulators 6.7. Ohm’s Law for Closed Circuits 6.8. Voltage Across the Terminals of a Current Source and EMF 6.9. Connection of Current Sources 6.10. Thermocouples 6.11. Thermocouples as Generators 6.12. Measurement of Temperature with the Help of Thermocouples Chapter 7 Electric Current in Metals 7.1. Electron Conduction in Metals 7.2. Structure of Metals 7.3. Reasons Behind Electric Resistance 7.4. Work Function 7.5. Emission of Electrons by Incandescent Bodies Chapter 8 Electric Current in Gases 8.1. Intrinsic and Induced Conduction in Gases 8.2. Induced Conduction in a Gas 8.3. Spark Discharge 8.4. Lightning 8.5. Corona Discharge 8.6. Applications of Corona Discharge 8.7. Lightning Conductor 8.8. Electric Arc 8.9. Applications of Arc Discharge 8.10. Glow Discharge 8.11. What Occurs During a Glow Discharge? 8.12. Cathode Rays 8.13. Nature of Cathode Rays 8.14. Canal (Positive) Rays 8.15. Electron Conduction in a High Vacuum 8.16. Electron Tubes 8.17. Cathode-Ray Tube Chapter 9 Electric Current in Semiconductors 9.1. Nature of Electric Current in Semiconductors 9.2. Motion of Electrons in Semiconductors, p- and n-Type Semiconductors 9.3. Semiconductor Rectifiers 9.4. Semiconductor Photocells Chapter 10 Basic Magnetic Phenomena 10.1. Natural and Artificial Magnets 10.2. Poles of a Magnet and Its Neutral Zone 10.3. Magnetic Effect of Electric Current 10.4. Magnetic Effects of Currents and Permanent Magnets 10.5. Origin of the Magnetic Field of Permanent Magnets. Coulomb’s Experiment 10.6. Ampere’s Hypothesis on Elementary Currents Chapter 11 Magnetic Field 11.1. Magnetic Field and Its Manifestations. Magnetic Induction 11.2. Magnetic Moment. Unit of Magnetic Induction 11.3. Measurement of Magnetic Induction with the Help of Magnetic Needle 11.4. Composition of Magnetic Fields 11.5. Magnetic Field Lines 11.6. Instruments for Measuring Magnetic Induction Chapter 12 Magnetic Field of Current 12.1.Magnetic Field of a Straight Conductor and of a Circular Current Loop. Right-Hand Screw Rule 12.2. Magnetic Field of a Solenoid. Equivalence of a Solenoid and a Bar Magnet 12.3. Magnetic Field in a Solenoid. Magnetic Field Strength 12.4. Magnetic Field of Moving Charges Chapter 13 Magnetic Field of the Earth 13.1. Magnetic Field of the Earth 13.2. Dements of the Earth's Magnetism 13.3. Magnetic Anomalies and Magnetometric Prospecting of Mineral Resources 13.4. Time Variation of Elements of the Earth’s Magnetic Field. Magnetic Storms Chapter 14 Forces Acting on Current-Carrying Conductors in a Magnetic Field 14.1. Introduction 14.2. Effect of a Magnetic Field on a Straight Current-Carrying Conductor. Left-Hand Rule 14.3. Effect of a Magnetic Field on a Current Loop or on a Solenoid 14.4. Galvanometer Based on Interaction of Magnetic Field and Current 14.5. Lorentz Force 14.6. Lorentz Force and Aurora Borealis Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Induction 15.1. Conditions for Emergence of Induced Current 15.2. Direction of Induced Current. Lenz’s Law 15.3. Basic Law of Electromagnetic Induction 15.4. Induced EMF 15.5. Electromagnetic Induction and Lorentz Force 15.6. Induced Currents in Bulky Conductors. Foucault Currents Chapter 16 Magnetic Properties of Bodies 16.1. Magnetic Permeability of Iron 16.2. Permeability of Different Materials. Paramagnetics and Diamagnetics 16.3. Motion of Paramagnetics and Diamagnetics in a Magnetic Field. Faraday’s Experiments 16.4. Molecular Theory of Magnetism 16.5. Magnetic Protection 16.6. Properties of Ferromagnetics 16.7. Fundamentals of the Theory of Ferromagnetism Chapter 17 Alternating Current 17.1. Constant and Alternating Electromotive Force 17.2. Experimental Investigation of the Form of an Alternating Current. Oscillograph 17.3. Amplitude, Frequency and Phase of Sinusoidal Alternating Current and Voltage 17.4. Strength of Alternating Current 17.5. A.C. Ammeters and Voltmeters 17.6. Self-Induction 17.7. Inductance of a Coil 17.8. Alternating Current Through a Capacitor and a Large- Inductance Coil 17.9. Ohm’s Law for Alternating Current. Capacitive and Inductive Reactances 17.10. Summation of Currents for Parallel Connection of Elements in an A. C. Circuit 17.11. Summation of Voltages in Series Connection of Elements of an A.C. Circuit 7.12. Phase Shift Between Current and Voltage 17.13. Power of Alternating Current 17.14. Transformers 17.15. Centralized Production and Distribution of Electric Power 17.16. Rectification of Alternating Current Chapter 18 Electric Machines: Generators, Motors and Electromagnets 18.1. A.C. Generators 18.3. Separately Excited and Self-Excited Generators 18.4. Three-Phase Current 18.5. Three-Phase Electric Motor 18.6. D.C. Motors 18.7. Basic Operating Characteristics and Features of D.C. Motors with Shunt and Series Excitation 18.8. Efficiency of Generators and Motors 18.9. Reversibility of D. C. Generators 18.10. Electromagnets 18.11. Application of Electromagnets 18.12. Relays and Their Application in Engineering and Automatic Control 18.2. D.C. Generators Answers and Solutions Appendices 1. Fundamental Physical Constants 2. Factors and Prefixes Used with the SI Units Index Back Jacket Back Cover