E-Mobility: A New Era in Automotive Technology (EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing)

Description

The book provides easy interpretable explanations for the key technologies involved in Electric Vehicles and Hybrid Electric Vehicles. The authors discuss the various electrical machines, drives, and controls used in EV and HEV. The book provides a detailed coverage of Regenerative Braking Systems used in EV and HEV. The book also illustrates the battery technology and battery management systems in EV and HEV.  This book is intended for academicians, researchers and industrialists. In addition, this book has the following features Discusses the various Economic and Environmental Impact of Electric and Hybrid Electric VehiclesDiscusses the role of Artificial Intelligence in Electric / Hybrid Electric VehiclesIllustrates the concept of Vehicle to Grid Technology and the smart charging station infrastructure and issues involved in the sameElucidates the concept of Internet of VehiclesPresents the latest research and applications in alternate energy vehicles  Preface Acknowledgements Contents About the Editors Chapter 1: Introduction to Electric Vehicles and Hybrid Electric Vehicles 1 Introduction to EV and HEV 2 Adverse Effect of Atmospheric Pollutants 3 Need for Electric Vehicles 4 History of Electric Vehicles 5 Classification of EV 6 Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV) 6.1 Major Components of EV 6.1.1 Energy Storage Devices 6.1.2 Electric Traction Motors 6.1.3 Power Electronic Modules 6.1.4 Battery Management Controller 6.1.5 Displays /Indicators (HMI Touch Panels) 6.1.6 Power Bus 6.1.7 Suspension Systems of EVS and HEVS 6.1.8 Regenerative Suspension System 6.1.9 Steering System of EVS and HEVS 6.1.10 EVS and HEVS´ Braking Systems 6.2 Universal Operating Modes of EV 6.3 Basic Configuration of Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV) 6.4 Working of EV Subsystems 6.5 Advantages of Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) 6.6 Disadvantages of Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) 7 Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) 7.1 Series Hybrid Electric Vehicle 7.1.1 Advantages 7.1.2 Disadvantages 7.2 Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle 7.2.1 Advantages 7.2.2 Disadvantages 7.3 Series-Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle 7.3.1 Advantages 7.3.2 Disadvantages 7.4 Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) 7.5 Various Charging Units and Methods 7.5.1 AC Charging 7.5.2 DC Charging 7.5.3 Inductive Charging 7.5.4 Battery Replacement 7.5.5 Vehicle-to-Grid Technology 7.5.6 TESLA´S Power Wall 7.5.7 Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) 7.5.8 Solar Charging 8 Future of Electric Vehicles References Chapter 2: Environmental Impact of Electric Vehicles 1 Introduction 2 Significant Features of Electric Vehicles 3 Power Source 4 Batteries 5 Battery Innovation and Cost 6 Environmental Effects of Electric Car Production 7 Growing Demand for Reusable and Recyclable Batteries 8 Need for Electricity 9 The Efficiency of Electric Cars Defined 10 Positive Impact of Electric Cars on Environment 11 Direct Environmental Impacts of Electric Vehicles 12 Indirect Environmental Impacts of Electric Vehicles 13 Economic Policies in World Nations 14 Summary References Chapter 3: Analysis of the Different Types of Electric Motors Used in Electric Vehicles 1 Introduction 2 Electric Motor in Electric Vehicle 2.1 Progress of the Electric Motors 2.2 Working