Bakhtiari Studies II: Orthography

Description

Contents List of figures and tables Acknowledgments Abbreviations 1 Introduction 1.1 Purpose of this study 1.2 Guiding principles 1.2.1 Phonologically accurate 1.2.2 Contextually appropriate 1.2.3 Optimal for readers and writers 1.3 The structure of this book 2 Toward an orthography of Bakhtiari 2.1 The Bakhtiari people and their language 2.2 Emergence of Bakhtiari as a written language 2.3 Current practices and proposals 2.4 Social context for a Bakhtiari orthography 2.4.1 The wider social context 2.4.2 Dialect variation 3 The process of orthography development 3.1 Choice of script 3.2 Re-evaluation and modification of Persian conventions 3.3 Approach to dialect variation 3.4 Orthography testing 3.5 Prospects for the use of this Bakhtiari orthography 3.5.1 Bakhtiari literature 3.5.2 Teaching materials 3.5.3 Everyday use by speakers of the language 4 Overview of Bakhtiari phonology 4.1 Consonants 4.2 Vowels 5 Symbols in the orthography 5.1 Full letters 5.2 Diacritics 5.3 Punctuation 6 Spelling conventions 6.1 Representation of allophonic distinctions 6.1.1 "Soft" d after vowels and glides 6.1.2 Nasalized vowel articulations in codas 6.1.3 "Soft" h in codas 6.2 Geminate consonants 6.3 Short vowels 6.3.1 General discussion of orthography for short vowels 6.3.2 Conventions for short vowels within words 6.3.2.1 Obligatory conventions for short vowels within words 6.3.2.2 Optional fuller short vowel marking 6.3.2.3 Simplified spelling alternative for word-internal short vowels 6.3.3 Conventions for short vowels word-finally 6.3.3.1 Representation of word-final e 6.3.3.2 Representation of word-final a 6.3.3.3 Representation of word-final o 6.3.3.4 Word-final short vowels before h 6.4 Word-internal vowel sequences 6.5 The vowel-glide sequences ey and ov 6.6 The ambiguous articulations i/iy and u/uv before vowels 6.7 Use of --- for all sp/sb sequences 6.8 Loanwords and cognates 6.8.1 Retention of Arabic letters in Persian borrowings 6.8.2 Retention of Persian --- for x 6.8.3 Bakhtiari h corresponding to Persian x 6.8.4 Bakhtiari z corresponding to Persian d 6.8.5 Representation of distinctive phonological forms 6.8.5.1 Bakhtiari u --- corresponding to Persian ub --- 6.8.5.2 Bakhtiari --- corresponding to Persian --- for mb 6.8.6 "Repair" of idiosyncratic spelling of o in Persian 6.8.7 Transcription of q and g in words with Persian counterparts 6.8.8 Conventions relating to representations of glottal stop in Persian 6.8.8.1 Persian word-initial glottal stop 6.8.8.2 Persian glottal stop between vowels 6.8.8.3 Persian glottal stop corresponding to Bakhtiari h in codas 6.8.8.4 Persian glottal stop with no corresponding function in 6.8.9 Loanwords from languages other than Persian 6.9 Invariable spellings for variable pronunciations 7 Representation of complex words: compounding and affixation 7.1 Words - simple and complex 7.2 Orthographic principles for complex words 7.3 Basic options for representation 7.4 Persian conventions for word division 7.5 Overview of Bakhtiari conventions for complex words 7.6 Compound words 7.6.1 Nominal compounds 7.6.1.1 Noun-of noun compounds with pronounced ezafe 7.6.1.2 Noun-of noun compounds with unpronounced ezafe 7.6.1.3 Noun-noun compounds 7.6.1.4 Noun-verb compounds 7.6.1.5 Compound nominals with full or partial repetition of a stem 7.6.1.6 Opaque compound nouns 7.6.1.7 Lexicalized noun-and-noun compounds 7.6.1.8 Other lexicalized phrasal compound nouns 7.6.2 Verb compounds 7.6.2.1 Lexicalized verb-object constructions 7.6.2.2 Other phrasal verbs 7.6.3 Compounds containing numbers 7.6.4 The morpheme be- 7.6.4.1 As an imperative/subjunctive morpheme 7.6.4.2 As a preposition 7.6.4.3 As part of an adjective, adverb or complex preposition 7.6.4.4 As part of a phrasal adjective or noun 7.6.5 Prepositions in general 7.6.5.1 Compound prepositions and adverbs 7.6.5.2 Preposition-noun compounds 7.7 Particles 7.8 Prefixes 7.8.1 Inflectional verb prefixes 7.8.1.1 Imperative/subjunctive be-/bo- 7.8.1.2 Negative na- 7.8.1.3 Prohibitive mah- / ma- 7.8.1.4 Progressive e- 7.8.1.5 Negative progressive ney- / niy- 7.8.2 Derivational verb prefixes 7.8.3 Derivational noun prefixes 7.8.3.1 bey-/biy- 'without' 7.8.3.2 ba- 'with' 7.8.3.3 na- 'not' 7.8.3.4 na- 'not' 7.8.3.5 por- 'full' 7.8.3.6 kam- 'little' 7.8.3.7 hom- 'same' 7.9 Suffixes 7.9.1 Derivational suffixes 7.9.1.1 -dovn 'containing' 7.9.1.2 -gah 'place' 7.9.1.3 -kar, -kal, -gar, ger and -ci 'activity' 7.9.1.4 -zade, -zad and -za 'born' 7.9.1.5 -dar 'having' 7.9.1.6 The derivational suffix -i 7.9.1.7 Other derivational suffixes 7.9.2 Inflectional noun suffixes 7.9.2.1 Plural -(h)a 7.9.2.2 Animate plural -ovn 7.9.2.3 Collective -gal/-yal 7.9.2.4 Demonstratives i ...-(h)o 'this' and u ...-(h)o 'that' 7.9.2.5 Indefinite ya ...-ey 7.9.2.6 Definite -(e)ke 7.9.2.7 Direct object marker -e/-ne/-ene 7.9.2.8 The associative marker (ezafe) 7.9.2.9 Vocative -(h)ay 7.9.3 Pronominal clitics 7.9.3.1 Subject clitics 7.9.3.2 Object-type clitics 7.9.4 Verb suffixes 7.9.4.1 Person-marking suffixes 7.9.4.2 Insistent verb suffixes with h 7.9.4.3 Perfect -e 7.9.4.4 Infinitive -en 7.9.4.5 Alternating past -d ~ Ø 7.9.5 Comparative adjective suffix -tar 7.9.6 Number suffixes 7.9.6.1 Numeral classifier -ta 7.9.6.2 Ordinal number suffix -om 7.9.7 Combinations of suffixes 8 Bakhtiari orthography: a Bakhtiari folktale 8.1 Bakhtiari folktale in parallel format 8.2 Bakhtiari text in unified orthographic format 9 Bakhtiari orthography: 1500-item lexicon Appendix 1: Orthographic representations of phonemes Appendix 2: Bakhtiari orthography test References