Advances in Design Engineering III: Proceedings of the XXXI INGEGRAF International Conference 29–30 June, 1 July 2022, Málaga, Spain

Description

This book contains the papers presented at the XXXI International Congress INGEGRAF “Graphic Expression: reunion, reflection, representation,” held on June 29–30 and July 1, 2021, in Málaga, Spain. It reports on cutting-edge topics in product design and manufacturing, such as industrial methods for integrated product and process design, innovative design and computer-aided design. Further topics covered include virtual simulation and reverse engineering, additive manufacturing, product manufacturing,engineering methods in medicine and education, representation techniques and nautical, engineering and construction, aeronautics and aerospace design and modeling. The book is divided into six main sections, reflecting the focus and primary themes of the conference. The contributions presented here provide researchers, engineers and experts in a range of industrial engineering subfields with extensive information to support their daily work; but also they are intended to stimulate new research directions, advanced applications of the methods discussed and future interdisciplinary collaborations. Organization Committee Preface and Acknowledgements Contents Product Design and Development Protected Horticultural Crops Characterization Through Object-Based Image Analysis and Satellite Imagery Time Series in Almería (Spain) 1 Introduction 2 Study Area and Datasets 2.1 Data Set Pre-processing 2.2 Horticultural Crops Under PCG Reference Data 3 Methodology 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusions References Visual Stimulation and Perception for Children with Autism: Exploring Visual Qualities for Inclusion in Toys 1 Introduction 2 Methods 3 Analysis of the Visual Perceptual System. Characterization of the Visual User-Product Interaction 4 Vision in Autism 5 Definition of the Design Parameters for the Visual User with ASD-Product Interaction 6 Development of the Evaluation Design Tool 7 Conclusions References Does Biophilic Design Influence the Use of Urban Surroundings? 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Analysing Nature-Based Design 2.2 Sociological Analysis 3 Results 3.1 Results of the Nature-Based Design Analysis 3.2 Sociological Analysis Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusions References Design and Evaluation of Acoustic Guitar Plates by Additive Manufacturing: A Methodology Proposed and Application 1 Introduction 2 State of the Art 2.1 The Acoustic Guitar and Its Design Relevance 3 Proposed Methodology 3.1 Procedure for Obtaining Parameterized Guitar Plates Designs 3.2 Finite Element Simulation 3.3 Validation of Simulation Using FEM 4 Case Study 5 Results 5.1 Vibration Modes 5.2 Point Displacement in Vibrational Modes 6 Conclusions References New Noninvasive Opportunities in Seating Design for Postural Control of Children with Cerebral Palsy. Evaluation of Procurement Methods Through 3D Scanning and Additive Manufacturing 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Method 2.1 Materials 2.2 Process, Alternatives and Evaluation Parameters 2.3 Case Study 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Time and Effectiveness 3.2 Quality 3.3 Efficiency, Satisfaction, Facility Learning and Memorizing 3.4 Ergonomics, Safety, Cooperation and Invasiveness 4 Conclusions References From Product Eco-design to Sustainable Design of Systems Composed of Products and Services 1 Introduction 1.1 Eco-design 1.2 LCSA Methodology 1.3 Product and Service Systems 2 Sustainability of P+S Systems 3 Conclusions References Semantic Priming Chain, a Methodology for the Evaluation of Product Design in Early Stages of Conceptualization 1 Introduction 1.1 Semantic Priming Chain 2 Methodolody 2.1 Ethical Implications 2.2 Participants 2.3 Materials 2.4 Procedure 3 Results 4 Conclusion References PFB: Practical and Functional Briefcase 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Results 4 Conclusions References Product Design Evolves to Implement Circular Economy Principles 1 Introduction 2 Circular Economy Principles 3 Ecodesign and Life Cycle Thinking 4 Life Cycle Assessment 5 Eco-Labelling 6 Conclusions and Future Trends References Consumer Perception and Attitudes About New Product Designs by 3D Food Printing: A Case of Study 