Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: From Research to Bedside

Description

Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: From Research to Bedside offers full acknowledgment of the basic research of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), also connecting the clinical and practice management of the disease. It provides a full comprehension of LUTS and BPH from several aspects, allowing for a schematic interpretation of the disease and subsequent medical management. Going beyond the guidelines in the field, this title enhances the knowledge of BPH onset, allowing for the advancement of research, beneficial clinical implication and treatment. Perfect for researchers, urologists, pathologists and endocrinologists, this must-have reference provides what is needed to understand LUTS and BPH in one easy to reference place. Front Cover Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: From Research to Bedside Copyright Contents Contributors Preface Chapter 1: Epidemiology of LUTS and BPH Economic Impact of BPH and LUTS Risk Factors for BPH Development Age Genetics Sex Steroid Hormones Metabolic Syndrome Cardiovascular Disease Obesity Diabetes and Alterations in Glucose Homeostasis Lipids Physical Activity Alcohol Smoking Inflammation Race References Chapter 2: Pathologic Triggers Related to LUTS and BPH Introduction Etiology Hyperplasia Role of Inflammation Prostatic Immune Cells and Inflammation BPH and Prostatic Inflammation Clinical Evidence Molecular Pathways Hormonal Pathways Metabolic Syndrome, Inflammation, and BPH Inflammation and BPH Progression Biomarkers of Prostatic Inflammation References Further Reading Chapter 3: The Relationship Between Inflammation and LUTS/BPH Introduction Pathophysiology The Immunochemical Pattern of BPH The Inflammatory Pattern of BPH The Origin of Chronic Prostate Inflammation The Role of Inflammatory Cytokines Chronic Inflammation and LUTS Prostate Inflammation and BPH Progression Prostate Inflammation and LUTS Deterioration Prostate Inflammation and Acute Urinary Retention Diagnostic Methods for Chronic Prostate Inflammation The Role of Biomarkers Concurrent Prostate Calcifications Medical History of Chronic Urinary Tract Infections Metabolic Syndrome-A More Recent Trend in the Etiology of LUTS/BPH. The Connection With Prostatic Inflammation Prostate Inflammation and Its Impact on LUTS Medication Conclusions References Further Reading Chapter 4: Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms/Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Erectile Dysfunction Anatomy and Physiology of Erectile Dysfunction Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms/Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Erectile Dysfunction Age Sedentary Lifestyle and Lack of Exercise Cigarette Smoking Excessive Alcohol Intake Depression Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease Hyperlipidemia Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Obesity/Waist Circumference Hypogonadism Genetic Predisposition Pathophysiology of LUTS/BPH and ED Etiology and Clinical Aspects of LUTS/BPH and ED Second-Line Evaluation Treatment of LUTS/BPH and ED Education and Lifestyle Modifications Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Inhibitors Tadalafil Efficacy of Action of PDE5I Monotherapy in ED-LUTS/BPH Combined Therapy With α-Adrenergic Antagonists and PDE5i Other PDE5I Therapies (Not Approved by Current Guidelines for ED-LUTS/BPH) Sildenafil Vardenafil Avanafil Mirodenafil Udenafil Effects of Drugs Used for LUTS on Erectile Function Conclusive Remarks References Chapter 5: Metabolic Syndrome and LUTS/BPH Introduction Metabolic Syndrome: Definition and Prevalence MetS and BPH: Preclinical Evidences and Pathophysiology MetS and LUTS/BPE: The Role of Inflammation Prostate Size and Shape: The Influence of MetS The Correlation Between MetS and LUTS Diet and Lifestyle in Men With MetS and LUTS Due to BPE Basis for Medical Treatment in Men With MetS and LUTS/BPE The Impact of MetS on the Outcomes of BPH Surgery Conclusions References Chapter 6: Diagnostic Work-up of LUTS/BPH: From Standard to New Perspectives Introduction Diagnostic Workup of LUTS/BPH Standard Diagnostic Tests History Symptom Questionnaires Frequency Volume Charts and Bladder Diaries Physical Examination and Digital-Rectal Examination Urinalysis Blood Analysis PVR Urine Uroflowmetry Imaging Urethro-Cystoscopy Computer-Urodynamic Investigation New Diagnostic Perspectives Ultrasound Measurement of IPP Ultrasound Measurement of DWT References Further Reading Chapter 7: Phytotherapy in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Introduction Serenoa Repens Mechanism of Action Variability of Products and Extraction Techniques Clinical Studies Safety Profile Conclusion Pygenum Africanum Mechanism of Action Clinical Studies Safety Profile Conclusion Urtica Dioica Mechanism of Action Clinical Studies Safety Profile Conclusion Cucurbita Pepo Mechanism of Action Clinical Studies Safety Profile Hypoxis Rooperi Mechanism of Action Clinical Studies Safety Profile and Conclusion Rye Grass Pollen