of an Electric Motor 2.3 Alternating Current or Direct Current 2.4 Hierarchy of Electric Motors 2.5 Electric Vehicle Industries and the Environment 3 Motors in Electric Vehicles 3.1 Direct Current Motors 3.2 Induction Motors 3.3 Permanent Magnet Synchronous (PMS) Motors 3.4 Permanent Magnet Brushless DC and AC Motors 3.5 Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM) 3.6 Comparison of All the Motors Used in EVs and HEVs 4 Parameters Considered in Selecting the Electric Motors 4.1 Power Density 4.2 Energy Efficiency 4.3 Reliability 4.4 Cost Factor 5 Conclusion and Future Scope References Chapter 4: A Comprehensive Study on DC-DC and DC-AC Converters in Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles 1 Introduction 2 Electrical and Thermal Modeling 3 Power Electronics Intensive Solutions for HEVs 4 Introduction to DC-DC Converters 5 Stability of DC-DC Converters 6 Application of DC-DC Converters in Drives 7 Control Techniques in DC-DC Converters 8 DC-DC Converters in EV/HEV 9 DC-AC Converters in EV/HEV 9.1 Comparative Analysis of Two- and Three-Level Inverter 9.2 2-Level DC/AC Traction Inverter Drive 9.3 Three-Level Neutral Point Clamped (NPC) DC/AC Traction Inverter 9.4 DC-Link Voltage Balancing Scheme 9.5 Five-Leg Inverter for an Electric Vehicle in Wheel Motor Drive 10 Simulation of Three-Level Inverter 11 Conclusion References Chapter 5: Control Systems for Hybrid Electric Vehicle 1 Introduction 2 What Is Control? 3 Need for Control of HEV 4 Power Train Topologies for HEV 5 Operating Modes of HEV 6 Modeling of Power Train 7 Energy Management Strategies (EMS) 7.1 Rule-Based Energy Management Strategies (RB-EMSs) 7.1.1 Deterministic Strategies Optimal Working Condition-Based Strategies Thermostat (On/Off) Strategy Power Follower (Baseline) Strategy State Machine Strategy (Multi-Mode Strategy) Frequency-Decoupling Strategies 7.1.2 Fuzzy Logic (FL) Strategies 7.2 Optimization-Based (OB) EMSs 7.2.1 Offline Strategies Direct Algorithms Indirect Algorithms Gradient Algorithms 7.2.2 Online Strategies Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategies (ECMS) Model Predictive Control Based Strategies (MPC) Robust Control (RC) Sliding Mode Control (SMC) 7.3 Learning-Based EMSs 7.3.1 Reinforcement Learning 7.3.2 Supervised Learning 7.3.3 Unsupervised Learning 7.3.4 Neural Network Learning 8 Summary References Chapter 6: Power Flow in Hybrid Electric Vehicles and Battery Electric Vehicles 1 Introduction 2 Types of Electric Vehicles 3 Power Flow in HEVs and BEVs 3.1 Power Flow in HEV 3.1.1 Series HEV Powertrain and Modes of Operation 3.1.2 Parallel HEV Powertrain and Modes of Operation 3.1.3 Series-Parallel HEV Powertrain and Modes of Operation 3.1.4 Complex HEV Powertrain and Modes of Operation 3.2 Power Flow in Battery Electric Vehicles 3.3 Power Flow in Fuel Cell HEV (FCHEV) 3.4 Ultra Capacitor Electric Vehicles (UCEV) 4 Current Trends and Technology 5 Conclusion References Chapter 7: Energy Storage Devices and Front-End Converter Topologies for Electric Vehicle Applications 1 Introduction 2 Energy Storage Devices 2.1 Battery 2.2 Ultra-Capacitor (UC) 2.3 Mathematical Modeling of UC 2.4 Mathematical Modeling of Ultra-Capacitor (UC) 3 Front-End Converters in On-Board Charging Systems 4 Topologies in PFC 4.1 Conventional Boost PFC Converter 4.2 Interleaved Boost Converter 4.3 Bridgeless PFC 4.3.1 Bridgeless Boost PFC (Fig. 7.15) 4.3.2 Dual Boost PFC 4.3.3 Bridgeless Interleaved Boost PFC 5 Battery Charging Techniques 6 Conclusion References Chapter 8: Overview of Battery Management Systems in Electric Vehicles 1 Introduction 2 Battery Maintenance Parameters 2.1 Measurement of Cell Voltage and Controlling 2.2 Contactor Control 2.3 Monitoring the Isolation Parameter 2.4 Temperature Control 2.5 Communication 2.6 Battery SoC Measurement Principle 3 State of Health Estimation Techniques 3.1 Experimental Method 3.2 Model-Based Estimation 3.2.1 Adaptive Filtering Methods 4 Thermal Management 4.1 Liquid Cooling 4.2 Air Cooling 5 Summary References Chapter 9: Review on Regenerative Braking System 1 Introduction 2 Principle of Regenerative Braking 3 Research Findings on the Regenerative Braking System 4 Summary References Chapter 10: Vehicle to Grid Technology 1 Introduction 2 Vehicle to Grid Communication Flow Structure 3 Codes and Standards 4 Protocols 4.1 OCPP-Open Charge Point Protocol 4.1.1 Local Authorisation and Offline Behaviour 4.1.2 Authorisation Cache 4.1.3 Local authorisation list 4.2 OCPI-Open Charge Point Interface 4.2.1 EV Charging Market Roles 4.3 OpenADR 2.0 4.4 OSCP-Open Intelligent Charging Protocol 4.5 OSCP-Open Smart Charging Protocol 4.6 OCHP-Open Clearing House Protocol (e-clearing.net) 4.7 OICP-Open Interchange Protocol 4.8 e-MIP-e-Mobility Interoperation Protocol 5 Present V2G Communications and Protocols 5.1 Guidelines for Setting Up of Control Architecture for Messaging 5.2 Requirements of Communication for EV 5.3 Selection Guidelines for Messaging Protocol 5.4 Other Factors in Protocol Selection 6 Summary 7 Future Challenges and Implementations 8 Research Opportunities 8.1 Need to Widen the VGI 8.2 Overcoming Transformative Failures 8.3 Exploring Interdisciplinary Methods: 8.4 Conclusions References Chapter 11: Smart Charging in Electric Vehicles and Its Impact on the Evolution of Travelling 1 Introduction 2 Literature Survey 3 Smart Grid for Smart Charging 3.1 Grid Constraint 3.2 Charging Network Scaling 3.3 Local Renewable Energy 3.4 Smart Charging 3.5 Charging of the Smart Electric Vehicle 3.6 Process of Smart Charging 4 Proposed Methodology 4.1 Function of Objective 4.2 Limitations 4.2.1 Network Limitations 4.2.2 Charging Limitations 4.2.3 Power Grid Limitations 4.2.4 Electric Vehicle Demand 4.2.5 Pattern of Parking 4.3 Hybrid Algorithm Implementation 5 Results and Discussion 5.1 Single EV Charging 5.2 Group EV Charging 6 Conclusion and Future Scope References Chapter 12: Artificial Intelligence-Based Energy Management and Real-Time Optimization in Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles 1 Introduction 1.1 Structuring Your Paper 1.2 Features of Electric Vehicles 2 Energy Management and Optimization Strategies 2.1 Structuring Your Paper 2.2 Dynamic Programming 3 Optimization and Performance Analysis 3.1 Driving Condition 3.2 Energy Management 4 Simulation, Validation, and Application 4.1 Life Cycle Impact 4.2 Comparative Analysis 4.3 Output Power Balance 5 Conclusion and Future Scope 5.1 Conclusion 5.2 Challenges of PHEV 5.3 Future Direction References Chapter 13: A Novel Sensing Technique for Continuous Monitoring of Volume in an Automobile Fuel Tank 1 Introduction 2 Existing Technology and Its Review 3 Proposed Methodology 4 Description 4.1 Calibration Mode 4.2 Measurement Mode 5 Findings 6 Inferences 7 Conclusion References Chapter 14: Internet of Vehicles 1 Introduction 2 Network Architecture of IoV 3 IoV Architectures Overview 4 Protocols Stack and Architecture Analysis of IoV 5 IoV Applications and Resource Management System 6 Future Directions and Conclusions References Index