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Industrial Design Methodology 2.2 Participants 2.3 Measures and Procedure 3 Results 3.1 Evaluation of 3D Printed Designs 3.2 Consumer Attitudes for 3D Food Printing 4 Conclusions References Customization of Grips for Equipment of Different Basque Rural Sport Modalities Using Reverse Engineering, Computer-Aided Design and Additive Manufacturing Tools 1 Introduction 2 Material and Methods 2.1 Step 1: Digitize the Device and Athlete’s Grip Using RE Tools 2.2 Step 2: Design of the Grip in a CAD Software Program 2.3 Step 3: Additive Manufacturing of the Grip 3 Results 4 Conclusion References Design of a Waste Storage Tank with a Pressing System 1 Introduction and Objectives 2 Project Features 3 Rules for the Exploitation of the Project 4 Project Evaluation 5 Calculation of Forces in the Pressing Plate 6 Calculation of Efforts in the Transmission System 7 Determination of the Rest of the Elements of the System 8 Design Results and Plans 9 Improvements, Applications, and Conclusions References Mechanical and Functional Improvement in an Irrigation Channel Modeled with HEC-RAS 1 Introduction 2 Objectives 3 Description of the Channel and the Existing Problems 4 Methodology 5 Rectification of the Sections and Modeling 6 Description of Corrective Measures 6.1 Measures Applied in the Land Channel 6.2 Complementary Measures (Applied in Forced Conduction and Connections) 7 Conclusions References Sustainable Design and Mechanical Implementation of an Irrigation System 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results 4 Conclusions References Design and Modelling of a Vertical Shaft River Turbine 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Turbine Placement 2.2 Operating Principle 2.3 Calculation Methodology 3 Results and Discussions 3.1 Chosen Design 3.2 Power Estimation 4 Conclusions References The Impact of Geometric Abstraction in the Design of a Vinyl Furniture 1 Introduction 2 The Bauhaus School and Its Influence on Design 2.1 Bauhaus Teachers 2.2 Dessau Transfer Location 2.3 Design Influences 2.4 Feelings 2.5 The Cradle of Keler 3 Bauhaus Aesthetics in Furniture Design 4 Geometric Design 4.1 Conceptual Design 4.2 Detailed Design 5 Materials 6 Conclusions References Generative Design and Prototyping of a Node for Deployable Spatial Structures 1 Introduction 1.1 Background of the Project 1.2 Spatial Structures 1.3 Tensegrity Structures 2 Methodology for the Design 2.1 Node Design Requirements 2.2 Conceptual Design 2.3 CAD Design 2.4 Generative Design 3 Results and Conclusions 4 Future Lines of Work References Industrial Design and Prototype of the Ocular Goniometer for the Surgical Treatment of Astigmatism 1 Introduction 2 Current State of the Technique 3 Operation 4 Conclusions References The Augmented Reality as Educational Tool. Naufragio, an AR Game 1 Introduction 2 Board Games and Escape Rooms: Concepts 2.1 Augmented Reality 2.2 Board Games and Escape Rooms as Educational Elements 3 Naufragio, an Augmented Reality Project 3.1 Objectives 3.2 Game Components 3.3 The Basic Idea 3.4 The Mechanics 3.5 3D Design 3.6 Creation of the Game 4 Conclusions References Experimental Validation of Implementing Water Mechanisms in Irrigation Systems 1 Introduction 2 Material Y Methods 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions References Hydrogen Sustainability for Short Term Storage of Wind Farm Electricity 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 System Boundaries 2.2 Functional Unit 2.3 Life Cycle Inventory 3 Results 4 Conclusions References Design of a Low-Cost GNSS RTK Receiver 1 Introduction 1.1 Definitions and Main Concepts 1.2 State of the Art 1.3 Work Organization 2 Prototype Development 2.1 Hardware 2.2 Case 2.3 Android Application TopoREP 3 Method 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Feedback from the Working Groups 4.2 Accuracy and TTFF 5 Discussion 6 Conclusions References Assembly and Improvement of a Plastic Injector 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Background 3.1 Precious Plastic Original Design 3.2 Market Study 3.3 Requirements and Improvements to Implement 4 The Prototype 4.1 Structure 4.2 Electronics 5 Prototype Results 6 Possible Future Improvements 7 Conclusions References Prototype-Oriented Design Methodology Used in Knee Prosthesis Development 1 Introduction 2 Design Methodology 2.1 Description 2.2 Preliminary Research 2.3 