The Palgrave Handbook Of National Security

Description

This handbook provides a comprehensive analysis of the contemporary theory, practice and themes in the study of national security. Part 1: Theories examines how national security has been conceptualised and formulated within the disciplines international relations, security studies and public policy. Part 2: Actors shifts the focus of the volume from these disciplinary concerns to consideration of how core actors in international affairs have conceptualised and practiced national security over time. Part 3: Issues then provides in-depth analysis of how individual security issues have been incorporated into prevailing scholarly and policy paradigms on national security. While security now seems an all-encompassing phenomenon, one general proposition still holds: national interests and the nation-state remain central to unlocking security puzzles. As normative values intersect with raw power; as new threats meet old ones; and as new actors challenge established elites, making sense out of the complex milieu of security theories, actors, and issues is a crucial task - and is the main accomplishment of this book. Contents Notes on Contributors List of Figures 1 National Security: Theories, Actors, Issues Part I Theories 2 Understanding National Security: The Promises and Pitfalls of International Relations Theory The National Security Landscape: Changing Definitions, Themes and Processes Statehood, Securitisation and National Security National Interests Sovereignty and International Law Power, Influence and International Order Making National Security Policy in an Age of Globalisation and Shifting Power: Balancing Risk and Resilience Theories of International Relations and National Security Choices Realist Approaches Liberal Approaches Constructivist Approaches From Theory to Practice: Case Studies on Major National Security Issues The Global War on Terror Climate Change Shifts in Global Order: The Rise of China and the Relative Decline of the United States Conclusions 3 National Security and Public Policy: Exceptionalism Versus Accountability What Is Public Policy? A Brief History of Public Policy Public Policy in Liberal Democracies National Security and Public Policy in Liberal Democracy Methodological Challenges of National Security Evaluation Exceptionalized Policy-Making in Liberal Democracies Scrutiny, Accountability and Exceptionalism Exempting National Security from Public Policy Imperatives The Expanding Remit of National Security Policy National Security and the Shadow of Illiberalism Conclusions 4 Ethics and National Security: A Case for Reasons in Decision-Making Introduction The Problem: Ethics and National Security On Ethics, National Security and Liberal Democracies Ethics Nations and States16 Security An Open Question: Pluralism Versus Anything Goes33 A Dynamic Space Where To? A Guide for Ethical Decision Making in National Security Part II Actors 5 Nothing to Fear but Fear Itself: The National Security Policy of the United States Free Security What Are We Afraid Of? Issues and Debates in Twenty-First-Century U.S. National Security Traditional Threats: Peer Competitors Nontraditional Threats: Terrorism, Rogue, and Failed States Technological Threats: Nuclear, Cyber!, Killer Robots Nuclear Weapons States, 1988 and 2018 Imagined Threats: Unknown Unknowns Structure and Insecurity Conclusions 6 Chinese National Security: New Agendas and Emerging Challenges The End of the Cold War and Emerging Security Challenges National Security: Emerging Challenges Reconceptualizing Security: New Structures Conclusion 7 Russia’s National Security Posture The Roots of Russian Conduct Understanding Russian National Security Policy Constructivist Approaches Neoliberal Approaches Realist Approaches Power and Weakness: Enablers and Constraints Military Power Information Operations and Hybrid Warfare Capabilities Energy: Encouraging Vulnerable Over-Dependencies Institutional Underdevelopment, Sub-regional Weakness, and Political Vulnerability Conclusions 8 Between Aspiration and Reality: Evolution of Japanese National Security Policy Background: Basic Elements of Japan’s National Security Policy A Framework Challenged: Japan’s Security Policy in Post-Cold War and Post-9/11 Years Japan Transformed? Changes Made Under the Second Abe Cabinet (December 2012–Present) Conclusion: A Glass Ceiling for Japan’s National Security Policy 9 India’s National Security Challenges and the State Response A Gradual Evolution in Indian National Security Policy India’s Relationship with Pakistan Sino-Indian Tensions Left Wing Extremism State Responses to LWE Insurgency in the Northeast Indian Responses to Insurgencies in the Northeast Terrorism in Punjab Terrorism in Jammu and Kashmir Conclusion 10 Turkey: The Security Policy of a ‘Lonely’ State Introduction: With a Neighbourhood like Turkey’s, Who Needs Enemies? Turkey, Existentially: Who Are Turks and What Is Turkey?1 The Inter-War Years: Security Policy Foundations16 The Security Policy of the Pre-AKP Republic: The Cold War Years Turkish Security Policy, the End of the Cold War and the Rise of the AKP The Kurdish Issue, Again The KRG Conclusion: Turkey’s Loneliness 11 Securing Iran in the Internet age Security in the Founding Moments of the Islamic Republic Key Events and Issues Iranian Regime Security and the Internet: A Double-Edged Sword Conclusions 12 Brazil: In Search of a Security Space Introduction From Independence to Globalization: The Pathway Toward Autonomy Re-democratization: From Great Power to Middle Power An Exhausted Democracy: Back to Pre-autonomy Days? Conclusion Part III Issues 13 Nuclear Weapons and National Security: From the Cold War to the “Second Nuclear Age” and Beyond The Evolution of Nuclear Politics: Between MAD and “Nuclear Abstinence” Nuclear Weapons and the Cold War: Toward MAD Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty: An Imperfect Nuclear Abstinence? The Post-Cold War Nuclear Interregnum and the “Second Nuclear Age” Nuclear Postures of Major Powers United States Russia China Nuclear Flashpoints Nuclear Instability on the Korean Peninsula The South Asian Nuclear Triangle Testing Transatlantic Cohesion: Russian Adventurism in Ukraine and the Baltics Conclusions 14 Maritime Security: Problems and Prospects for National Security Policymakers Introduction Situating ‘Maritime Security’ Protecting National (Maritime) Security—The Navies Contemporary National Security Threats: The Maritime Sphere National Security and Non-Traditional Maritime Security Threats Safeguarding National Security: Addressing Non-Traditional Maritime Security Threats Defending National Security? the Rise of Non-State Actors Conclusion 15 Intelligence and National Security: The National Security Problematique Approaches to the Intelligence Cycle Direction Planning Collection and Collation Analysis and Processing Evaluation Dissemination Intelligence Gaps and Failures Politicisation of Intelligence Conclusion 16 Machine Learning, Mass Surveillance, and National Security: Data, Efficacy, and Meaningful Human Control Introduction Machine Learning for Mass Surveillance Facial Recognition / Smart Surveillance Cameras Voice Recognition Attack Prediction Financial Fraud Propaganda on Social Media Societal Implications of the Training Data The Source Dual Use Legitimacy Security Labeling Biases of the Past Disparate Impact The Effectiveness of ML for Mass Surveillance Not Enough Data Precision vs Recall Past vs. Future Meaningful Human Control over ML for Mass Surveillance Veto Power Explainability Moral Machines Conclusion 17 Information as an Evolving National Security Concern Introduction Terrorist Exploitation of Social Media Foreign Influence Operations Oligopologisation of Epistemic Power National Security and State Responsibility: What is at Stake? Index