Integration of Renewable Energy Sources with Smart Grid

Description

This book starts with an overview of renewable energy technologies, smart grid technologies, energy storage systems, and covers the details of renewable energy integration with smart grid and the corresponding controls. This book provides better views on power scenario in developing countries.  The requirement of the integration of smart grid along with the energy storage systems are deeply discussed to acknowledge the importance of sustainable development of smart city.  The methodologies are made quite possible with the high-efficient power convertor topologies and intelligent control schemes.  These control schemes are capable to provide better control with the help of machine intelligence techniques and artificial intelligence.  The book also addresses the modern power convertor topologies and the corresponding control schemes for renewable energy integration with smart grid.  The design and analysis of power converters that are used for grid integration of solar PV along with simulation and experimental results are illustrated. The protection aspects of the microgrid with power electronic configurations for wind energy systems are elucidated.  Cover Half-Title Page Title Page Copyright Page Contents Preface 1 Renewable Energy Technologies 1. Introduction 1.1 Types of Renewable Energy 1.1.1 Solar Energy 1.1.2 Wind Energy 1.1.3 Fuel Cell 1.1.4 Biomass Energy 1.1.5 Hydro-Electric Energy 1.1.6 Geothermal Energy References 2 Present Power Scenario in India 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Thermal Power Plant 2.2.1 Components of Thermal Power Plant 2.2.2 Major Thermal Power Plants in India 2.3 Gas-Based Power Generation 2.3.1 Basics of Gas-Based Power Generation 2.3.2 Major Gas-Based Power Plants in India 2.4 Nuclear Power Plants 2.4.1 India’s Hold in Nuclear Power 2.4.2 Major Nuclear Power Plants 2.4.3 Currently Operational Nuclear Power Plants 2.4.4 Challenges of Nuclear Power Plants 2.5 Hydropower Generation 2.5.1 Pumped Storage Plants 2.6 Solar Power 2.6.1 Photovoltaic 2.6.2 Photovoltaic Solar Power System 2.6.3 Concentrated Solar Power System 2.6.4 Major Solar Parks in India 2.7 Wind Energy 2.8 The Inherited Structure References 3 Introduction to Smart Grid 3.1 Need for Smart Grid in India 3.2 Present Power Scenario in India 3.2.1 Performance of Generation From Conventional Sources 3.2.2 Status of Renewable Energy Sources 3.3 Electric Grid 3.3.1 Evolving Scenario of the Electric Grid 3.4 Overview of Smart Grids 3.4.1 Purpose of Smart Grid 3.5 Smart Grid Components for Transmission System 3.5.1 Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System 3.5.2 Energy Management System 3.5.3 Wide-Area Monitoring System 3.6 Smart Grid Functions Used in Distribution System 3.6.1 Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System 3.6.2 Distribution Management System 3.6.3 Distribution Automation 3.6.4 Substation Automation 3.6.5 Advanced Metering Infrastructure 3.6.6 Geographical Information System 3.6.7 Peak Load Management 3.6.8 Demand Response 3.6.9 Power Quality Management 3.6.10 Outage Management System 3.6.11 Distribution Transformer Monitoring System 3.6.12 Enterprise Application Integration 3.6.13 Smart Street Lights 3.6.14 Energy Storage 3.6.15 Cyber Security 3.6.16 Analytics 3.7 Case Study: Techno-Economic Analysis 3.7.1 Peak Load Shaving and Metering Efficiency 3.7.2 Outage Management System 3.7.3 Loss Detection 3.7.4 Tamper Analysis 3.8 Case Study: Solar PV Awareness of Puducherry SG Pilot Project 3.9 Recent Trends in Smart Grids 3.9.1 Smart GRIP Architecture 3.9.2 Implementation of Smart Meter With Prepaid Facility References 4 Internet of Things–Based Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) for Smart Grids 4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 Smart Grids 4.1.2 Smart Meters 4.2 Advanced Metering Infrastructure 