Mechanism of Action Clinical Studies Safety Profile and Conclusion Conclusion References Chapter 8: Medical Aspects of the Treatment of LUTS/BPH: Alpha-Blockers Introduction Pathophysiology and Mechanisms of Action of Alpha-Blockers in BPH Pathophysiology of LUTS/BPH/BPO: Reviewing Alpha-Adrenoreceptors as a Valuable Therapeutic Target Potential Action of Alpha-Blockers on BPO Potential Effects of Alpha-Blockers on Storage Symptoms and Bladder Function Potential Effects of Alpha-Blockers on Nocturia Types of Alpha-Adrenergic Blockers: Family Members Efficacy Global Efficacy on LUTS (IPSS), Quality of Life, and Placebo Effect Effects on BPO (Qmax, Urodynamics, and Postvoid Residuals) Efficacy on the Long Term and Treatment Adherence Intermittent Treatment Dose Adjustments Safety and Tolerability Clinical Use General Indications/Single Therapy Associations Conclusion References Chapter 9: Medical Aspects of the Treatment of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms/Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: 5-Alpha Reducta ... Mechanism of Action Testosterone and Dihydrotestosterone 5-Alpha Reductase Enzyme Family Rationale for 5-Alpha Reductase Inhibition in BPH 5-Alpha Reductase Inhibitors Finasteride Dutasteride 5-ARI for the Treatment of BPH Indications for Treatment of BPH With 5-ARI Clinical Effects of BPH Treatment With 5-ARI Finasteride Versus Dutasteride for the Treatment of BPH Sexual Side Effects of 5-Alpha Reductase Inhibitor Use Combination Therapy With 5-ARI and Alpha-1 Adrenergic Receptor Blockers for the Treatment of BPH 5-ARI for Hematuria and Bleeding During Transurethral Resection of the Prostate in Men With BPH 5-ARI for the Prevention and Treatment of Prostate Cancer 5-Alpha Reductase Inhibition for the Prevention of Prostate Cancer 5-Alpha Reductase Inhibition for the Treatment of Prostate Cancer References Chapter 10: Medical Aspects of the Treatment of LUTS/BPH: Antimuscarinic and β3-Agonists Keypoints Introduction Antimuscarinics Mechanism of Action Efficacy Adverse Events β3-Agonists Mechanism of Action Efficacy Adverse Events Conclusions References Chapter 11: Medical Aspects of the Treatment of LUTS/BPH: Combination Therapies Introduction AB+5ARI Anticholinergic Agents and AB Tolterodine and AB Solifenacin Succinate and AB Fesoterodine and AB β3-Adrenoreceptor Agonist Mirabegron and AB Phosphodiesterase-Type-5 Inhibitors and 5ARI or AB Plant Extracts/Phytotherapy and Other Agents References Chapter 12: Surgical Management of LUTS/BPH: TURP vs. Open Prostatectomy History of Surgical Treatment for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) Pathophysiology of BPH Epidemiology and Socioeconomic Burden of Surgical Treatment for BPH Factors Affecting Choice of Surgery Type Prostate Size Surgeon Preference and Hospital Setting Patient Age Prostatectomy Simple Prostatectomy Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Approaches TUR of the Prostate Monopolar TURP Bipolar TURP Outcomes Symptoms Dysuria Urgency IPSS Improvement Quality of Life Physiological Measures Peak Flow Rate Improvement Residual Urinary Volume Reduction Perioperative Outcomes Bleeding Resected Prostate Weight Postoperative Fever Time to Catheter Removal Hospital Stay and Return Time to Work Urinary Tract Infection Epididymitis Retreatment Rate Re-operation Adverse Events Incontinence Impotence Bladder Neck Contracture TUR Syndrome Conclusion References Chapter 13: Surgical Treatment for LUTS/BPH: Laser Devices Introduction Lasers Typically Used for Vaporization GreenLight Laser Diode Lasers Lasers Typically Used for Resection/Enucleation Thulium Lasers Holmium:YAG Lasers Enucleation for BPO: Techniques and Results Holmium Laser Enucleation of the Prostate Principles of Surgical Technique Results Complications Thulium Laser Enucleation of the Prostate (ThuLEP) Principles of Surgical Technique Results Complications Greenlight Laser Enucleation of the Prostate (GreenLEP) Principles of Surgical Technique Results Complications Learning Curve Diode Laser Enucleation of the Prostate (DiLEP) Principles of Surgical Technique Results Complications Learning Curve Eraser Laser Enucleation of the Prostate (ELEP) Principles of Surgical Technique Results Complications Laser Ablation for Benign Prostatic Enlargement: Techniques and Results Holmium Laser Ablation of the Prostate Thulium Laser Vaporization of the Prostate (ThuVAP) Diode Laser Vaporization of the Prostate Greenlight: PVP Surgical Technique Results Complications and Durability References Chapter 14: Surgical Management of LUTS/BPH: New Mini-Invasive Techniques Introduction New Concepts and Objectives Improvement Required With Surgical Ablative Techniques Balancing Efficacy and Morbidity Pharmacological or Standard Surgical Treatment as Comparator A Validated Mini-Invasive Technique: UroLift Implants Technique Evaluation Further Questions An Experimental Mini-Invasive Technique: Prostatic Arteries Embolization Procedure Initial Prospective Cohorts Comparative Randomized Trials Perspectives Botulinum NeuroToxin Type A (BoNT-A) Conclusions References Index Back Cover