Verification and Modification of the Prototype 2.4 Technical Design 3 Materials 4 AM Technologies 5 Results 6 Conclusions References BIM Methodology in the Teaching of Graphic Expression in Civil Engineering 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 BIM 3D Modelling 2.2 BIM 4D y 5D Modelling 2.3 BIM 6D Modelling 2.4 Printing 3D Models 3 Conclusions References Manufacturing and Industrial Process Design RoPar3D: Delta Type Parallel Robot-Based 3D Printer 1 Introduction 2 Design and Manufacture 2.1 Structure 2.2 Body 2.3 Arm 2.4 Final Design 3 Electronics and Programming 4 Comparative Analysis 5 Results 6 Conclusions References Pyramidal Texturing Design: A Study on the Density of Pyramidal Dimples for the Improvement of Tribological Properties in AISI 630 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Procedure 2.1 Surfaces Conditioning 2.2 Electrodes Manufacturing 2.3 Electro-discharge Texturing 2.4 Tribological Tests 3 Results 3.1 Influence of Electro-discharge Parameters on Texturing 3.2 Dry Sliding Wear Behavior 3.3 Lubricated Sliding Wear Behavior 4 Conclusions References Dimensional Analysis in Additive Manufacturing Processes with PLA + Carbon Fiber 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Results 4 Conclusions References Design of New Conformal Cooling Channels for Injection Molded Parts with Complex Undercuts and Internal Mold Lifters 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Thermal and Dynamic Modeling of Numerical Simulations 4 Results 5 Conclusions References Application of New Cooling Systems in the Improvement of the Injection Molded Parts Sustainability 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Thermal and Dynamic Modeling of Numerical Simulations 4 Results 5 Conclusions References Influence of Layer Thickness on Fatigue Life of PLA + Carbon Fiber Specimens by Additive Manufacturing 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Results 4 Conclusions References Study of Plant Layout by Fixed-Position Based on Project Type Using Simulation 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions References Reuse of Recycled Metals 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results 4 Conclusions References Product Design: Study of the Tribological Properties of FDM PETG Products 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Effect of Printed Parameters on the Surface Finish 3.2 Effect of Printed Parameters on Tribological Behavior 4 Conclusions References Scalable Approach to Mechanical Industry 4.0 1 Introduction 2 Industry 4.0 System Design 3 Results of the Industry 4.0 System Strategy Over Case of Study 4 Conclusions References Knowledge-Based Engineering Approach to a Conceptual Engineering Case of Study (of River LNG Carriers) 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results 4 Conclusions References Design of an Irrigation Raft-Windmill System for a Sustainable Development in the Rural Environment 1 Introduction 2 Objectives 3 Stages of the Project 3.1 Study Phase 3.2 Design phase 3.3 Implementation phase 4 Work Description 4.1 Earthworks 4.2 Raft and Accessory Works 5 Windmill 6 Conclusions References Large Format Additive Manufacturing in Furniture Design with Novel Cork Based Polymeric Materials 1 Introduction 2 Technology Review 3 Materials for Large Format AM 4 Design for Additive Manufacturing 5 Product Design Case Study: Furniture Design 6 Conclusions References Applied Graphic Engineering Construction of a “Virtual Patient Simulation” Environment for Design and Testing of Customized Adapters of Medical Use Respiratory Masks 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Respiratory Mask 2.2 Bust and Subject’s Face 2.3 3D Scanners 2.4 Software 2.5 Additive Manufacturing 3 Results 3.1 The New Methodology 3.2 Construction of the VPS Environment 3.3 Manufacturing of the Mask’s Adapter 4 Discussion and Conclusions References New Prosthetic Fin Design for Patients with Tibial Amputation 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 User Study 2.2 Prosthetic Fins Study 2.3 Software Used and Rules, Standards and Regulations Followed 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Materials Selection 3.2 Analytical Study 3.3 Flow Study 4 Conclusion References Evaluation of Interocular Symmetry from Corneal Elevation Maps in Non-pathological Cases 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Participants 2.2 Data