Herbal Medicine Applications for Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome

Description

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a multifaceted reproductive, metabolic syndrome, and its symptoms involve interactions between hormones, genes, and environmental stressors. The characteristic symptoms of PCOS include menstrual abnormalities such as oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea. The general symptoms of PCOS are anovulation or oligo-ovulation. Herbal Medicine Applications for Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome provides comprehensive information on different aspects of PCOS, including its pathogenesis, symptoms, therapies, and management, particularly through herbal remedies. With 13 chapters related to different aspects of PCOS, this book provides enormous knowledge about the pathogenesis and role of different therapeutic strategies globally. These chapters have been contributed by researchers from across the globe from Europe to Asia, who highlight the importance of herbal medicines in the treatment of a reproductive disorder such as PCOS. This book also serves as a simple compendium for undergraduate and postgraduate students, researchers, and pharmaceutical companies to understand the fundamental concepts of herbal treatment use with regard to basic mechanisms, sources, and positive impact. Readers will find an articulate package of knowledge compiled about pathogenesis and complications of PCOS and the role of herbs in the development of drugs for the treatment of reproductive disorders. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents Forewords Editors Preface List of Contributors Chapter 1 Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS): Signs, Symptoms, Epidemiology, Environmental Stress, Management Strategies and Current Therapies 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1 Characteristics 1.1.2 Signs and Symptoms 1.2 History of PCOS 1.3 Pathogenesis of PCOS 1.3.1 Hormones 1.3.2 Environmental Stressors 1.3.3 Genetic Factors 1.4 Risk Factors of PCOS 1.5 Prevalence of PCOS 1.6 Effect of the Diagnostic Criteria on Prevalence 1.7 Conclusion Bibliography Chapter 2 Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS): Regulation of Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis and Steroidogenesis: A Perspective Toward Control of PCOS 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Brief Account on PCOS 2.3 Risk Factors of PCOS and their Implications 2.3.1 Obesity 2.3.1.1 Role of Obesity as a Risk Factor in PCOS Patients 2.3.2 Dyslipidemia 2.3.2.1 Role of Dyslipidemia in the Development of Various Anomalities 2.3.3 Insulin Resistance and PCOS 2.3.4 Premature Ovarian Failure 2.3.5 Genetic Causes 2.3.6 Genetics of PCOS and its Inheritance 2.3.7 Adrenal Dysfunction and PCOS 2.3.7.1 Metabolism of Cortisol and Adrenocortical Biosynthesis in Women with PCOS 2.3.8 Elevation of APA in PCOS 2.3.8.1 Elevated APA May Act as a Risk Factor in PCOS 2.3.9 Oxidative Stress 2.3.9.1 Sources Producing Free Radicals in PCOS 2.3.10 Markers of Inflammation 2.3.10.1 C-Reactive Protein 2.3.10.2 Cytokines and Chemokines Involved in Chronic Inflammation 2.3.11 Lifestyle and Hormonal Misbalance to Develop PCOS 2.3.11.1 Lifestyle Changes 2.3.11.2 Smoking 