4.2.1 Smart Devices 4.2.2 Communication 4.2.3 Data Management System 4.2.4 Mathematical Modeling 4.2.5 Energy Theft Detection Techniques 4.3 IoT-Based Advanced Metering Infrastructure 4.3.1 Intrusion Detection System 4.4 Results 4.5 Discussion 4.6 Conclusion and Future Scope References 5 Requirements for Integrating Renewables With Smart Grid 5.1 Introduction 5.1.1 Smart Grid 5.1.2 Renewable Energy Resources 5.1.3 How Smart Grids Enable Renewables 5.1.4 Smart Grid and Distributed Generation 5.1.5 Grid Integration Terminologies 5.2 Challenges in Integrating Renewables Into Smart Grid 5.2.1 The Power Flow Control of Distributed Energy Resources 5.2.2 Investments on New Renewable Energy Generations 5.2.3 Transmission Expansion 5.2.4 Improved Flexibility 5.2.5 High Penetration of Renewables in Future 5.2.6 Standardizing Control of ESS 5.2.7 Regulations 5.2.8 Standards 5.3 Conclusion References 6 Grid Energy Storage Technologies 6.1 Introduction 6.1.1 Need of Energy Storage System 6.1.2 Services Provided by Energy Storage System 6.2 Grid Energy Storage Technologies: Classification 6.2.1 Pumped Hydro Storage System 6.2.2 Compressed Air Storage System 6.2.3 Flywheel Energy Storage System 6.2.4 Superconducting Magnet Storage System 6.2.5 Battery Storage System 6.2.6 Capacitors and Super Capacitor Storage System 6.2.7 Fuel Cell Energy Storage System 6.2.8 Thermal Storage System 6.3 Grid Energy Storage Technologies: Analogy 6.4 Applications of Energy Storage System 6.5 Power Conditioning of Energy Storage System 6.6 Conclusions References 7 Multi-Mode Power Converter Topology for Renewable Energy Integration With Smart Grid 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Literature Survey 7.3 System Architecture 7.3.1 Solar PV Array 7.3.2 Wind Energy Generator 7.4 Modes of Operation of Multi-Mode Power Converter 7.4.1 Buck Mode 7.4.2 Boost Mode 7.4.3 Bi-Directional Mode 7.5 Control Scheme 7.5.1 Mode Selection 7.5.2 Maximum Power Point Tracking 7.5.3 Reconfigurable SPWM Generation 7.6 Results and Discussion 7.7 Conclusion References 8 Decoupled Control With Constant DC Link Voltage for PV-Fed Single-Phase Grid Connected Systems 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Schematic of the Grid-Tied Solar PV System 8.2.1 DC Link Voltage Controller 8.2.2 MPPT Controller 8.2.3 SPWM-Based dq Controller 8.3 Simulation and Experimental Results of the Grid Tied Solar PV System 8.4 Conclusion References 9 Wind Energy Conversion System Feeding Remote Microgrid 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Literature Review 9.3 Direct Grid Connected Configurations of Three-Phase WDIG Feeding Single-Phase Grid 9.4 Three-Phase WDIG Feeding Single-Phase Grid With Power Converters 9.5 Performance of the Three-Phase Wind Generator System Feeding Power to Single-Phase Grid 9.5.1 Wind Turbine Characteristics 9.5.2 Generator Analysis 9.6 Power Converter Configurations 9.6.1 Configuration 1: WDIG With Uncontrolled Rectifier–Line Commutated Inverter 9.6.2 Configuration 2: WDIG With Uncontrolled Rectifier–(DC-DC)–Line Commutated Inverter 9.6.3 Configuration 3: WDIG With Uncontrolled Rectifier–Voltage Source Inverter 9.7 Summary References 10 Microgrid Protection 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Necessity of Distributed Energy Resources 10.3 Concept of Microgrid 10.4 Why the Protection With Microgrid is Different From the Conventional Distribution System Protection 10.4.1 Role of the Type of DER on Protection 10.5 Foremost Challenges in Microgrid Protection 10.5.1 Relay Blinding 10.5.2 Variations in Fault Current Level 10.5.3 Selectivity 10.5.4 False/Unnecessary Tripping 10.5.5 Loss of Mains (Islanding Condition) 10.6 Microgrid Protection 10.6.1 Overcurrent Protection 10.6.2 Distance Protection 10.6.3 Differential Protection 10.6.4 Hybrid Tripping Relay Characteristic 10.6.5 Voltage-Based Methods 10.6.6 Adaptive Protection Methods 