Acquisition 2.3 Methods 2.4 Statistical Analysis 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References Geometric Reconstruction of a Biological Structure by Explicit Modal Methods. A Case-Study in Human Corneal Surface 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Data Origins 2.2 Data Processing 2.3 Methods 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Conceptual Design of a Multifunctional Aquatic Crutch for People with Reduced Mobility 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 User Study 2.2 Aquatic Crutches Study 2.3 Software Used and Rules, Standards and Regulations Followed 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Materials Selection 4 Conclusion References Using the Finite Element Method to Design an Intervertebral Disc Prosthesis for Lumbar Vertebrae 1 Introduction 1.1 Functional Spinal Unit (FSU) 1.2 Degenerative Intervertebral Disc Disease (DDD) 1.3 Arthroplasty of the Spine 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Proposed Finite Element Model (FEM) 2.2 Mechanical Properties of Materials 2.3 Boundary Conditions and Loads 3 Results 3.1 Results 30-Year-Old Male 3.2 Results for a 80-Year-Old Male 4 Conclusions References Computer Aided Design UAV-Based Digital Terrain Model Generation to Support Accurate Inventories in Mediterranean Forests 1 Introduction 2 Materials and methods 2.1 Study Site 2.2 UAV-DAP Data Acquisition and Point Cloud Generation 2.3 TLS-Based Data 2.4 UAV-DAP DTM Accuracy Assessment 3 Results 3.1 The Reference Plots Characteristics 3.2 Vertical Accuracy of UAV-DAP Derived DTM 3.3 Relationship Between Vertical Accuracy of UAV-DAP DTM and Some Reference Plots Dasometric Features 4 Conclusions References Photogrammetry Applied to Evaluation of the Geometry Changes on Cutting Tools Wear 1 Introduction 2 Methodoly 3 Results 4 Conclusions References Geometric Modeling and Digital Restitution of an 1879 Hydraulic-Mechanical Olive Oil Press 1 Introduction 2 Material and Methods 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions References Geometric Modeling and Digital Restitution of a Hydraulic Press with Rotating Arm for Obtaining Olive Oil From 1889 1 Introduction 2 Material and Methods 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions References Semantic Point Cloud Segmentation Based on Hexagonal Klemperer Rosette and Machine Learning 1 Introduction 2 Method 2.1 Definition of the Hexagonal Rosette 2.2 Feature Extraction 2.3 Random Forest 3 Experiments 3.1 Case Study 3.2 Results and Analysis 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References Analysis of the Fragmentation of Land-Use Changes in the Balearic Islands for the Period 1990–2018 1 Introduction 2 State-of-the-Art 3 Methodology 3.1 Obtaining Basic Cartography from Corine Land Cover 3.2 Developing Thematic Cartography 3.3 Determination of Landscape Metrics 4 Results 5 Conclusions References Assessment of the Changes in Land Use in the Autonomous Community of the Region of Murcia in the Period 1990–2018 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusions References Dimensioning Method for 3D Modelling 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Proposal of Dimensioning Method for 3D Modelling 3.1 3D Modelling Features 3.2 Operation Symbology 3.3 Operation Annotations 3.4 Sketching Plane and Sketching Orientation 3.5 3D Views 3.6 Symbology for Simple Sketches 3.7 Additional Symbology 4 A Brief Feedback of the Dimensioning Method 5 Application of the Dimensioning Method for 3D Modelling 6 Conclusions References Obtaining Replicas of Historical Plasterwork Using Photogrammetric Techniques and Additive Manufacturing 1 Introduction 1.1 On the Procurement of Moulds and Replicas 1.2 On Three-Dimensional Data Acquisition Techniques 1.3 On 3D Printing Techniques Applied to Heritage 2 Case Study 3 Materials and Methods 3.1 Creation of 3D Models 3.2 Model Edition 3.3 3D Printing Process of the Moulds 4 Results 5 Conclusions References Augmented Reality (AR) in Education: An Exploratory Analysis 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Intersection Between Surfaces Using Computer Extended Descriptive Geometry (CeDG): Application to the Focal Illumination of a Sphere 1 Introduction 2 Methods 3 Locus Based Surface Intersection Theory 3.1 Ω Defined as a Reference Locus 3.2 Ω Defined as Interval in ℝ 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusions References Application of Photogrammetry and Neural Radiation Fields (NERF) for Three-Dimensional Reconstruction in the Footwear Sector 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Reconstruction by Algorithm 2.2 Reconstruction by Neural Networks (NERF) 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions References Generation of 3D Thermal Models for the Analysis of Energy Efficiency in Buildings 1 Introduction 2 Instrumental and Methodological Proposal 2.1 Instrumental Proposal 2.2 Methodological Proposal 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusions References Design of Historical Mechanisms in 3D Printer 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Literature Review 2.2 Preliminary Sketch 2.3 Calculations 2.4 CAD Design 3 Results 4 Discussion of the Results 5 Conclusions References Optimization of Modeling and 3D Printing of Architectural Elements in Historical Buildings Through the Systematization of Boolean Solid Operations 1 Introduction 2 Background 3 Objectives 4 Methodology 5 Equipment, Materials and Software 6 Results and Discussion 6.1 Phase 1: Documentation 6.2 Phase 2: Transformation. Model Simplification 3D 6.3 Phase 3: Virtual Reconstruction 3D 6.4 Phase 4: Boolean Operations. Difference and Addiction 6.5 Phase 5: Efficient 3D Printing. No Brackets 7 Conclusions References Planning and Implementation of a Technical Documentation System—A Case Study of the Mosque-Cathedral of Cordoba 1 Introduction 2 Material and Methods 2.1 Initial Documentation 2.2 Intervention Project 2.3 Documenting the Intervention 2.4 Research 3 Results 3.1 Intervention Reports 3.2 Diffusion 4 Conclusions References Acoustic Simulation of Industrial Scenarios from Point Cloud Modelling 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Method 3.1 Simulation Requirements 3.2 3D Reconstruction 4 Experiments 4.1 Case Study and Materials 4.2 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusion References Methodology for Location of Fish Farms in Salt Water Using Geographic Information Systems and Multi-criteria Analysis 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Criteria Definition 2.2 Multicriteria Analysis 2.3 Farm Location Coefficient 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusions References Teaching and Representation Techniques Implementation of Virtual Reality for Teaching in Technical Drawing 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results 4 Conclusions and Future Research Lines References Thirty Years of Teaching Graphic Engineering Projects at the Barcelona School of Engineering 1 Introduction 2 A New Computer Program to Facilitate Graphic Learning 3 Graphic Engineering Project and European Higher Education Area 4 The Project at the Barcelona East School of Engineering (EEBE) 5 YouTube Project Playlist 6 Conclusions References Product Modeling for Presentation in Graphic Design 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Material 2.2 Method 3 Result 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References Competence’s Improvement in a Graphic Engineering Course 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Pre-assessment 2.2 Assessment 2.3 Self-assessment 2.4 Proposed Actions 3 Results 4 Conclusions References Using 3D Parametric (Autodesk Inventor®) and 2D Geometric CAD Software (AutoCAD®) in a Design Engineering Course 1 Introduction 2 The Experience 2.1 General Purpose 2.2 Detailed Contents 2.3 Collecting Impressions from Students and Teachers 2.4 Assessing the Quality of the 3D Models 3 Results 3.1 Learning Material Prepared 3.2 Impressions from the Students and Assessment 4 Discussion 5 Conclusions References Application of Flipped Methodology to Improve the Modelling Learning Process in Computer Aided Design 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Proposed Exercise 2.2 Rubric Assessment 2.3 Students’ Questionnaire 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions References Recreation and Virtual Animation as an Active Learning Aid of the Aircraft Engines Course 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Aim 2.2 Garrett TPE331 Aeronautical Engine 2.3 Modeling with CATIA 2.4 Videos 2.5 Learning Management Systems 2.6 Active Learning 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions References Digital Sketching Technology in the Learning of Engineering Graphics in Industrial Design 1 Introduction 2 