2.3.11.3 Sleep 2.3.11.4 Impact of Stress in Lifestyle 2.3.11.5 Diet 2.3.11.6 Obesity 2.3.11.7 Hormonal Imbalance in PCOS 2.4 Management of PCOS 2.4.1 Management of Hypothalamic-Pituitary Failure 2.4.1.1 Neurokinin 3 Receptor Reducing GnRH Pulsatility 2.4.1.2 Use of Oral Contraceptives and Letrozole 2.4.1.3 Mechanistic Pathways Information 2.4.2 Evaluation and Management of Ovarian Insufficiency 2.4.2.1 Hyperandrogenism 2.4.2.2 Chronic Anovulation 2.4.3 Therapeutic Interventions for PCOS 2.4.3.1 Treatment of Androgen-Related Symptoms 2.4.3.2 Treatment of Infertility 2.4.3.3 Treatment of Mensuration Dysfunction 2.4.3.4 Other Therapeutic Possibility Against PCOS 2.4.3.5 Statins 2.4.3.6 Traditional/Folk Medicine in PCOS 2.4.3.7 Vitamin D and Calcium 2.5 Conclusion Bibliography Chapter 3 Potential Phytotherapeutic Intervention for the Treatment of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome 3.1 Introduction 3.2 PCOS and Reproductive Impairments 3.3 Therapeutic Drugs in PCOS 3.3.1 Oral Contraceptive Pill 3.3.1.1 Metformin 3.3.1.2 Clomiphene Citrate 3.4 Phytotherapeutic Interventions in PCOS 3.4.1 Quercetin 3.4.1.1 Quercetin as Phytotherapeutics 3.4.2 6-Gingerol 3.4.3 6-Gingerol as Phytotherapeutics 3.4.4 Resveratrol 3.4.4.1 Resveratrol as Phytotherapeutics 3.5 Conclusion Bibliography Chapter 4 Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS): The "Green Healers" an Ayurvedic Eye 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Etiology of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome 4.3 Symptoms of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome 4.4 Management of PCOS 4.4.1 Allopathic Therapy 4.4.1.1 Combined Oral Contraceptive Pills (COCPs) 4.4.1.2 Clomiphene Citrate 4.4.1.3 Tamoxifen 4.4.1.4 Metformin (Side Effects) 4.4.1.5 Letrozole (Side Effects) 4.4.2 Treatment of PCOS Through Medicinal Plants and Herbs 4.4.2.1 Mentha Spicata (Spearmint) 4.4.2.2 Cinnamomum sp. (Cinnamon) 4.4.2.3 Camellia Sinensis (Green Tea) 4.4.2.4 Aloe Barbadensis (Aloe Vera) 4.4.2.5 Actaea Racemosa (Black Cohosh) 4.4.2.6 Ocimum sp. (Holy Basil) 4.4.2.7 Linum Usitatissimum (Flaxseed) 4.4.2.8 Curcuma Longa (Curcumin) 4.4.2.9 Vitex Agnus-Castus (Chaste Berry) 4.4.2.10 Sesamum Indicum (Sesame Seeds) 4.4.2.11 Cucurbita Pepo (Pumpkin Seeds) 4.4.2.12 Trigonella Foenum (Fenugreek) 4.4.2.13 Trifolium Pretense (Red Clover) 4.4.2.14 Foeniculum Vulgare (Fennel Seeds) 4.5 Conclusion Bibliography Chapter 5 Concept of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: Anti-PCOS Plantsin the Unani System of Medicines 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Brief Account on PCOS 5.3 Principles of Unani Medicine 5.3.1 Arkan or Anasir (Element) 5.3.2 Mizaj (Temperament) 5.3.3 Akhlat (Humors-Body Fluids) 5.3.4 Aaza (Organs) 5.3.5 Arwah (Spirits) 5.3.6 Quwa 5.3.7 Afa'l (Functions) 5.4 Different Plants and their Utilization in Unani Medicine System 5.4.1 Melissa Officinalis 5.4.2 Azadirachta Indica 5.4.3 Abrusprecatorius 5.4.4 Tephrosia Purpurea 5.4.5 Trigonella Foenum-Graecum 5.4.6 Linumusitatissimum 5.4.7 Mentha Spicata 5.4.8 Cinnamomum Zeylanicum 5.4.9 Camellia Sinensis 5.4.10 Nigella Sativa 5.5 Challenges in the System of Unani Medicines 5.6 Conclusion Bibliography Chapter 6 Therapeutic and Pharmacological Perspectives of Some Herbal