Elementary Textbook on Physics: Oscillations and Waves, Optics, Atomic and Nuclear Physics

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Front Cover Front Jacket Title Page Contents Preface to the First Russian Edition Part One Oscillations and Waves Chapter 1 Mechanical Vibrations Basic Concepts. 1.1. Periodic Motion. Period 1.2. Oscillatory Systems. Free Oscillations 1.3. Pendulum Kinematics of Oscillations 1.4. Vibrations of a Timing Fork 1.5. Harmonic Oscillations. Frequency 1.6. Phase Shift 1.7. Dynamics of Pendulum Oscillations 1.8. Formula for the Period of a Simple Pendulum 1.9. Elastic Vibrations 1.10. Torsional Vibrations 1.11. Effect of Friction. Damping 1.12. Forced Vibrations 1.13. Resonance 1.14. Effect of Friction on Resonance Phenomena 1.15. Examples of Resonance Phenomena 1.16. Resonance Phenomena Induced by an Anharmonic Periodic Force 1.17. The Relation Between the Form and Harmonic Composition of Periodic Oscillations Chapter 2 Acoustic Vibrations 2.1. Acoustic Vibrations 2.2. Subject of Acoustics 2.3. Musical Tone. Laudness and Pitch 2.4. Tembre 2.5. Acoustic Resonance 2.6. Recording and Reproduction of Sounds 2.7. Analysis and Synthesis of Sound 2.8. Noises Chapter 3 Electric Oscillations 3.1. Electric Oscillations and Methods of Their Observation 3.2. Oscillatory Circuit 3.3. Mechanical Analogy. Thomson Formula 3.4. Electric Resonance 3.5. Undamped Oscillations. Self-Excited Oscillatory Systems 3.6. Valve Oscillator 3.7. Theory of Oscillations Chapter 4 Wave Phenomena 4.1. Waves 4.2. Wave Propagation Velocity 4.3. Radiolocation, Hydroacoustic Detection and Sound Ranging 4.4. Transverse Waves in a Cord 4.5. Longitudinal Waves in an Air Column 4.6. Waves on the Surface of a Liquid 4.7. Energy Transfer by Waves 4.8. Reflection of Waves 4.9. Diffraction 4.10. Directional Emission Chapter 5 Interference of Waves 5.1. Superposition of Waves 5.2. Interference of Waves 5.3. Conditions for Formation of Interference Maxima and Minima 5.4. Interference of Acoustic Waves 5.5. Standing Waves 5.6. Vibrations of Elastic Bodies as Standing Waves 5.7. Free Vibrations of a String 5.8. Standing Waves in Plates and Other Extended Bodies 5.9. Resonance in the Presence of Many Frequencies 5.10. Conditions for a Perfect Sound Emission 5.11. Binaural Phase Effect. Sound Direction Finding Chapter 6 Electromagnetic Waves 6.1. Electromagnetic Waves 6.2. Conditions for a Perfect Emission of Electromagnetic Waves 6.3. Oscillator and Aerials 6.4. Hertz’ Experiments on Electromagnetic Waves. Lebedev’s Experiments 6.5. Electromagnetic Theory of Light. Scale of Electromagnetic Waves 6.6. Experiments with Electromagnetic Waves 6.7. Popov’s Invention of Radio 6.8. Modern Radio Communication 6.9. Other Applications of Radio 6.10. Propagation of Radio Waves 6.11. Concluding Remarks Part Two Geometrical Optics Chapter 7 Light Phenomena: General 7.1. Effects of Light 7.2. Interference of Light. Colours of Thin Films 7.3. Brief Information from the History of Optics Chapter 8 Photometry and Lighting Engineering 8.1. Radiant Energy. Luminous Flux 8.2. Point Sources of Light 8.3. Luminous Intensity and Illuminance 8.4. Laws of Illumination 8.5. Units of Photometric Quantities 8.6. Brightness of Sources 8.7. Problems of Lighting Engineering 8.8. Appliances for Concentrating Luminous Flux 8.9. Reflectors and Scatterers 8.10. Brightness of Illuminated Surfaces. 