Overview of Digital Sketching Methodology to Product Design 3 Case Study #1 3.1 Shading Process 3.2 Highlights 3.3 Material Rendering 3.4 Finishing Details 4 Case Study #2 4.1 Shading Process and Highlights 4.2 Material Texture Rendering 5 Results and Discussions 6 Conclusions References TrainCAD: An Innovative Teaching-Oriented System that Allows Automatic Correction of Exercises with AutoCAD 1 Introduction 2 TrainCAD 3 Experimental Design 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusions References DIBROOM: A Game Platform for Learning Drawing Engineering 1 Introduction 2 Experiment Design 3 The Game Platform 4 Results 5 Conclusions References Development of an Application with Augmented Reality to Improve Spatial Visualization 1 Introduction 2 Material and Methods 2.1 Platforms and Software 2.2 Development Platform 2.3 CAD Modelling 2.4 Visualization of the Parts of the Assembly in AR 2.5 Development Engine 3 Results 4 Conclusion References Outline for the Development of the Graphic Documentation of a Project 1 Introduction 1.1 Product Representation by 3D Versus 2D Modelling 2 Objectives 3 Methodology 3.1 Introduction to Autodesk Inventor 3.2 Start Working Since a “Project” (.ipj) 3.3 Customizing a Drawing File (.idw) 4 Conclusions Bibliography Virtual Reality as a Training Tool in Environments of Electrical Risk 1 Introduction 2 Design Process 2.1 Legal Framework and Occupational Safety 2.2 Pre-production 2.3 Production 2.4 Post-production 3 Conclusion References 3D Printing of 3D Terrain Maps to Improve the Teaching–Learning Processes of Terrain Modeling and Civil Engineering Works 1 Introduction 2 Material and Methods 2.1 Location and Construction of the Dam and Area Covered by the Reservoir 2.2 Execution of Open-Pit Excavation and Grading on the Hillside Slope 2.3 3D Printing of the Models. 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Regarding the Process of Creating Models and 3D Printing 3.2 Regarding the Learning Process and the Evaluation System 4 Conclusions References Mobile Application for the Acquisition of Competencies in the Standardised Drawing of Mechanical Engineering Assemblies, Based on Augmented Reality 1 Introduction 2 Description of the Experience and Objectives 3 Methodology or Procedure Followed 4 Timing 5 Evaluation and Monitoring System 6 Results 7 Conclusions References Introducing the BIM Environment in Higher Education: Industrial Building Modelling Exercise-Type in Autodesk© REVIT and Its Transfer to the Classroom in Four Pills 1 Introduction 2 Modular Construction: The Part and the Whole 3 BIM Environment in Pills 3.1 Pill One: The Previous Settings of the User Interface. Ribbon and Contextual Ribbon Tabs 3.2 Pill Two: Introduction with the Setting of a Grid 3.3 Pill Three: Modeling 3.4 Pill Four: Documentation: Setting Plans 4 Transfer to the Classroom References Beyond the 6Rs. A Practical and Reflective Experience for Industrial Design Students 1 Introduction 2 Context 3 Methods 4 Results 5 Conclusions References Part 3D Design and Draft According to CSG (Constructive Solid Geometry) and Its Application to Three CAD Software: Solid-Edge ST 2021, Onshape, AutoCad 1 Introduction 2 Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG) 2.1 Description of Constructive Solid Geometry 2.2 Advantages of CSG in Teaching Technical Drawing Using CSG 2.3 Relationship Between CSG and CAD Software 3 Parts to Study with CAD Programs 4 Models in Solid_Edge ST2021 4.1 Part_1 3D Model and Draft in Solid_Edge ST2021 4.2 Part_2 3D Model and Draft in Solid_Edge ST2021 5 Models in Onshape 5.1 Part_1 3D Model and Draft in Onshape 5.2 Part_2 3D Model and Draft in Onshape 6 Models in AutoCad 6.1 Part_1 3D Model and Draft in AutoCad 6.2 Part_2 3D Model and Draft in AutoCad 7 Comments About Solid_Edge ST2021, Onshape, AutoCad 8 Conclusion References Miscellany Sketching and Creativity: An Integrated Model of Graphic Ideation in Industrial Design 1 Introduction 2 The Industrial Design Process and the Creative Process 3 Taxonomy of Visual Representations in Design 4 Characteristics and Roles of Sketching in the Ideation Process 5 Integrated Model of Graphic Design in Industrial Design 6 Conclusions References Design of Customized Impact Pendulums to Address the Fracture of Rock Materials 1 Introduction 2 Pendulum Design and Simulation 3 Pendulum Validation Through Testing 4 Conclusions References Author Index