Ionic liquids and catalysis: Recent progress from knowledge to applications

Description

Review. Published in Applied Catalysis A: General — 2010. — № 373. — С.1 -56This review gives a survey on the latest most representative developments and progress concerning ionic liquids, from their fundamental properties to their applications in catalytic processes. It also highlights their emerging use for biomass treatment and transformation.Contents General introduction Ionic liquids: properties, evolution and next generations Properties of ionic liquids A widening range of ionic liquids available General remarks Protic ionic liquids (PILs) (Multi)-functional ionic liquids Chiral ILs Switchable-polarity solvents (SPS) ILs at the frontier between organic and inorganic materials Latest advances in the preparation and purification of ILs The different ways of ILs preparations Purification of ILs and analysis of trace impurities Structure and self-organisation of ILs at the supramolecular level Solvent properties and solvent effect Structure and organisation Toward a mesoscopic organisation Solute-ILs interactions: what impact on organic reactions? Interaction with water Interaction with aromatic hydrocarbon. Clathrate behaviour Interaction with chiral substrates: induction of chirality? Interaction with acid and base: toward new scale of acido-basicity Molecular modelling How the ILs can affect the catalytic reactions pathway?. Some ‘‘unexpected’’ effects of ILs Effect of ILs impurities Effect of water and acidic protons Effect of bases ILs as additives: surprising effect When ionic liquids are involved in the formation of metal complexes Complex formation involving anions Complex formation involving cations ILs specially designed for catalysis. Change in mechanism pathway by stabilisation of charged transition state, active species or ligands Solvent for non-charged catalysts Solvent/stabiliser for nanoparticles Ionic liquids as medium for ‘‘in situ’’ spectroscopic investigations Removing sulfur from refinery streams Concepts for using ILs in homogeneous catalysis Multiphasic IL systems Some challenges and opportunities of multiphasic systems Use of scCO2 as the transport vector for substrates and products Demonstration of continuous catlytic performances Supported ionic liquid phase system (SILP) ILs supported on solid inorganic solid ILs supported on hybrid organic–inorganic material ILs supported on organic polymers Switchable polarity solvents Thermoregulated ILs Phase transfer catalysis Overview of industrial applications and economic issues Selected examples of industrial/pilot scale applications of ILs Dimerization and oligomerisation of olefins: IL as solvent and Ni-co-catalyst Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation of aromatic hydrocarbons: IL as solvent and catalyst Alkylation of olefins with isobutane: IL as solvent and acid catalyst Chlorination and fluorination reactions Ether cleavage Acid scavenging Hydrosilylation: IL as solvent and nanoparticle stabiliser Isomerisation: IL as a solvent Methanol carbonylation Other examples IL stability, lifetime and recyclability Safety and environmental issues: ILs application in the biomass transformation into fuel and chemicals Processing of lignocellulosic and cellulosic materials . . Direct solvent for dissolution of cellulose and sugars Treatment of lignocellulosic materials Applications of the use of ILs in the dissolution of ligno-cellulosic materials An improvement in the analysis of lignocellulosic material Transformation of poly-saccharides in sugars using ILs Catalytic transformation of sugars Transformation of vegetable oils Transesterification of triglycerides: biodiesel production Methyloleate metathesis General conclusion and perspectives Acknowledgements References