Resources for the Treatment of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: A Fast-Spreading Endocrine Disorder 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Causes of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) 6.2.1 Obesity 6.2.2 Insulin Resistance 6.2.3 Hyperandrogenism 6.2.4 Hormonal Alteration 6.2.5 Genetic Factors 6.3 Prescribed Treatment for PCOS 6.4 Therapeutic Effects of Some Herbal Resources on PCOS 6.4.1 Aloe Vera 6.4.1.1 Major Bioactive Constituents of Aloe Vera 6.4.1.2 Pharmacological Effects 6.4.2 Cinnamon 6.4.2.1 Major Bioactive Constituents of Cinnamon 6.4.2.2 Pharmacological Effects 6.4.3 Fennel 6.4.3.1 Major Bioactive Constituents of Fennel 6.4.4 Liquorice 6.4.4.1 Major Bioactive Constituents of Liquorice 6.4.4.2 Pharmacological Effects 6.4.5 Pomegranate 6.4.5.1 Major Bioactive Constituents of Pomegranate 6.4.5.2 Pharmacological Effects 6.4.6 Soybean 6.4.6.1 Major Bioactive Constituents of Soybean 6.4.6.2 Pharmacological Effects 6.4.7 Spearmint 6.4.7.1 Major Bioactive Constituents of Spearmint 6.4.7.2 Pharmacological Effects 6.5 Conclusion Bibliography Chapter 7 Molecular Insight of Active Plant-Based Drug Moleculesfor the Treatment of PCOS 7.1 Introduction 7.1.1 A Concise Description of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) 7.1.2 Clinical Manifestations of PCOS 7.1.3 The Pathophysiology and Etiology of PCOS 7.1.4 Management of PCOS 7.2 Plant-Based Drug Molecules for the Treatment of PCOS 7.2.1 Chamomile and its Natural Molecules 7.2.1.1 Effects of Bioactive Compounds of Chamomile on PCOS 7.2.2 Liquorice and its Natural Molecules 7.2.2.1 Effects of Bioactive Compounds in Liquorice on PCOS 7.2.3 Cinnamon and its Natural Molecules 7.2.3.1 Effects of Bioactive Compounds in Cinnamon on PCOS 7.2.4 Flaxseed and its Natural Molecules 7.2.4.1 Effects of Bioactive Compounds in Flaxseed on PCOS 7.2.5 Aloe vera and its Natural Molecules 7.2.5.1 Effects of Bioactive Compounds in Aloe Vera on PCOS 7.3 Conclusions Bibliography Chapter 8 Current Understanding on Pathophysiological Insight and Experimental Animal Model to Study Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) and the Role of Phytobiotics as a Potential Therapeutic Intervention 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Classification and Etiology of PCOS 8.3 Pathophysiology of PCOS 8.3.1 Clinical Features 8.3.2 Endocrine Characteristics of PCOS 8.3.3 Sex Hormones 8.3.4 Importance of Neuroendocrine Control of Gonadotropin in PCOS 8.4 Metabolic Characteristics of PCOS 8.4.1 Hyperandrogenism 8.4.2 Oxidative Stress and ROS Production 8.4.3 Inflammatory Response 8.4.4 Hypertrophy of Adipose Tissue 8.5 Molecular Pathophysiology and Role Mitochondrial Dysfunction in PCOS 8.6 Oxidative Stress and Novel Risk Markers in PCOS 8.7 Role of Mitochondrial and Endoplasmic Reticulum 8.8 High-Altitude Environment and Hypoxia in PCOS 8.9 Various Risk Factors in PCOS 8.10 Incidence of PCOS in Men 8.11 Herbal Medicines in Management and Treatment of PCOS 8.11.1 Vitexagnuscastus 8.11.2 Cimicifugaracemosa 8.11.3 Tribulusterrestris 8.11.4 Glycyrrhiza Spp 8.12 Animal Models for PCOS Studies in Human 8.13 Limitations of Using Animal Models in PCOS Studies 8.14 Conclusions Bibliography Chapter 9 Tanshinone IIA, Curcumin, and Rutin