Artificial Intelligence and Its Contexts: Security, Business and Governance

Description

This book offers a comprehensive approach to the question of how artificial intelligence (AI) impacts politics, economy, and the society today. In this view, it is quintessential for understanding the complex nature of AI and its role in today’s world. The book has been divided into three parts. Part one is devoted to the question of how AI will be used for security and defense purposes, including combat in war zones. Part two looks at the value added of AI and machine learning for decision-making in the fields of politics and business. Part three consists of case studies―covering the EU, the USA, Saudi Arabia, Portugal, and Poland―that discuss how AI is being used in the realms of politics, security and defense. The discussion in the book opens with the question of the nature of AI, as well as of ethics and the use of AI in combat. Subsequently, the argument covers issues as diverse as the militarization of AI, the use of AI in strategic studies and military strategy design. These topics are followed by an insight into AI and strategic communication (StratCom), including disinformation, as well as into AI and finance. The case-studies included in part 3 of the book offer a captivating overview of how AI is being employed to stimulate growth and development, to promote data- and evidence-driven policy-making, to enable efficient and inclusive digital transformation and other related issues. Written by academics and practitioners in an academically sound, yet approachable manner, this volume queries issues and topics that form the thrust of processes that transform world politics, economics and society. As such, this volume will serve as the primer for students, researchers, lectures and other professionals who seek to understand and engage with the variety of issues AI implicates. Preface Contents Artificial Intelligence and Its Context: An Introduction 1 Introduction 2 Key Themes and the Structure of the Volume 3 Chapter Summary 4 Who Should Read This Book and Why? References AI for Good or for What? Contentious Issues In and About AI Artificial Intelligence (AI): Explaining, Querying, Demystifying 1 Introduction 2 AI and Its Ecosystem 3 AI and the Neural Networks: From Supervised to Unsupervised Learning 4 Limitations, Possibilities and Risks Inherent in Neural Networks 5 AI and the Society: Focus on the (Global) Economy and Selected Policies 6 By Means of Conclusion References A Typology of AI Applications in Politics 1 Introduction 2 AI and Politics 2.1 AI Impact on Democracy 3 Typology of AI Applications 3.1 Support Democratic Decision-Making 3.2 Assisting Humans 3.3 Alleviating Humans 3.4 Augmenting Human Decision Maskers 3.5 Supplant Democratic Decision-Making 4 AI in Politics: Contingencies and Caveats 5 Conclusions References Ethical Conditions of the Use of Artificial Intelligence in the Modern Battlefield—Towards the “Modern Culture of Killing” 1 Introduction 2 Ethics of “War” Artificial Intelligence—Theoretical Implications and Source Overview 3 Directions of “Robolution” 4 Ethics and “Anti-ethics” of Cyberwar 5 Conclusions References Security Dimensions of AI Application Stratcom & Communication Coherence in the Polish Armed Forces 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 2.1 Documents Related to the StratCom in the Polish Armed Forces 3 Examination of the Problem 4 Findings 4.1 Training for StratCom and Info Ops 4.2 Military Equipment 4.3 Leadership 5 Conclusions 6 Summary References AI and Military Operations’ Planning 1 Introduction 2 NATO’s Operations Planning Process: An Overview 3 New Challenges in the Military Planning 4 Application of AI in Planning 5 The Future of AI in Planning 6 Conclusions References AI-Supported Decision-Making Process in Multidomain Military Operations 1 Introduction 2 The Decision-Making Process 3 SWORD (Masa Group) Analytical Tool Case Study 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References AI, Decision Making, and the Public Sector Artificial Intelligence Systems in the Decision-Making Process 1 Introduction 2 Decision-Making 3 Representation and Processing of Imprecise Knowledge by Fuzzy Systems 4 Fuzzy Decision Support Systems 5 Conclusions References Artificial Intelligence and the Public Sector: The Case of Accounting 1 Introduction 2 Artificial Intelligence for Business Accounting 2.1 Artificial Intelligence in the Public Sector 3 Research Design 3.1 Approach 3.2 Interview Construction 4 Analysis and Findings 5 Discussion 6 Conclusions References Artificial Intelligence and Local Governments: The Case of Strategic Performance Management Systems and Accountability 1 Introduction 2 Strategic Performance Management Systems and Accountability 3 Strategic Performance Management Systems and Accountability in LGs 4 Artificial Intelligence as a Tool to Support Strategic Performance Management Systems and Accountability in LGs 5 By Means of Conclusion References Case Studies Artificial Intelligence (AI) and ICT-Enhanced Solutions in the Activities of Police Formations in Poland 1 Introduction 2 Restrictions on the Implementation of Modern Technologies in the Police 2.1 Modern Technologies Versus Clauses Restricting Civil Rights and Freedoms 2.2 Regulatory Frameworks and Technical Innovation in the Police: Issues and Challenges 3 ICT-Enhanced Tools and Systems in the Polish Police 3.1 The National Police Information System 3.2 ICT-Enhanced Command Support System in the Police 3.3 Operational Information System in the Police 3.4 Emergency Vehicle Driving Simulator in the Process of Training Polish Police Officers 3.5 Use of Wearable Cameras by Polish Police Officers 3.6 Directions for the Modernization of ICT Equipment in the Polish Police in 2021 4 ICT Systems Used by Polish Secret Services 4.1 Pegasus Platform in the Activities of the Central Anti-Corruption Bureau 4.2 ICT- and AI-Enhanced Tools and Solutions Used by the Internal Security Agency 5 Discussion 6 Conclusion References The United States of America’s Embrace of Artificial Intelligence for Defense Purposes 1 Introduction 2 AI and National Security 3 China and Russia: Strategic Competition for the US 4 US Policy Approaches to AI 5 Adoption of AI at DoD’s Level 6 Conclusions References A Roadmap to AI: An Insight from the Saudi Vision 2030 1 Introduction 2 The Generic Framework 2.1 AI Strategic Issues 2.2 AI Technology Issues 2.3 Organization Issues 2.4 People Issues 2.5 Environment Issues 3 KSA Vision 2030 3.1 A Vibrant Society 3.2 A Thriving Economy 3.3 An Ambitious Nation 4 AI Initiative Based on KSA Vision 2030 4.1 KSA AI Strategic Directions 4.2 KSA AI Technology Issues 4.3 KSA AI Organization Issues 4.4 KSA AI People Issues 4.5 KSA AI Environment Issues 5 Conclusions References Artificial Intelligence (AI) and International Trade 1 Introduction 2 Digitalisation and Artificial Intelligence 3 Institutional Solutions Enhancing Trade in the Era of Digitalisation 4 Specific Conditions and Features Characterising the Crisis Caused by the COVID-19 Pandemic 5 Conclusions References