Principles of structural design : wood, steel, and concrete

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Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents Preface Author Chapter 1: Design Criteria Classification of Buildings Building Codes Standard Unit Loads Tributary Area Working Stress Design, Strength Design, and Unified Design of Structures Elastic and Plastic Designs Elastic Moment Capacity Plastic Moment Capacity Combinations of Loads Other Loads Continuous Load Path for Structural Integrity Problems Chapter 2: Primary Loads: Dead Loads and Live Loads Dead Loads Live Loads Floor Live Loads Basic Design Live Load, L0 Effective Area Reduction Factor Other Provisions for Floor Live Loads Roof Live Loads, Lr Tributary Area Reduction Factor, R1 Slope Reduction Factor Problems Chapter 3: Snow Loads Introduction Minimum Snow Load for Low-Slope Roofs Balanced Snow Load Importance Factor Thermal Factor, Ct Exposure Factor, Ce Roof Slope Factor, Cs Rain-On-Snow Surcharge Partial Loading of the Balanced Snow Load Unbalanced across the Ridge Snow Load Snow Drift from a Higher to a Lower Roof Leeward Snow Drift on Lower Roof of Attached Structure Windward Snow Drift on Lower Roof of Attached Structure Leeward Snow Drift on Lower Roof of Separated Structure Windward Snow Drift on Lower Roof of Separated Structure Sliding Snow Load on Lower Roof Sliding Snow Load on Separated Structures Problems Chapter 4: Wind Loads Introduction Definition of Terms Wind Hazard Maps Procedures for MWFRS Simplified Procedure for MWFRS for Low-Rise Buildings Horizontal Pressure Zones for MWFRS Vertical Pressure Zones for MWFRS Minimum Pressure for MWFRS Procedures for Components and Cladding Simplified Procedure for Components and Cladding for Low-Rise Buildings Minimum Pressures for C and C Problems Chapter 5: Earthquake Loads Seismic Forces Seismic Design Procedures Definitions Structural Height Stories above Base and Grade Plane Fundamental Period of Structure Site Classification Seismic Ground Motion Values Mapped Acceleration Parameters Risk-Targeted Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCER) Spectral Response Acceleration Parameters Adjustments to Spectral Response Acceleration Parameters for Site Class Effects Design Spectral Acceleration Parameters Design Response Spectrum Site-Specific Ground Motion Procedure Importance Factor, I Seismic Design Category Exemptions from Seismic Designs Equivalent Lateral Force (ELF) Procedure to Determine Seismic Force Effective Weight of Structure, W Seismic Response Coefficient, Cs Minimum Value of Cs Maximum SDS Value in Determining Cs Response Modification Factor or Coefficient, R Distribution of Seismic Forces Distribution of Seismic Forces on Vertical Wall Elements Distribution of Seismic Forces on Horizontal Elements (Diaphragms) Design Earthquake Load in Load Combinations Vertical Seismic Load Effect (Evertical) Maximum SDS Value in Determining Evertical Soil–Structure Interaction Problems Chapter 6: Wood Specifications Engineering Properties and Design Requirements Format Conversion Factor, KF Resistance Factor, ɸ Time Effect Factor, λ Wet Service Factor, CM Temperature Factor, Ct Fire Retardant Treatment Factor Design with Sawn Lumber More Factors Applicable to Lumber Incising Factor, Ci Size Factor, CF Size Factor, CF, for Dimension Lumber Size Factor, CF, for Timber Repetitive Member Factor, Cr Flat Use Factor, Cfu Buckling Stiffness Factor, CT Bearing Area Factor, Cb LRFD Basis Lumber Design Structural Glued Laminated Timber Reference Design Values for GLULAM Adjustment Factors for GLULAM Flat Use Factor for GLULAM, Cfu Volume Factor for GLULAM, Cv Curvature Factor for GLULAM, Cc Stress Interaction Factor, CI Shear Reduction Factor, Cvr Structural Composite Lumber Adjustment Factors for Structural Composite Lumber Repetitive Member Factor, Cr Volume Factor, Cv Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) Effective Flexure Stiffness and Flexural Strength Effective Shear Strength Factor Effective Shear Stiffness