Focus on the USA

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Editorial Page Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction: Research Trends in the Study of American English References Chapter 2: Piney Woods Southern References Chapter 3: Foundations of American English 1. Introduction 2. Probability mapping 3. Lexical variation in colonial cities 4. Conclusion References Chapter 4: The Comparability of Linguistic Atlas Records the Case of LANCS and LAGS 1. Introduction 2. Method 3. Lexical results 4. Phonological results 5. Conclusion References Chapter 5: Terms Used For Childern's Games: Comparing Dare's Findings with Usage of Today's Youth 1. Introduction 2. Methodology 3. Findings 4. Summary and reasons for change Chapter 6: The Dialects of the Middle West 1. Introduction 2. Northern, Midland, North Midland, South Midland 3. Pronunciation: Sociolinguistic methods in a geographical context 4. Foreign language influences References Chapter 7: Dialect Change and Maintenance in a Post-Insular Island Community 1. Introduction 2. An ethnographic perspective on dialect study 3. The Ocracoke "Brogue" and other American English dialects 4. The case of Ocracoke /ay/: Phonetic and phonological issues 5. Phonetic implausibility vs. social significance 6. Weren't regularization 7. Applying the principle of linguistic gratuity in Ocracoke References Chapter 8: A Comparison of Variation Patterns of Variables Among Sixth-Graders in an Ohio Community 1. Influences on dialectal change 1.1. The survey 1.2. The community 2. Methods 2.1. Interviewing 2.2. Measurement of linguistic variables 2.3. Independent variables 2.4. Measurement of correlation 3. Analyses of the linguistic variables 3.1. /o/ 3.2. /æ/ 3.3. /ai/ 3.4. Upgliding in dog and similar words 3.5. The merger of pre-nasal /I/ and /ε/ 3.6. Mergers involving /ol/, /℧l/, and /ul/ 3.7. Don't and home 3.8. Roof 3.9. Hostile 3.10. Lightning bug 3.11. Teeter-totter 4. Conclusions Acknowledgments Appendix References Chapter 9: Perceptions Within a Variable Paradigm: Black and White Racial Detection and Identification Based on Speech 1. Introduction 2. Theoretical foundations 3. Procedures 3.1. Speech selection 3.2. The Linguistic Sensitivity Test 3.3. Data specification 4. Results 4.1. Possible interpretations 4.2. Native evaluations and second language evaluations 4.3 Native judges ' evaluations based on social background 5. Implications for research on housing discrimination 6. Conclusion References Chapter 10: Sex-Based Differences in Language Choice in an African-American Neighborhood in Detroit 1. Introduction 2. The inner city area study 3. Theoretical considerations 4. The Vernacular Language Project (VLP) 5. Language and gender 6. Language and gender in the 60+ age group References Chapter 11: The English Competence of Cuban Exiles: The Case of Noun Pluralization 1. Introduction 2. Informant selection and data gathering 3. Data analysis 4. Results and discussion 5. Conclusions References Chapter 12: What Was Verbal -S in 19th-Century African American English? 1. Introduction 2. Evidence for language contact from written documents 3. Verbal -s marking 4. Discussion 5. Conclusions References Chapter 13: The Development of American Englishes: Some Questions From a Creole Genesis Perspective 1. Introduction 2. Why are WAVEs not creoles? 3. The genesis of AAE 3.1. A critique of the literature 3.1.1. 3.1.2. 3.1.3. 3.1.4. 3.2. What history suggests: A competition-of-feature hypothesis 4. The development of WAVEs: A creole perspective 5. Conclusions References Chapter 14: Historical and Contemporary Distribution of Double Modals in English 1. Introduction 2. The distribution of double modals in contemporary American English 3. Atlantic Creole sources 4. British English sources 5. U.S. settlement history 6. Spontaneous generation in the south 7. Historical grammatical sources 8. Summary References Chapter 15: American College Slang References Chapter 16: Where the Worst English is Spoken 1. Quantitative studies 1.1. Hand-drawn maps 1.2. Correct and pleasant 1.3. Degree of difference 1.4. Placement of regional voices 1.5. Summary of quantitative research 2. Conversational evidence References Addresses of authors Subject Index A B C D E F G H I K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Z