语言与文化（附语言与文化自学考试大纲）

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当您开始阅读《语言与文化》，人类已经迈入了21世纪。 这是一个变幻难测的世纪，这是一个催人奋进的时代，科学技术飞速发展，知识更替日新月异。希望、困惑、机遇、挑战，随时随地地都有可能出现在每一个社会成员的生活之中。抓住机遇，寻求发展，迎接挑战，适应变化制胜法宝就是学习——依靠自己学习，终生学习。 作为我国高等教育组成部分的自学考试，其职责就是在高等教育这个水平上倡导自学、鼓励自学、帮助自学、推动自学，为每一个自学者铺就成才之路。组织编写供读者学习的教材就是履行这个职责的重要环节。毫无疑问，这种教材应当适合自学，应当有利于学习者掌握、了解新知识、新信息，有利于学习者增强创新意识，培养实践能力，形成自学能力，也有利于学习者学以致用，解决实际工作中所遇到的问题。具有如此特点的书，我们虽然沿用了“教材”这个概念，但它与那种仅供教师讲、学生听、教师不讲、学生不懂... 当您开始阅读《语言与文化》，人类已经迈入了21世纪。 这是一个变幻难测的世纪，这是一个催人奋进的时代，科学技术飞速发展，知识更替日新月异。希望、困惑、机遇、挑战，随时随地地都有可能出现在每一个社会成员的生活之中。抓住机遇，寻求发展，迎接挑战，适应变化制胜法宝就是学习——依靠自己学习，终生学习。 作为我国高等教育组成部分的自学考试，其职责就是在高等教育这个水平上倡导自学、鼓励自学、帮助自学、推动自学，为每一个自学者铺就成才之路。组织编写供读者学习的教材就是履行这个职责的重要环节。毫无疑问，这种教材应当适合自学，应当有利于学习者掌握、了解新知识、新信息，有利于学习者增强创新意识，培养实践能力，形成自学能力，也有利于学习者学以致用，解决实际工作中所遇到的问题。具有如此特点的书，我们虽然沿用了“教材”这个概念，但它与那种仅供教师讲、学生听、教师不讲、学生不懂，以“教”为中心的教科书相比，已经在内容安排、编写体例、行文风格等方面都大不相同了。希望读者对此有所了解，以便从一开始就树立起依靠自己学习的坚定信念，不断探索适合自己的学习方法，充分利用已有的知识基础和实际工作经验，很大限度地发挥自己的潜能，以达到学习的目标。 封面 前言 目录 Chapter 1 Language, Culture and Thought 1 Properties of language 2 Definitions and properties of culture 2.1 Definitions of culture 2.1.1 Culture in its broad sense 21.2 Culture in its narrow sense 2.2 Properties of culture 2.3 Models for the analysis of culture 3 Relationship between language, culture and thought 3.1 Relationship between language and culture 3.2 Thought 3.3 Relationship between language and thought 3.4 Concluding remarks on the relationship between language, thought and culture 4 Intercultural communication Topics for consideration Chapter 2 Words and Meaning 1 What are words and meaning? 1.1 Word 1.2 Meaning 1.2.1 Conceptual meaning 1.2.2 Connotative meaning 1.2.3 Social meaning 1.2.4 Affective meaning 1.2.5 Reflected meaning 1.2.6 Collocative meaning 1.2.7 Thematic meaning 2 Words and conceptual meaning 2.1 Words and culture-specific conceptual meaning 2.1.1 Words and geography 2.1.2 Words and history 2.1.3 Words and politics 2.1.4 Words and Christianity 2.1.5 Words and holidays 2.1.6 Words and living styles 2.2 English words that correspond partially in conceptual meaning with their translation equivalents in Chinese 2.3 English words and what may be mistaken for their equivalents in Chinese 2.4 Words, conceptual meaning and word formation 3 Words and associative meaning 3.1 Words and connotative meaning 3.2 Words and social meaning 3.3 Words and affective meaning 3.4 Words and reflected meaning 3.5 Words and collocative meaning 4 Conclusion Topics for consideration Chapter 3 Grammar and Culture 1 Grammatical explicitness in English vs grammatical implicitness in Chinese 1.1 Grammatical morphemes 1.2 Subjects and objects 1.3 Paratactic and hypotactic relations 1.4 Recipients and modifiers 2 Branching and linear sentence patterns 3 Word order 4 Answers to negative questions 5 Imitating natural sounds and grammar Topics for consideration Chapter 4 Cultural Differences in Everyday Conversations 1 Vocatives and culture 1.1 Names 1.2 Standard appellatives 2 Greetings and farewells 2.1 