Summary of Adjustment Factors Problems Chapter 7: Flexure and Axially Loaded Wood Structures Introduction Design of Beams Bending Criteria of Design Beam Stability Factor, CL Effective Unbraced Length Shear Criteria Shear Strength of Sawn Lumber, GLULAM, and SCL Shear Strength of CLT Deflection Criteria Deflection of Sawn Lumber, GLULAM, and SCL Deflection of CLT Creep Deflection Bearing at Supports Bearing Area Factor, Cb Design of Axial Tension Members Design of Columns Column Stability Factor, CP Critical Buckling for Sawn Lumber, GLULAM, and SCL Critical Buckling for CLT Design for Combined Bending and Compression Problems Chapter 8: Wood Connections Types of Connections and Fasteners Dowel-Type Fasteners (Nails, Screws, Bolts, Pins) Yield Limit Theory for Laterally Loaded Fasteners Yield Mechanisms and Yield Limit Equations Reference Design Values for Lateral Loads (Shear Connections) Reference Design Values for Withdrawal Loads Adjustments of the Reference Design Values Wet Service Factor, CM Temperature Factor, Ct Group Action Factor, Cg Geometry Factor, CΔ End Grain Factor, Ceg Diaphragm Factor, Cdi Toenail Factor, Ctn Nail and Screw Connections Common, Box, and Sinker Nails Post-Frame Ring Shank Nails Wood Screws Bolt and Lag Screw Connections Bolts Lag Screws Problems Chapter 9: Tension Steel Members Properties of Steel Provisions for Design Steel Structures Unified Design Specifications Limit States of Design Design of Tension Members Tensile Strength of Elements Net Area, An Shear Lag Factor, U Bolted Connection Welded Connection For HSS Shapes Block Shear Strength Design Procedure for Tension Members Problems Chapter 10: Compression Steel Members Strength of Compression Members or Columns Local Buckling Criteria Flexural Buckling Criteria Effective Length Factor for Slenderness Ratio Limit States for Compression Design Nonslender Members Flexural Buckling of Nonslender Members in Elastic and Inelastic Regions Inelastic Buckling Elastic Buckling Torsional and Flexural-Torsional Buckling of Nonslender Members Single-Angle Members Built-Up Members Slender Compression Members Effective Width of Slender Elements, be Use of the Compression Tables Problems Chapter 11: Flexural Steel Members Basis of Design Nominal Strength of Steel in Flexure Lateral Unsupported Length Fully Plastic Zone with Adequate Lateral Support Inelastic Lateral Torsional Buckling Zone Modification Factor Cb Elastic Lateral Torsional Buckling Zone Noncompact and Slender Beam Sections for Flexure Compact Full Plastic Limit Noncompact Flange Local Buckling Slender Flange Local Buckling Summary of Beam Relations Shear Strength of Steel Design Aids Beam Deflection Limitations Problems Chapter 12: Combined Forces on Steel Members Design Approach to Combined Forces Combination of Tensile and Flexure Forces Combination of Compression and Flexure Forces: The Beam-Column Members Members without Sidesway Members with Sidesway Magnification Factor B1 Moment Modification Factor, Cm K Values for Braced Frames Braced Frame Design Magnification Factor for Sway, B2 K Values for Unbraced Frames Unbraced Frame Design Open-Web Steel Joists Joist Girders Problems Chapter 13: Steel Connections Types of Connections and Joints Bolted Connections High-Strength Bolts Types of Connections Specifications for Spacing of Bolts and Edge Distance Bearing-Type Connections Limit State of Shear Rupture Bearing and Tearout Limit State Slip-Critical Connections Tensile Load on Bolts Combined Shear and Tensile Forces on Bolts Combined Shear and Tension on Bearing-Type Connections Combined Shear and Tension on Slip-Critical Connections Welded Connections Groove Welds Effective Area of Groove Weld Fillet Welds Effective Area of Fillet Weld Minimum Size of Fillet Weld Maximum Size of Fillet Weld Length of Fillet Weld Strength of Weld CJP Groove Welds PJP Welds and Fillet Welds Frame Connections Shear or Simple Connection for Frames Single-Plate Shear Connection or Shear Tab Framed-Beam Connection Seated-Beam Connection End-Plate