Phytotherapy: A Natural Treatment for Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Phytotherapy for PCOS 9.2.1 Allopathic Drug 9.2.2 Clomiphene Citrate 9.2.3 Metformin 9.2.4 Gonadotropins 9.2.5 Aromatase Inhibitors 9.2.6 Tamoxifen 9.2.7 Troglitazone 9.2.8 Spironolactone 9.3 Tanshinone II A 9.3.1 PCOS: Effects of TSIIA on Ovarian Morphology in Mice 9.4 Curcumin 9.5 Rutin 9.6 Conclusion Bibliography Chapter 10 Apigenin, Catechins and Soy Isoflavones as a Natural Treatment for Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome 10.1 Background 10.1.1 PCOS: Its Symptoms and Etiology 10.1.2 Conventional PCOS Treatment and its Secondary Effects 10.1.2.1 Clomiphene Citrate 10.1.2.2 Metformin 10.1.2.3 Oral Contraceptives (OCCs) 10.1.2.4 Gonadotropins 10.2 Flavonoids 10.2.1 Classification of Flavonoids 10.2.1.1 Flavonols 10.2.1.2 Flavones 10.2.1.3 Flavanones 10.2.1.4 Flavanols 10.2.1.5 Anthocyanins 10.2.1.6 Isoflavones 10.2.1.7 Chalcones 10.2.2 Therapeutic Implications of Flavonoids 10.3 Therapeutic Potential of Apigenin in PCOS Treatment 10.3.1 Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidative Activities of Apigenin 10.3.2 Regulation of Hormonal Imbalances and Reproductive Health by Apigenin 10.4 Therapeutic Potential of Catechin in PCOS Treatment 10.4.1 Anti-Inflammatory Plus Antioxidative Properties of Catechin 10.4.2 Management of Weight and Hormonal Disturbances with Catechins 10.5 Therapeutic Potential of SIFs in PCOS Treatment 10.5.1 Antioxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of SIFs 10.5.2 Anti-Osteoporotic Activity of SIFs 10.5.3 SIFs Affect Hormonal Disturbance, Lipid Profile and Reproductive Health of PCOS Tolerants 10.6 Conclusion Bibliography Chapter 11 Resveratrol, 6-Gingerol, and Quercetin as a Natural Treatment for Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Resveratrol 11.2.1 Structure and General Features of Resveratrol 11.2.2 Resveratrol for the Treatment of PCOS 11.3 Gingerol 11.3.1 Structure and General Features of Gingerol 11.3.2 Gingerol for the Treatment of PCOS 11.4 QUERCETIN 11.4.1 Structure and General Features of QUERCETIN (QUR) 11.4.2 QUERCETIN for the Treatment of PCOS 11.5 Conclusion Bibliography Chapter 12 Role of Environmental Factors in PCOS Development and Progression 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Prevalence of PCOS 12.3 Sign and Symptoms 12.4 Pathophysiology 12.5 Environmental Toxins 12.5.1 Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) and PCOS 12.5.1.1 Bisphenol A (BPA) 12.5.1.2 Phthalates 12.5.1.3 Triclosan (TCS) 12.5.1.4 Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) 12.5.1.5 Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) 12.5.2 Lifestyle 12.5.2.1 Effect of Diet and Nutrition 12.5.2.2 Induction of PCOS by Hyperglycemic Food 12.5.2.3 Mechanism 12.5.3 Dysbiosis of Gut Microbiota (DOGMA) 12.5.3.1 Metabolic Endotoxemia 12.5.3.2 Activation of Immune System/Inflammation 12.5.4 Hyperinsulinemia 12.5.5 Hyperandrogenism 12.5.6 Obesity and Exercise 12.5.7 Socioeconomic Status 12.5.8 Geographical Variations 12.6 Conclusion 12.7 Future Perspectives Bibliography Chapter 13 Melatonin as a Possible Chronobiotic/Cytoprotective Therapy in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Melatonin in PCOS 13.3 Conclusion Bibliography Index