Greetings 2.2 Farewells 3 Introduction 4 Compliments and responses 5 Making telephone calls 6 Thanks and replies 7 Apologies and replies 8 Invitations and replies 9 Miscellaneous social amenities 9.1 The term “please” 9.2 Gift giving and responses 9.3 Conversations at the table Topics for consideration Chapter 5 Idioms, Proverbs, and Allusions 1 Idioms 1.1 Phrasal verbs 1.2 ldioms other than phrasal verbs 1.2.1 ldioms in relation to mannerisms 1.2.2 ldioms in relation to life philosophy 1.2.3 ldioms in relation to love and marrige 1.2.4 Others 2 Proverbs 2.1 Proverbs related to Christianity 2.2 Proverb derived from the Bible and great English literary works 2.3 Proverbs related to Greco-Roman civilization 2.4 Proverbs related to geography 2.5 Proverbs related to navigation 2.6 Proverbs related to wine 2.7 Proverbs related to individualism 2.8 Proverbs related to sexism 2.9 Proverbs related to the English writing system 2.10 Proverbs related to the history of England 2.11 Proverbs related to thrift 3 Allusions 3.1 Allusions from literature 3.2 Allusions from mythology 3.3 Allusions from religion 3.4 Allusions from history 3.5 Allusions from sports Topics for consideration Chapter 6 Similes, Metaphors and Associations 1 Similes and metaphors 1.1 General remarks on similes and metaphors 1.2 Some cross-cultural similarities and differences in similes and metaphors 1.3 Metaphors in daily conversations 1.3.1 Metaphorical expressions about ideas 1.3.2 Metaphorical expressions about love 1.3.3 Metaphorical expressions about life 2 Terms of colour 2.1 Red 2.2 White 2.3 Black 2.4 Blue 2.5 Green 2.6 Yellow 2.7 Grey. pink and purple 2.8 Remarks on translating terms of colour from or into English Topics for consideration Chapter 7 Honorifics, Terms of Humility, Euphemisms and Taboos 1 Honorifics 2 Terms of humility 3 Euphemism 4 Taboos Topics for consideration Chapter 8. Culture in Texts 1 Introduction to some fundamental concepts of the text 2 Textual connectives 2.1 Additive relations 2.2 Adversative relations 2.3 Causal relations 2.4 Temporal relations 3 Text structures 3.1 Text structures of letters 3.2 Text structures in argumentative texts 4 Styles 4.1 Writing styles 4.2 Speaking styles Topics for consideration Chapter 9 Culture in Varieties of English 1 Regional dialects 2 Registers 2.1 English advertising 2.1.1 Brand names 2.1.2 Lexical and syntactic features 2.2 Newspaper reporting 2.3 English for science and technology 2.3.1 Technical terms 2.3.2 Grammatical features 2.4 English in legal documents Topic for consideration Chapter 10 Nonverbal Communication 1 Fundamental concepts of nonverbal communication 1.1 The definition of nonverbal communication 1.2 Functions of nonverbal messages 1.3 Nonverbal communication and culture 2 Kinesics or body language 2.1 Facial expressions and eye behaviors 2.2 Gestures 2.3 Posture 3 Territoriality and proxemics 4 Kinesthetic dimensions 5 Dress and artifacts 6 Olfactory dimensions 7 Time Topics for consideration Bibliography 语言与文化自学考试大纲