Development Policy: An Introduction to Objectives and Results

Description

Developing countries have made rapid but highly varied progress since the 1990s. So much so that the boundaries to the traditional industrialized countries have become partially blurred. On the other hand, there are a number of mostly fragile states that have not succeeded in doing so, or have only rudimentarily succeeded. Talk of one "Third World" and common development problems thus explains little. Instead, development has become a requirement for all states, which this textbook breaks down and assesses according to key development goals. This book is a translation of the original German 1st edition Entwicklungspolitik by Joachim Betz, published by Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH, part of Springer Nature in 2021. The translation was done with the help of artificial intelligence (machine translation by the service DeepL.com). A subsequent human revision was done primarily in terms of content, so that the book will read stylistically differently from a conventional translation. Springer Nature works continuously to further the development of tools for the production of books and on the related technologies to support the authors. Contents 1: Introduction 1.1 Preliminary Remarks 1.2 Developing Countries and their Subgroups 1.3 What Does Development Mean? 1.4 The Sustainable Development Goals 1.5 Determination of Development Progress Literature 2: Development and Growth Theories 2.1 What Promotes Development? 2.2 Foreign Trade, Direct Investment, Capital Movements and the Role of the State in Development Literature 3: The Aftermath of Colonial Rule 3.1 A Heated Debate 3.2 What Can Be Proven? Literature 4: The Developing Countries Today 4.1 Shift in Global Economic Focus? 4.2 Economic Dynamics by Sector 4.3 Is the Euphoria about the Development Successes Achieved So Far Exaggerated? Literature 5: Poverty 5.1 Absolute Poverty Worldwide 5.2 Development of Poverty Indicators 5.3 Obstacles to Accelerating Poverty Reduction 5.4 How Can Poverty Reduction Be Achieved? Literature 6: Inequality of Income and Wealth 6.1 Inequality and Development 6.2 Measuring Inequality 6.3 The Development of Inequality Worldwide and within Countries 6.4 Measures to Improve Distribution Literature 7: Education 7.1 The Return on Education 7.2 Education Expenditure and its Distribution 7.3 The Quality of Education 7.4 Causes of Low Quality Education and Ways of Remedying It Literature 8: Health 8.1 Health and Development 8.2 Disease Profile in Developing Countries 8.3 Deficits in the Health Care Systems of Developing Countries 8.4 Insurance against the Risk of Illness 8.5 Health and Nutrition Literature 9: Social Security 9.1 What Does Social Security Mean? 9.2 Typology of Social Security 9.3 Causes of Socio-Political Activity 9.4 The Empiricism of Social Policy Performance in the Global South 9.5 Special Case of Social Security 9.6 An Unconditional Basic Income in Developing Countries? Literature 10: Employment 10.1 Employment as a Development Goal 10.2 The Employment Situation in Developing Countries 10.3 Why Is Productive Employment Rising So Slowly in Many Developing Countries? 10.4 Employment Protection and Policy Literature 11: Population 11.1 Different Positions on the Development Effects of Population Growth 11.2 Causes of the Growing Population Once and Now 11.3 Social Causes of Rising/Falling Birth Rates 11.4 Population Growth Globally and Regionally 11.5 What to Do? Literature 12: Women and Development 12.1 The Developmental Significance of Gender Equality 12.2 Development and Equality 12.3 Where Does Discrimination Mainly Take Place? 12.4 What Can Change? Literature 13: Democracy and Development 13.1 Does Development Need Democracy? 13.2 Triumph of Democracy in the Global South? 13.3 Development and Democratization 13.4 Higher Performance of Democratic Systems? Literature 14: Institutions, Governance and Development 14.1 The Steep Career of Institutional Approaches 14.2 What is Meant by Institutions/Good Governance? 14.3 The Relationship between Institutional Quality and Development 14.4 On the Empiricism of Institutional Quality 14.5 Underlying Causes of Poor Institutional Quality 14.6 The Knowledge Gain of the Institutional Approach Literature 15: Corruption 15.1 Corruption as a Brake on Development 15.2 Measurement and Consequences of Corruption 15.3 Causes of Corruption and Approaches to Combating it Literature 16: Wars and Development 16.1 The Global War Effort 16.2 Causes of War 16.3 Conflict Prevention and Containment Literature 17: Defective Statehood 17.1 The Problem of Fragile/Defective Statehood 17.2 What Characterizes Fragile States? Literature 18: Migration 18.1 Migration and Flight 18.2 Extent of Flight and Migration Globally 18.3 Causes of Flight and Migration 18.4 Consequences of Migration for Countries of Origin 18.5 Future of Migration Literature 19: Climate and Development 19.1 The Global Climate Problem 19.2 International Climate Policy 19.3 Difficulties of Climate-Friendly Collective Action 19.4 Justifications for Climate Policy Passivity 19.5 An Energy Transition in the Global South? 19.6 Causes of the Partial Change of Course Literature 20: Development Cooperation 20.1 The Concept of Development Cooperation 20.2 Forms, Conditions and Vehicles of Development Cooperation 20.3 Volume and Distribution of DC 20.4 Motives and Objectives of DC 20.5 Problems and Deficits of Development Cooperation 20.5.1 Lack of Predictability of Grants 20.5.2 Absorption Problems of DC 20.5.3 Fragmentation on the Donor Side 20.5.4 The Effectiveness of DC 20.6 International Reform Efforts Literature