10.7 Literature Survey 10.8 Comparison of Various Existing Protection Schemes for Microgrids 10.9 Loss of Mains (Islanding) 10.10 Necessity to Detect the Unplanned Islanding 10.10.1 Health Hazards to Maintenance Personnel 10.10.2 Unsynchronized Reclosing 10.10.3 Ineffective Grounding 10.10.4 Inept Protection 10.10.5 Loss of Voltage and Frequency Control 10.11 Unplanned Islanding Identification Methods 10.11.1 Communication-Based Methods (Remote Method) 10.11.2 Non-Communication–Based Methods (Local Method) 10.12 Comparison of Unplanned Islanding Identification Methods 10.13 Discussion 10.14 Conclusion References 11 Microgrid Optimization and Integration of Renewable Energy Resources: Innovation, Challenges and Prospects 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Microgrids 11.3 Renewable Energy Sources 11.3.1 Renewable Energy Technologies (RETs) 11.3.2 Distributed Storage Technologies 11.3.3 Combined Heat and Power 11.4 Integration of RES in Microgrid 11.5 Microgrid Optimization Schemes 11.5.1 Load Forecasting Schemes 11.5.2 Generation Unit Control 11.5.3 Storage Unit Control 11.5.4 Data Monitoring and Transmission 11.5.5 Energy Management and Power Flow 11.6 Challenges in Implementation of Microgrids 11.7 Future Prospects of Microgrids 11.8 Conclusion References 12 Challenges in Planning and Operation of Large-Scale Renewable Energy Resources Such as Solar and Wind 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Solar Grid Integration 12.3 Wind Energy Grid Integration 12.4 Challenges in the Integration of Renewable Energy Systems with Grid 12.4.1 Disturbances in the Grid Side 12.4.2 Virtual Synchronous Machine Method 12.4.3 Frequency Control 12.4.4 Solar Photovoltaic Array in Frequency Regulation 12.4.5 Harmonics 12.5 Electrical Energy Storage (EES) 12.6 Conclusion References 13 Mitigating Measures to Address Challenges of Renewable Integration— Forecasting, Scheduling, Dispatch, Balancing, Monitoring, and Control 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Microgrid 13.2.1 Types of Microgrid 13.3 Large-Scale Integration of Renewables: Issues and Challenges 13.4 A Review on Short-Term Load Forecasting Methods 13.4.1 Short-Term Load Forecasting Methods 13.5 Overview on Control of Microgrid 13.5.1 Need for Microgrid Control 13.5.2 Fully Centralized Control 13.5.3 Decentralized Control 13.5.4 Hierarchical Control 13.6 Measures to Support Large-Scale Renewable Integration 13.6.1 Basic Idea of Preventive Control References 14 Mitigation Measures for Power Quality Issues in Renewable Energy Integration and Impact of IoT in Grid Control 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Impact of Power Quality Issues 14.2.1 Power Quality in Renewable Energy 14.2.2 Power Quality Issues in Wind and Solar Renewable Energy 14.3 Mitigation of Power Quality Issues 14.3.1 UPQC 14.3.2 DVR 14.3.3 D-STATCOM 14.3.4 UPS 14.3.5 TVSS 14.3.6 Internet of Things in Distributed Generations Systems 14.4 Discussions 14.5 Conclusion and Future Scope References 15 Smart Grid Implementations and Feasibilities 15.1 Introduction 15.1.1 Smart Grid Technologies—Literature Review 15.2 Need for Smart Grid 15.2.1 Smart Grid Description 15.3 Smart Grid Sensing, Measurement, Control, and Automation Technologies 15.3.1 Advanced Metering Infrastructure 15.3.2 Key Components of AMI 15.3.3 Smart Meter 15.3.4 Communication Infrastructure and Protocols for AMI 15.3.5 Benefits of AMI 15.3.6 Peak Load Management 15.3.7 Distribution Management System 15.3.8 Distribution Automation System 15.4 Implementation of Smart Grid Project 15.4.1 Challenges and Issues of SG Implementation 15.4.2 Smart Grid Implementation in India: Puducherry Pilot Project 15.4.3 Power Quality of the Smart Grid 15.5 Solar PV System Implementation Barriers 15.6 Smart Grid and Microgrid in Other Areas 15.6.1 Maritime Power System 15.6.2 Space Electrical Grids 15.7 Conclusion References Index EULA