8.11. Photometry and Measuring Instruments Chapter 9 Basic Laws of Geometrical Optics 9.1. Rectilinearity of Wave Propagation 9.2. Rectilinear Propagation of Light. Light Rays 9.3. Laws of Reflection and Refraction of Light 9.4. Reversibility of Light Rays 9.5. Refractive Index 9.6. Total Internal Reflection 9.7. Refraction in a Plane-parallel Plate 9.8. Refraction in a Prism Chapter 10 Application of Reflection and Refraction of Light for Image Formation 10.1. Light Source and Its Image 10.2. Refraction in a Lens. Focal Points 10.3. Images of Points Located on the Principal Optical Axis of a Lens. Lens Equation 10.4. Applications of the Thin Lens Equation. Real and Virtual Images 10.5. Image of a Point Source and of an Extended Object Formed by a Plane Mirror. Image of a Point Source Formed by a Spherical Mirror 10.6. Focal Point and Focal Length of a Spherical Mirror 10.7. Relation Between the Positions of a Source and Its Image on the Principal Optical Axis of a Spherical Mirror 10.8. Methods of Preparation of Lenses and Mirrors 10.9. Images of Extended Objects Formed by Spherical Mirrors and Lenses 10.10. Magnification of Images Formed by Spherical Mirrors and Lenses 10.11. Image Formation by Spherical Mirrors and Lenses 10.12. Optical Power of Lenses Chapter 11 Optical Systems and Errors 11.1. Optical System 11.2. Principal Planes and Principal Points of a System 11.3. Image Construction in a System 11.4. Magnification of a System 11.5. Drawbacks of Optical Systems 11.6. Spherical Aberration 11.7. Astigmatism 11.8. Chromatic Aberration 11.9. Confinement of Beam Cross Sectionsin Optical Systems 11.10. Lens Aperture 11.11. Brightness of Image Chapter 12 Optical Instruments 12.1. Projection Optical Instruments 12.2. Photographic Camera 12.3. The Human Eye as an Optical System 12.4. Optical Instruments Outfitting the Eye 12.5. Magnifying Glasses 12.6. Microscopes 12.7. Resolving Power of Microscopes 12.8. Telescopes 12.9. Magnification of Telescopes 12.10. Telescopes in Astronomy 12.11. Image Brightness for Extended and Point Sources 12.12. Lomonosov’s Telescope 12.13. Binocular Vision and Sensation of Depth. Stereoscopes Part Three Physical Optics Chapter 13 Interference of Light 13.1. Geometrical and Physical Optics 13.2. Experimental Realization of Interference of Light 13.3. Explanation of Thin Film Colours 13.4. Newton’s Rings 13.5. Calculation of Wavelength of Light with the Help of Newton’s Rings Chapter 14 Diffraction of Light 14.1. Bundles of Rays and the Shape of Wave Surface 14.2. Huygens’ Principle 14.3. Reflection and Refraction from the Viewpoint of Huygens’ Principle 14.4. Huygens’ Principle in Fresnel Interpretation 14.5. Simple Diffraction Phenomena 14.6. Explanation of Diffraction by Fresnel’s Method 14.7. Resolving .Power of Optical Instruments 14.8. Diffraction Grating 14.9. Diffraction Grating as a Spectral Instrument 14.10. Preparation of Diffraction Gratings 14.11. Diffraction at an Oblique Incidence of Light on a Grating Chapter 15 Physical Principles of Optical Holography 15.1. Photography and Holography 15.2. Holographic Recording with a Plane Reference Wave 15.3. Obtaining Optical Images by Reconstructing the Wave Front 15.4. Holographing by Opposing Light Beam Method 15.5. Application of Holography to Optical Interferometry Chapter 16 Polarization of Light. TransverseNature of Light Waves 16.1. Passage of Light Through Tourmaline 16.2. Hypotheses Explaining Observed Phenomena. Polarized Light 16.3. Mechanical Model of Polarization 16.4. Polaroids 16.5. Thinsverse Nature of Light Waves and Electromagnetic Theory of Light Chapter 17 Electromagnetic Spectrum 17.1. Methods of Investigating Electromagnetic Waves of Different Wavelengths 17.2. Infrared and Ultraviolet Radiation 17.3. Discovery of X-rays 17.4. Effects of X-rays 17.5. X-ray Ihbe 17.6. Origination and Nature of X-rays 17.7. Scale of Electromagnetic Waves Chapter 18 Speed of Light 18.1. First Attempts to Determine the Speed of Light 18.2. Determination of the Speed of Light by Roemer 18.3. Measurement of the Speed of Lightby Rotating-Mirror Method Chapter 19 Dispersion of Light and Colours ofBodies 19.1. State-of-the-art in Chromatography Before Newton’s Studies 19.2. Main Discovery of Newton in Optics 