Connection Single-Plate Shear Connection for Frames Moment-Resisting Connection for Frames Problems Chapter 14: Flexural Reinforced Concrete Members Properties of Reinforced Concrete Compression Strength of Concrete Design Strength of Concrete Strength of Reinforcing Steel Load Resistance Factor Design Basis of Concrete Reinforced Concrete Beams Derivation of the Beam Relations Strain Diagram and Modes of Failure Balanced and Recommended Steel Percentages Minimum Percentage of Steel Strength Reduction Factor for Concrete Specifications for Beams Analysis of Beams Design of Beams Design for Reinforcement Only Design of Beam Section and Reinforcement One-Way Slab Specifications for Slabs Analysis of One-Way Slab Design of One-Way Slab Problems Chapter 15: Doubly and T-Shaped Reinforced Concrete Beams Doubly Reinforced Concrete Beams Analysis of Doubly Reinforced Beams Design of Doubly Reinforced Beams Monolithic Slab and Beam (T-Beams) Analysis of T-Beams Design of T-Beams Problems Chapter 16: Shear and Torsion in Reinforced Concrete Stress Distribution in Beam Diagonal Cracking of Concrete Strength of Web (Shear) Reinforced Beam Shear Contribution of Concrete Shear Contribution of Web Reinforcement Specifications for Web (Shear) Reinforcement Analysis for Shear Capacity Design for Shear Capacity Torsion in Concrete Provision for Torsional Reinforcement Problems Chapter 17: Compression and Combined Forces Reinforced Concrete Members Types of Columns Pedestals Columns with Axial Loads Short Columns with Combined Loads Large or Slender Columns with Combined Loads Axially Loaded Columns Strength of Spirals Specifications for Columns Analysis of Axially Loaded Columns Design of Axially Loaded Columns Short Columns with Combined Loads Effects of Moment on Short Columns Case 1: Only Axial Load Acting Case 2: Large Axial Load and Small Moment (Small Eccentricity) Case 3: Large Axial Load and Moment Larger than Case 2 Section Case 4: Large Axial Load and Moment Larger than Case 3 Section Case 5: Balanced Axial Load and Moment Case 6: Small Axial Load and Large Moment Case 7: No Appreciable Axial Load and Large Moment Characteristics of the Interaction Diagram Application of the Interaction Diagram Analysis of Short Columns for Combined Loading Design of Short Columns for Combined Loading Long or Slender Columns Problems Chapter 18: Pre-Stressed Concrete Structures Pre-Stressing of Concrete Pre-Tensioning Post-Tensioning Stressing and Anchorage Devices Pre-Tensioning versus Post-Tensioning Materials for Pre-Stressed Concrete High-Strength Steel Allowable Stress in Pre-Stressed Steel High-Strength Concrete Shrinkage of Concrete Creep of Concrete Allowable Stress in Concrete Pre-Stress Losses Loss Due to Elastic Shortening (ES) Loss Due to Shrinkage (SH) of Concrete Loss Due to Creep (CR) of Concrete Loss Due to Relaxation (RE) of Steel Loss Due to Friction (FL) Total Losses of Stress Analysis of Stresses during Pre-Stressing Tendon with Eccentricity Stresses at Transfer Stresses at Service Load Ultimate Limit State Design Cracking Moment Strains at Different Stages of Loading Stage 1: At Transfer Stage 2: After Application of External Load Stresses and Forces after Application of the Load Ultimate Moment Capacity Maximum and Minimum Reinforcement Ultimate Shear Strength Design Shear Strength Provided by Concrete Shear Capacity of Cracked Section (Flexure Induced Shearing) Shear Capacity of Uncracked Section (Web-Shear Cracking) Shear Strength Provided by Web Reinforcement Problems Chapter 19: Application of Simulations in Structural Design Introduction Analyzing a Simple Beam Using Analytical Method Mathematical Modeling Technique Mathematical Modeling of Beam with Sign Board Model Setup and Input Model Output Solution and Post-Processing Exploring Model Output for “What If?” Mathematical Modeling of a Staircase What If? Real-Life Structural Engineering Problems Accessing ANSYS for Students Summary Appendix A: General Appendix B: Wood Appendix C: Steel Appendix D: Concrete Bibliography Index