19.3. Interpretation of Newton’s Observations 19.4. Dispersion of Refractive Indicesfor Different Materials 19.5. Complementary Colours 19.6. Spectral Composition of Light Emitted by Various Sources 19.7. Light and Colours of Bodies 19.8. Absorption, Reflection and Transmission Coefficients 19.10. Coloured Bodies Illuminated by Coloured Light 19.11. Masking and Unmasking 19.12. Colour Saturation 19.13. Colour of the Sky and Dawns Chapter 20 Spectra and Spectral Regularities 20.1. Spectroscopic Instrumentation 20.2. types of Emission Spectra 20.3. Origin of Different Types of Spectra 20.4. Spectral Laws 20.5. Spectral Analysis Using Emission Spectra 20.6. Absorption Spectra of Liquids and Solids 20.7. Absorption Spectra of Atoms. Fraunhofer Lines 20.8. Investigation of Red-Hot Bodies. Blackbody 20.9. Temperature Dependence of Emission of Red-Hot Bodies. Incandescent Lamps 20.10. Optical Pyrometry Chapter 21 Effects of Light 21.1. Action of Light on a Substance. Photoelectric Effect 21.2. Laws of Photoelectric Effect 21.3. Light Quanta 21.4. Application of Photoelectric Phenomena 21.5. Photoluminescence. Stokes’ Shift 21.6. Physical Meaning of Stokes’ Shift 21.7. Luminescent Analysis 21.8. Photochemical Action of Light 21.9. The Role of Wavelength in Photochemical Processes 21.10. Photography 21.11. Photochemical Theory of Vision 21.12. Duration of Visual Sensation Part Four Atomic and Nuclear Physics Chapter 22 Atomic Structure 22.1. Atoms 22.2. Avogadro’s Constant. Size and Mass of Atoms 22.3. Elementary Electric Charge 22.4. Units of Charge, Mass and Energy in Atomic Physics 22.5. Measurement of Mass of Charged Particles. Mass Spectrograph 22.6. Electron Mass. Velocity Dependence of Electron Mass 22.7. Einstein’s Law 22.8. Mass of Atoms. Isotopes 22.9. Isotope Separation. Heavy Water 22.10. Nuclear Model of Atom 22.11. Energy Levels of Atoms 22.12. Induced Emission of Light. Quantum Generators 22.13. Hydrogen Atom. Peculiarities of Motion of an Electron in an Atom 22.14. Many-Electron Atoms. Origin of Optical and X-Ray Spectra of Atoms 22.15. Mendeleev’s Periodic System of Elements 22.16. Quantum and Wave Properties of Photons 22.17. Fundamentals of Quantum (Wave) Mechanics Chapter 23 Radioactivity 23.1. Discovery of Radioactivity. Radioactive Elements 23.2. Alpha-, Beta- and Gamma-Radiation. Wilson Cloud Chamber. 23.3. Methods of Detecting Charged Particles 23.4. Properties of Radioactive Radiation 23.5. Radioactive Decay and Radioactive Thinsformations 23.6. Applications of Radioactivity 23.7. Accelerators Chapter 24 Atomic Nuclei and Nuclear Power 24.1. Nuclear Reactions 24.2. Nuclear Reactions and Transformation of Elements 243. Properties of Neutrons 24.4. Nuclear Reactions Induced by Neutrons 24.5. Artificial Radioactivity 24.6. Positron 24.7. Application of Einstein’s Law to Annihilation and Pair Formation 24.8. The Structure of Atomic Nuclei 24.9. Nuclear Energy. Energy Sources of Stars 24.10. Uranium Fission. Chain Nuclear Reaction 24.11. Application of Nondecaying Chain Fission Reaction. Atom and Hydrogen Bombs 24.12. Nuclear Reactors and Their Applications Chapter 25 Elementary Particles 25.1. General Remarks 25.2. Neutrino 25.3. Nuclear Forces. Mesons 25.4. Particles and Antiparticles 25.5. Particles and Interactions 25.6. Detectors of Elementary Particles 25.7. Clock Paradox 25.8. Cosmic Radiation (Cosmic Rays) Chapter 26 New Achievements in Elementary-Particle Physics 26.1. Accelerators and Experimental Technology 26.2. Hadrons and Quarks 26.3. Quark Structure of Hadrons 26.4. Quark Model and Formation and Decay of Hadrons 26.5. Leptons. Intermediate Bosons. The Unity of All Interactions Answers and Solutions Part I Oscillations and Waves Part II Geometrical Optics Part III Physical Optics Part IV Atomic and Nuclear Physics Conclusion Index Back Jacket Back Cover